...Prevalence of Zoonotic Diseases (T.B and Brucellosis) in Animals Domesticated in Pishin District Research Report submitted to & For the complete fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE (MS) In BIOTECHNOLOGY AND INFORMATICS By AEMAL TAREEN Supervisor Dr. DOST MUHAMMAD BALOCH Faculty of Biotechnology and Informatics, BUITEMS, Quetta Co-Supervisor PROFESSOR Dr. MUHAMMAD AZAM KHAN KAKAR Faculty of Biotechnology and Informatics, BUITEMS, Quetta PREVALENCE OF ZOONOTIC DISEASES (TUBERCULOSIS AND BRUCELLOSIS) IN ANIMALS DOMOISTICATED IN PISHIN DISTRICT (BALOCHISTAN) Abstract This report presents a combined epidemiological and economic framework for assessing zoonoses using a ‘‘one health’’ concept. The framework allows for an understanding of the cross-sector economic influence of zoonoses using improved risk analysis and listing a range of analytical tools. The goal of the framework is to link the check outputs of animal and human disease transmission models, economic influence models and assessment of risk management options to gain improved understanding of factors affecting the acceptance of risk management plans so that investment planning includes the most promising interventions (or sets of interventions in an integrated fashion). A more complete understanding of the costs of the disease and the costs and benefits of control measures would promote broader application of the most efficient and effective control...
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...Introduction Zoonotic diseases are infectious diseases which can be transmitted from animals to man. Due to frequent contact and domestication of wildlife animals, zoonotic diseases are increasingly becoming more prevalent. Public parks and gardens are home to abundant populations of birds. One of the most frequent species known to thrive in such areas are feral pigeon (Columba livia). Although there are few reports of disease transmission between pigeons and humans, their close interaction with humans and ability to carry zoonotic pathogens make them a public health risk. In fact, these birds are present at very high densities (2,000 individuals per km2) and can cover a maximum distance of 5.29 km (Dickx et al., 2010). This may result in the increase risk of pathogen transmission among other birds and potentially to humans. Studies have shown that most infected pigeons do not show signs of clinical disease. These birds may therefore pose a public health risk to the human population. Pigeons, like many other bird species, can harbor diseases that can be zoonotic in nature. One of the pathogens most frequently carried by pigeons is Chlamydophila psittaci. C. psittaci is an obligate intracellular bacterium that causes a disease in birds known as Psittacosis or Avian Chlamydiosis. Psittacosis is highly contagious and often causes influenza-like symptoms, severe pneumonia and non-respiratory health problems. Birds can shed this bacterium in the environment when they are...
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...The Effects of Zoonotic Diseases Case Study #13 April 17, 2011 Zoonosis refers to an infectious disease in animals that can be transmitted to people. An animal serves as the natural reservoir for such an infectious agent, ("MedTerms," 2001). Many zoonoses, which is simply the plural meaning of zoonosis, including viruses, bacteria, and parasites can be transmitted to humans by various routes. Some of these routes consist of animal bites, vectors (i.e., insects), and animal-to-human contact (i.e., inhalation of respiratory droplets or skin-to-skin contact), (Bauman 613-14) & ("Infectious Diseases," 2009). Most emerging infections that have occurred world wide are said to be a zoonotic disease. Many of these diseases are fatal or have the potential to be fatal if not treated quickly and properly identified. An example of a zoonosis case that has the potential to arise annually is listed below: Case Study#13 “You work in a small family practice in rural VA. A man in his early 50’s comes in with a complaint of intermittent fever (102-103°F) and headache for the past two weeks. The physician examines him and takes a history. The only clinical finding is a wound about the size of a quarter on his right thumb. Axillary lymph nodes are swollen and tender. The man says he cut himself while skinning a rabbit three days ago. On the basis of these observations the physician prescribes streptomycin and asks the man to call if his symptoms don’t...
