...as a number of smaller ones. These plates float on top of the asthenosphere and move around quite regularly. This movement causes interaction between the plates which is thought to bring about seismic and volcanic events at its margins. Therefore the plate tectonics theory is a key concept in understanding the distribution of seismic and volcanic events. Plate tectonic theory was first suggested by Alfred Wegener in 1912. He believed that a single continent called Pangea existed around 300 million years ago before splitting it began to split because of continental drift, into two continents and continuing to split to form the continents we see today. His theory was supported by both geological and biological evidence, such as the bulge of South America seeming to fit into the indent of West Africa. He believed this suggested that they were once attached and had been separated through continental drift. Later evidence was also found as fossil remains of the reptile mesosaurus were found in both South America and Southern Africa. It is unlikely that the same reptile could have developed in both area or that it could have migrated across the Atlantic especially due to the fact that the reptile was believed to be a poor swimmer. This continental drift leads to seismic and volcanic events and is very important in understanding their distribution. Although Wegeners ideas seemed simple, they were later supported by the discovery of the Mid-Atlantic ridge. This ridge led to the...
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...Exam series | Sect A Plate Tec(7 marks) | Sect APlate tec(8 marks) | Sect A Plate tec(10 marks) | | Sect CPlate tec essay (40 marks) | June 2010 | Study fig 1 a photo …recent earthquake. Using fig 1 only, comment on the evidence that suggest that an earthquake has recently taken place | Describe how seismic waves and earthquakes can be measured | With reference to two seismic events you have studied from contrasting areas of the world, compare the ways in which earthquakes and their impacts have been managed | | “The hazards presented by volcanic and seismic events have the greatest impact on the world’s poorest people” To what extent do you agree with this view? | Jan 2011 | Study fig 1, a map showing tectonic features in the Philippines. Comment on the degree to which the area of the Philippines might be subject to tectonic hazards | Outline the formation of hot spots and explain their relationship to plate movement | With reference to 2 volcanic events that you have studied from contrasting areas of the world, compare the nature of the volcanic hazard and its impact | | “Volcanic and seismic events are major pieces of evidence towards proving that plate tectonics theory is valid”. Discuss the extent to which you agree with this statement. | June 2011 | Study fig 1 which is an image of the sea bed of the N Atlantic Ocean … Comment on the extent to which the features shown support the theory of plate tectonics. | Describe the characteristics of, and explain the formation...
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...[pic] Information on the exam: Unit 3 – GEOG3 - Contemporary Geographical Issues • 30% of A Level • 2 hour 30 minutes written examination • 3 questions: o 1 from Section A – Physical Geography Structured Questions o 1 from Section B – Human Geography Structured Questions o 1 from Section C – Essay Questions (You must not answer the option answered in either Section A or Section B) [pic] |Plate tectonics and associated hazards |Ecosystems: Change and Challenge | | | | |Plate movement |Nature of ecosystems | |Earth structure, plate tectonics theory: convection |Structure of ecosystems, energy flows, trophic levels, | |currents and sea-floor spreading. Evidence: |food chains and food webs. | |continental drift and palaeomagnetism. | | |Destructive, constructive and conservative plate ...
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...[pic] Information on the exam: Unit 3 – GEOG3 - Contemporary Geographical Issues • 30% of A Level • 2 hour 30 minutes written examination • 3 questions: o 1 from Section A – Physical Geography Structured Questions o 1 from Section B – Human Geography Structured Questions o 1 from Section C – Essay Questions (You must not answer the option answered in either Section A or Section B) [pic] |Plate tectonics and associated hazards |Ecosystems: Change and Challenge | | | | |Plate movement |Nature of ecosystems | |Earth structure, plate tectonics theory: convection |Structure of ecosystems, energy flows, trophic levels, | |currents and sea-floor spreading. Evidence: |food chains and food webs. | |continental drift and palaeomagnetism. | | |Destructive, constructive and conservative plate ...
