CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION RESEARCH BACKGROUND This research is about the extraction of keratin protein from chicken feathers using strong fluid extraction process. This extraction procedure utilized a dissolvable as lessening specialists to separate salt linkages, disulphide bond and hydrogen bond of the keratin fiber to break down into protein. Thus, it will likewise diminish the steadiness of keratin strands in the strong structure found in feathers. Proteins are polymer formed by one or
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE The first tracheal intubation was reported in 1543 by Vesalius in an animal . In the early 1870's, Trendelenburg from Germany performed the first endotracheal anesthesia in man. Macewen in 1878 reported the first elective endotracheal intubation for anesthesia.(21) CIRCULATORY RESPONSE DURING LARYNGOSCOPY AND TRACHEAL INTUBATION : The effects of endotracheal intuabation and laryngoscopy producing pressor response causing tachycardia, rise in BP and cardiac arrhythmia
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Indirect ELISA The term "indirect ELISA" refers to an ELISA in which the antigen is bound by the primary antibody, which then is detected by an enzyme labeled secondary antibody. The Secondary antibodies were raised against the primary antibody in other species of animal by immunization. The indirect ELISA has advantages over the direct ELISA. 1) The Indirect ELISA consist mainly two antigen – antibody reactions; the first reaction is between coated antigen and primary antibody and a second reaction
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the phosphate backbone of the DNA. The active site of the endonuclease perform this cleavage by binding to the side chain of certain amino acids to the phosphate group through a chemical bond. This dissolves the preexisting bond between the deoxyribose sugar and the phosphate resulting in a breakage with in the DNA chain at a specific location. (3, 7) One characteristic feature of restriction endonucleases is that they cut at a very particular site having a specific DNA sequence. This specific sequence
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Vaccination coverage has been expanding for some decades, and the experiment for creating new vaccines have been conducted yet. There are approximately more than 60 kinds of vaccinations, and they can prevent 25 infectious diseases. The vaccination is advertised an effective way to develop immune system, so the people who are not over 18 years old are recommended to inoculate 15 kinds of vaccines to enhance own immunity. On the other hand, serious side effects caused by vaccinations became a social
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remains perfectly all right, scientists have now discovered one vital clue to unravel the riddle. Human genome is a collection of 4 million gene switches. Some reside in bits of DNA that once were discarded as ‘junk’ but that turns out to play critical role in controlling how cells, tissues and organs behave -- the junk DNA is often referred to as the ‘dark matter’ instead. As a result of a huge project involving 440 scientists from 32 laboratories around the world, the discovery is considered as a
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Following are the tests used for the identification of bacterial species based on the differences in the biochemical activities of different bacteria. Beta glucouronidase test is used for the identification of Escherichia coli. An enzyme is produced by E.coli which is beta D glucouronidase. Beta d glucouronidase in turn hydrolyzes beta d glucopyranosid uronic derivatives to aglycons and D glucuronic acid. Bile solubility test is used in laboratory for differentiation of alpha hemolytic Streptococci
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Genetic Engineering • Description and How It Works Genetic Engineering is the process of manually adding new DNA to an organism. The goal is to add one or more new traits that are not already found in the organism, and to enhance or modify the organism’s characteristics. The process starts by identifying a gene that controls the desired trait and using various chemicals to extract it from the DNA strands. An insertion package is prepared that includes several unrelated genes that lets the trait gene
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Assessing model weed management approaches for weeds suppression in Allium cepa crop in northwestern Pakistan Running title: Weeds growth suppression in onion crop using model weed management ABSTRACT: Allium cepa L. an important vegetable crop of Pakistan and around the globe facing major production losses due to weeds infestation. A field study in 2014 in northwestern Pakistan has investigated efficacy of model weed management approaches on A. cepa yield and yield components. The trial set in
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the genomic DNA, a band of genomic DNA (roughly 23kbp) is observed near the top of the gel. Further down the gel is another block of bands (ranging from 100bp ~ 2000bp) which is the degraded RNA. My group’s sample (lanes 16&17) shows similar band patterns to that of other groups where genomic DNA and RNA bands are seen but in differing quantities of DNA since some bands appear more faint than the others. In the gel electrophoresis of the plasmid DNA, 4 distinct bands of DNA are observed
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