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...bubonic plague is a zoonotic disease, usually going between rodents and thier fleas zoonotic is a disease that is infectious to both man and animals the term bubonic plague derived from a greek word meaning "groin" mainly because lymphnodes usually swell in the armpit and groin area signs and symptoms of the black plague are muscle cramps Acral gangrene: gangrene of toes nose lips fingers and/or toes Chills High fever around 102 degree Fahrenheit Smooth, painful lymph gland swelling , commonly found in the groin, but may occur in the armpits or neck, most often at the site of the initial infection (bite or scratch) seizures the bubonic plague was usually transmitted through the bite of the rat flea called Xenopsylla cheopis, this flea that are mostly found on rats and mice, seek out other prey when their host dies. the plague harmlessly lives in the fleas stomache but agrivates the flea causing them to regurgitate ingested blood which is now infected while biting a human or rodent host the bubonic plague was believed to have started in china or central asia before spreading west and estimated to have kill 25 million people in china or 30% of its population. the oriental fleas, that were infected with the bubonic plague, were living on black rats that were regular passengers on merchant ships and trader that went along the mediteranian and the silk road spreading it through out asia and europe. the mongols cut off the trade route of the silk road...
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...Rabies – A zoonotic disease Rabies is a zoonotic disease, meaning it is transmitted to humans from animals. The rabies virus is a member of the Rhabdovirus family and it is caused by the virus Neurotropic Lyssavirus (Woodroffe, Ginsberg & Macdonald, 1997). It leads to an acute, central nervous system infection, which is characterized by CNS irritation, followed by paralysis and death (Woodroffe, Ginsberg & Macdonald, 1997). It occurs in more than 150 countries and territories and dogs are the source of 99% of human rabies deaths. The natural reservoir for the rabies virus is in the wild animal that bites a human. Animal reservoirs include semi-wild dogs, skunks, raccoons, fox, bats and mongoose (Woodroffe, Ginsberg & Macdonald, 1997). Essentially, the frequency of contacts between susceptible and infectious individuals is the rate-determining step in the spread of the disease but it is extremely difficult to measure in the wild (White, Harris and Smith, 1995). There is an increase in rabies in late summer and early fall in red foxes. This increase in rabies corresponds to time of dispersal and reproductive maturation in juvenile males (Johnston and Beauregard, 1969). A limited natural human immune response to rabies does exist. A reason for a failure to protect in humans is the poor immunological response that the virus provokes. The natural killer (NK) cell activity was assessed in patients with rabies. There was no significant difference in number of killer cells between rabies...
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...Introduction A zoonotic disease is a disease that can be passed between animals and humans which is caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi. These zoonotic diseases are very common due to the high contact between humans and animals on a daily basis either at home or in the workplace. The scientific world has estimations that 6 out of every 10 infectious diseases in humans are spread from animals. Echinococcosis can also be called a hydatid disease, hydatidosis, or echinococcal disease and is a disease which involves Echninococcus tapeworm parasites with two main types which are cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar-echinococcosis (AE) (CDC, 2012). According to the World Health Organization (2014) up to 1 million people globally are affected at any one time. As shown in Figure 1 below, it is easy to transmit the disease between species. However, although humans can be infected which according to the WHO (2015) means they are accidental intermediate hosts but they cannot transmit the disease. [pic] Figure 1: The cycle of echinococcosis (Source: www.cieh.org ) The importance of the disease The importance of the disease is that it has been present and well known for many years but has been rather neglected by the health organizations. However according to the WHO (2014; Higuita et al 2015) echinococcosis was recently introduced in the list of neglected tropical diseases and is one of the six priority neglected zoonotic diseases which are rabies...