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...Evaluate how plate tectonic theory helps our understanding of the distribution of seismic and volcanic events (40 marks) Outline the theories Supporting evidence Notes: * Alfred Wegner – suggested that continents were once all joined together in an ancient super continent called Pangaea. Land masses had drifted apart until they got to a certain position. Used 4 different pieces of evidence to help support his theory: 1. Continental Fit – If you placed certain continents together they look like they should/could have been joined together at some point. For example western seaboard of Africa and Eastern sea board of South America. 2. Geological Evidence – Rocks of similar type and age sharing the same formation can be found in South East Brazil and South Africa, which were believed to be joined. Also similar glacial deposits found in the Antarctica, South America and India. 3. Climatological Evidence – Similar coal deposits have been found in places such as Antarctica, North America and UK, all of similar age and all formed in tropical conditions. Neither of these places is still tropical therefore the coal must have drifted apart. 4. Biological Evidence – Fossil formations can be found on either side of the Atlantic. An example of this is the Mesosaurus, this reptile could not fly, however its fossils were found only in South America and South Africa. Therefore they must have been joined; otherwise the fossils would not be in the same place. * Paleomagnestism...
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...World Cities: With reference to examples, assess the degree to which the level of economic development of a country affects planning and management in urban areas. (40 marks) Define planning and management: Sewage systems/housing/waste disposal LEDC’s – naturally expect them to be less sustainable, overcrowded and less efficient because lack money for good infrastructure 1. Stage 2 DTM high birth rate therefore overpopulation overcrowding so demand for housing/schools/roads/transport high but lack money to meet * Leads to illegal squatter settlements where metal scraps used to make homes/overcrowding on the train/poor sewage systems diseases more likely to spread 1. E.g. Dharavi Slum, India – 1 toilet per 400 Could argue that LEDC’s/NIC’s have poorer planning and management and when they did try to regenerate via Partnership scheme (slum clearance programme) – left in hands of developers who dumped them all on outskirts therefore very poor 2. On the contrary – Curitiba, Brazil which is BRIC country (GDP per capita in both cities is roughly same, with Curitiba earning $300 per head more) – population not growing as rapidly as MUMBAI but still quite significant. They had different approach – more sustainable: 1. Bus rapid transit system 2. Green exchange system – poor collect recycling and receive bus pass or food vouchers in return 3. Pedestrianisation * Extremely eco-friendly and though not fully developed and on par with USA and...
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...Exemplar (37 Marks)-“Volcanic and Seismic events are major pieces of evidence towards proving that plate tectonics theory is valid” Discuss the extent to which you agree with this statement. (40 Marks) The theory of plate tectonics is a relatively new idea – only conceived and developed within the last 100 years and is now generally accepted as the explanation for the causation of earthquakes and volcanoes and where they occur. It has now replaced the theory that tectonic events are caused by god in most western countries. The theory of plate tectonics was first developed by Alfred Wegener in 1912. He saw that the continents seem to have a jig-saw fit e.g. Africa and South America coastlines fitting together, suggesting that they were at one time joined together as part of a super continent called Gondwanaland and the other super continent Laurasia was in the north. Later evidence supported this – the fossilised remains of a dinosaur, the mosasaurs, was found on the coasts of Brazil and Gabon. There were also the same fossilised pollen species and rock sediments on these coastlines. Wegener’s ideas, though simple, were proved further right and built upon which further increased our understanding of tectonic events. Sea floor spreading was discovered showing that rock is being created and destroyed, leading us to believe in the existence of plates and plate boundaries. Sea floor spreading was shown in the Atlantic, where it is believed the Eurasian and North American plates...
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...test sheet and your scantron. PLEASE INDICATE THE VERSION OF THIS TEST ON THE SCANTRON SHEET (section column). Completely erase mistakes and other unwanted marks on the scantron sheet. Some questions will have two or more answers that may seem possible, but only one is the best answer. Please read the questions completely, and check your answers. 1. Which seismic waves actually penetrate the inner core? A. Primary waves B. Secondary waves C. Raleigh waves D. Both A and B E. Love waves 2. Based on historical data, only location to have experienced a M5 (moment scale) or greater within 300 km: A. Montreal, QC B. Vancouver, BC C. Sydney, NS D. None of the above have experienced such a large earthquake E. All of the above have experienced an M5 or greater 3. This is not monitored in order to predict volcanic eruptions: A. temperature of steam B. animal reactions C. changes in the shape of the volcano D. earthquake patterns E. CO2 and radon gas 4. Few, if any, masonry structures remain standing; bridges are destroyed; large fissures open in ground; landslides are common. A. III B. VIII C. XI D. XIII E. none of the above 5. Generally, this would be the more explosive event: A. ocean island shield eruption B. volcanic arc eruption C. caldera event D. none of the above (they all generally all the same) 6. Generally, this...