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...Waterborne Desease Report Kan Ding 3027206 Giardiasis & Amebiasis Introduction Despite of the continuous advances in public health measures and biomedical science we have in this and the past century, the emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases remain a big threat to human beings.[1] Due to the change of global environment, ecology and socio-economic, these diseases occur with trend of increasing incidence and geographical expansion, along with other existing infectious diseases, performing among the leading cause of death worldwide.[2] Human activities may show great influence on the trend of the growing of these diseases, some studies suggest, including agriculture practices and the activities having impacts on climate change.[3]...
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...Smallpox, a disease caused by variola virus, has been globally eradicated since the early 1980s due to the massive vaccination program conducted by the World Health Organization. However, there are concerns that the smallpox virus could be used as a biological weapon. In addition, the monkeypox virus, which resembles the smallpox virus, is an emerging virus that caused an outbreak of human monkeypox in Africa, and more recently in the United States. Therefore, the need for protection against these zoonotic viral infections remains [1-3]. Variola belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus, family Poxviridae, which also includes vaccinia, monkeypox, cowpox, and other viruses. Because the majority of orthopoxvirus DNA is highly conserved considerable cross-protection can be conferred, through infection or immunization, within this family of viruses. For example, variola virus shares >90% similarity with the vaccinia genome, which enabled eradication of smallpox using the vaccinia virus....
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...In the Vet Clinic Question 1 a) Name and describe three (3) ways an animal may show you that they are stressed. A great many people who live with canines perceive a percentage of the "greater" pieces of information that a canine's on edge, 1. Uncomfortable, or out and out frightened -groveling, 2. whimpering, and a tucked tail, to name only three.more unobtrusive signs. They for the most part don't reflect all out frenzy, however they let you know that all's not exactly right 3. On the off chance that we can interpret our pooches' 4. Leashing the skin behind while walking non-verbal communication, we can ransom delicate puppies before they get overpowered. Furthermore even boneheaded, giddy sorts may discover a few circumstances excessively for them. Come to consider it, viewing them nearly may uncover that they're not such blockheads truth be told. When we perceive our canines' anxiety flags and make a move to bail them out, we're taking consideration both of the puppy and of ourselves. I regularly recollect a maturing puppy named Jack whose people recognized that he generally withdrew from their little child's methodology. They don't thought anything of it, so Jack's rehashed nonaggressive flags that he despised kiddy-style taking care of didn't traverse. b) Name and describe three (3) ways an animal may show you that they are comfortable. Some solace practices show up over a few taxa (e.g. autogrooming), while others may be...
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...influenza C virus between humans and pigs". Virus Research 48 (1): 71–9. doi:10.1016/S0168-1702(96)01427-X. PMID 9140195. 6. ^ a b Matsuzaki Y, Sugawara K, Mizuta K et al. (February 2002). "Antigenic and Genetic Characterization of Influenza C Viruses Which Caused Two Outbreaks in Yamagata City, Japan, in 1996 and 1998". Journal of Clinical Microbiology 40 (2): 422–9. doi:10.1128/JCM.40.2.422-429.2002. PMC 153379. PMID 11825952. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=153379. 7. ^ Lynch JP, Walsh EE (April 2007). "Influenza: evolving strategies in treatment and prevention". Semin Respir Crit Care Med 28 (2): 144–58. doi:10.1055/s-2007-976487. PMID 17458769. 8. ^ a b c "Swine Influenza". Swine Diseases (Chest). Iowa State University College of...
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...The infectious agent responsible for Lyme disease is the spirochete microorganism B. burgdorferi. Lyme disease is a zoonotic disease that is transmitted from host to mammalian by vector ticks of the Ixodes genus (Transmission, 2015). B. burgdorferi is an obligate parasite, whose natural host are a wide variety of mammals, is transferred to humans to cause Lyme disease by a blood meal of a tick. Although a natural host may contain the microorganism, not all mammals undergo the symptoms of Lyme disease like that of the immunopathological response in humans. The parasitic nature of B. burgdorferi is due to the fact that the organism does not possess the genes responsible for synthesis of common biomolecules such as amino acids, nucleotides, and...
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...went straight to my doctor, hoping it wasn't tonsillitis. The first thing we had to figure out was to see if this was a bacterial or viral infection. My tests results for strep throat, mononucleosis, tonsillitis, and blood samples to test for bacterial infection were all negative. My doctor reported that my results indicated that I had some sort of virus, and did not prescribe me antibiotics, raising questions for why I shouldn't be taking antibiotics for my infection. Since Alexander Fleming's discovery of them in 1927, antibiotics have played a profound role in ridding the population of bacterial infections. Antibiotics are chemicals that work to kill disease-causing, single-cell living organisms called bacteria ("The Danger of Antibiotic Overuse"). Bacteria can surpass our immune system, reproduce, and cause diseases or infection by producing chemicals that damage our bodies ("What Are Antibiotics? How Do Antibiotics Work?"). For instance, bacteria can invade our inner ear and cause a bacterial ear infection. Our immune system works to fight the bacteria, resulting in inflammation. However, the immune system sometimes is not able to activate itself quickly enough to outpace the reproductive rate of a certain bacterium. Antibiotics are used as an alternative and helpful method to help our immune system kill the bacteria and reduce inflammation. Many antibiotics interrupt the machinery inside bacterial cells that build the bacterial cell...
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...INTRODUCTION The current society is developing and enhancing at an incredibly fast-rate most especially on the health sector. This is evident on the development of drugs and vaccines to remedy several diseases, advancement of medical technology through production of efficient machineries, and improving disease diagnosis and discoveries. Despite this, as people advance further across this era of technology, they tend to be blinded of their ideals and goals for the society which pushes them to disregard the prevalent pressing issues. As a result, a view of countless days of humanity continues to fade slowly for such negligence to existing diseases that continuously decrease the population of other parts of the world. One of the most animal-related challenges that the world faces today is rabies. According to Vitalich (2014), “Rabies, one of the oldest and deadliest diseases known to man such that it is a zoonotic disease caused by a lyssavirus. All warm-blooded animals are susceptible to this virus and it is a common disease in land-living mammals throughout the world. The disease...
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...The rapid environmental changes resulting in thawing ice has become a threat to the health of the Inuits. The health risks include food poisoning from the northern lakes that are contaminated by mercury from the thawing permafrost, increase in fatal accidents from unpredictable weather patterns, and the increased spread of zoonotic diseases due to warmer temperatures (Climate Change Impacts). Some physical impacts of climate change on infrastructure and transportation has suddenly demanded more resources. Thawing and shifting grounds are no longer a secure foundation that is able to uphold buildings, pipelines, roads, and airports (Climate Change Impacts). This can lead to failing of facilities and other naturally occurring containment ultimately, having impact on human health, environment, and...
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...species. The SARS virus probably crossed over from animals to humans in Guangdong Province in China. Humans got monkeypox from pet prairie dogs, which probably caught it, in turn, from an imported Gambian rat. Meanwhile, at the movies, there is ''28 Days Later,'' a horror film about a ''rage'' virus that passes swiftly and catastrophically from chimpanzees to humans. We can probably discount the dangers of a fast-acting horror-movie virus, but not the others. If nothing else, the emergence of SARS and the recent outbreak of monkeypox in the United States are reminders that the potential biological effects of globalization can be chilling. Ordinarily, prairie dogs, native to America, do not catch diseases from rats native to western and central Africa. And humans do not ordinarily catch diseases from prairie dogs. What made the chain of monkeypox infection possible were humans who keep wild animals -- prairie dogs and Gambian rats -- as pets. Although the federal government has now banned the distribution of prairie dogs and the importation of rodents from Africa, the monkeypox scare demonstrates how poorly regulated the ownership of and traffic in wild or exotic pets really are. A dozen states and some localities outlaw owning dangerous animals, and the federal government, as a signatory to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, prohibits, in most cases, owning or transporting endangered animals. But that still leaves most of the world's wildlife free to be captured...
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