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...Mechanical: Lithosphere & Athsenosphere 4. Know the prominent features of the continents and the ocean floor? 5. Define tectonic plate and which layers of the Earth’s interior they contain. Earths outer layer divided into several plates, composed of the lithosphere which is made up of the crust and uppermost mantle 6. What are plate boundaries? Know the different types of plate boundaries and processes at each boundary. Plate boundaries are the zones of interaction between individual plates. There are three types: Convergent/Compression (Destructive margins), Divergent/Tension (Constructive Margins), and Transform/Shear (Conservative margins) 7. What is the difference between continental volcanic arcs and island arcs? Both form at convergent plate boundaries, but continental volcanic arcs for at Oceanic-Continental boundaries while island arcs form at Oceanic-Oceanic boundaries. 8. What are hot spots and mantle plumes? Hot spot: A concentration of heat in the mantle, capable of producing magma that, in turn, extrudes onto earths surface. Mantle plumes: A mass of hotter-than-typical mantle material that ascends toward the surface, where it may lead to igneous activity. May originate as deep as the core-mantle boundary. 9. Define a mineral. A naturally occurring, inorganic crystalline material with a unique chemical structure. 10. What are the main physical properties of minerals Crystal structure: external expression of...
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...exist in northern California today? th Ⅲ What are terranes, how do they originate, and why are they important in northern California? Northern California.2 The Sierra Nevada: California’s Geologic alifornia’s Ge Backbone Ⅲ What is the Sierra Nevada batholith? rra batholi Ⅲ What kinds of rocks surround the Sierra Nevada batholith? ra Ⅲ When and how was the modern Sierra Nevada uplifted? e Ⅲ What types of gold deposits occur in the Sierra Nevada? e? Ⅲ What is the Mother Lode? Northern California.3 The Klamath M Mountains t ath an Ne evada Ⅲ In what ways are the Klamath Mountains and the Sierra Nevada similar? ds ro o ath M Ⅲ What kinds of rocks comprise the ophiolites in the Klamath Mountains and what tectonic events do they signify? ineral occu th ntai Ⅲ What mineral resources occur in the Klamath Mountains? Northern California.4 The Gr Ca rnia e Great Valley fa s th i he Valle Ⅲ What factors have led to the formation of fertile soils in the Great Valley? at t ime y Grea Seq Ⅲ What was the origin of the sedimentary rocks in the Great Valley Sequence? ori l p duced Gr Ⅲ What is the origin of the natural gas produced in the Great Valley? y Gre chron ooding Ⅲ Why is the Great Valley so prone to...
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...ES8005 – Chapter 1 A system is any portion of the universe that can be isolated for the purpose of observing & measuring changes A system must have a boundary that sets it apart from its surroundings 3 basic types of systems 1. Isolated system * Boundary prevents the system from exchanging BOTH matter & energy with its surroundings. * Both matter and energy within the system are fixed & finite because none can enter and none can leave the system. * Imaginary – impossible for any real boundary to be so perfectly insulated that energy can neither enter or escape. 2. Closed system * Boundary permits the exchange of energy, but not matter within its surroundings * Matter within the system is finite but energy is exchangeable in and out of the system 3. Open system * Boundary permits exchange of both energy and matter * Ie. Island. * Open systems are more difficult to study because they have more potential for uncontrolled variation Box model * A model is a representation of something. * A box model can show the essential features of a system. i. The process by which matter enters & leaves the system and the rates at which they do so ii. The process which matter moves among the various parts of the system internally & the rates at which this happens iii. The amount of matter (or energy) in the system at a given time and its distribution within the system * The amount of matter...
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...Lecture 1 Yellow stone hot spot Great Valley Questions to consider throughout the course: Boundary layer of clay Will California fall into the sea? What regulates climate? etc. (see lecture notes) THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD Observe Generalize and/ make a hypothesis Test the hypothesis Revise hypothesis if necessary - hypothesis has to be falsify able, com Lecture 2 Electromagnetic between positive charges of the nucleus and negative charges of the electrons FUNDAMENTAL FORCES REVIEW Gravity - depends on mass and distance Electromagnetic - depends on charge, distance Strong Force - between hadrons Weak Force - between hadrons and some leptons Protons and neutrons (hardrons) are made out of smaller particles called quarks Leptons: includes electrons (mass & charge), neutrinos (mass, no charge) and their antiparticles Field particles: transmit fundamental forces Conservation Laws - Quantities conserved Energy-Mass Momentum (oriented) *Angular momentum (oriented) Charge Spin (oriented) # of Hadrons (number conserved) # of Leptons (number conserved) FORMS OF ENERGY Kinetic Potential Heat Chemical Mass Electromagnetic radiation Changes in volume When a thing is dropped and stopped by an object, electromagnetic force is overcoming the gravity force overlap of electron clouds of two objects First law of Thermodynamics Energy may be converted from one form to another, but the total must be conceived in any interactions. (Energy...
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...hypocenter * Understand the concept of elastic rebound. What is it? How are earthquakes produced via elastic rebound? * --Elastic rebound=At some point, the stress along the fault overcomes the frictional resistance, and slip initiates. Slippage allows the deformed ( bent) rock to “ snap back” to its original, stress- free, shape; a series of earthquake waves radiate as it slides. Reid termed the “ spring-ing back” elastic rebound because the rock behaves elastically, much like a stretched rubber band does when it is released. * Know the three basic types of seismic waves (i.e., P waves, S waves, and surface waves). What is the particle motion in each type of wave (e.g., particles move parallel to the direction of travel in P waves)? Which type of wave travels the fastest? Which type of wave is the slowest? Which type of wave arrives first at a seismic station? Which type of wave is the last to arrive at a seismic station? Which type of wave causes the most...
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...Drawbacks of the Bhuj earthquake 12. Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority (GSDMA) 13. Data Analysis 14. Conclusion 15. Bibliography ABSTRACT India has been traditionally vulnerable to natural disasters on account of its unique geo-climatic conditions. Floods, droughts, cyclones, earthquakes and landslides have been recurrent phenomena. About 60% of the landmass is prone to earthquakes of various intensities; over 40 million hectares is prone to floods; about 8% of the total area is prone to cyclones and 68% of the area is susceptible to drought. In the decade 1990-2000, an average of about 4344 people lost their lives and about 30 million people were affected by disasters every year. This paper emphasis on management during and after an disaster and readiness of the state in response to future earthquakes. BACKGROUND Many Natural Disasters in India have caused havoc to the life and property of citizens and nature as a whole from time to time. These disasters include Cyclones, Floods, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, Famines, Drought, and Landslides etc. Amongst all the ones mentioned floods and earthquakes are the most common in India. * flood * earthquake * Landslide * cyclone Define earthquake An earthquake is the sudden rapid shaking of the Earth caused by the release of energy stored in the rocks. Earthquakes not only destroy the entire habitation but may de-stabilize the government, economy and social structure of...
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...Drawbacks of the Bhuj earthquake 12. Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority (GSDMA) 13. Data Analysis 14. Conclusion 15. Bibliography ABSTRACT India has been traditionally vulnerable to natural disasters on account of its unique geo-climatic conditions. Floods, droughts, cyclones, earthquakes and landslides have been recurrent phenomena. About 60% of the landmass is prone to earthquakes of various intensities; over 40 million hectares is prone to floods; about 8% of the total area is prone to cyclones and 68% of the area is susceptible to drought. In the decade 1990-2000, an average of about 4344 people lost their lives and about 30 million people were affected by disasters every year. This paper emphasis on management during and after an disaster and readiness of the state in response to future earthquakes. BACKGROUND Many Natural Disasters in India have caused havoc to the life and property of citizens and nature as a whole from time to time. These disasters include Cyclones, Floods, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, Famines, Drought, and Landslides etc. Amongst all the ones mentioned floods and earthquakes are the most common in India. * flood * earthquake * Landslide * cyclone Define earthquake An earthquake is the sudden rapid shaking of the Earth caused by the release of energy stored in the rocks. Earthquakes not only destroy the entire...
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