...COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENTS IN NUYORICANS Imagine being a constant mental fog; unsure exactly of where or who you are, what time it is or who is talking to you. This exact scenario is a daily way of life for those suffering from cognitive impairments. According to the Centers for Disease Control, cognitive impairment is when a person has trouble remembering, learning new things, concentrating, or making decisions that affect their everyday life (Centers for Disease Control [CDC], 2011). Non-white Hispanics suffer from cognitive impairment at an alarming rate. The rise in cognitive impairments is the result of several factors including the prevalence of certain medical conditions and socioeconomic status. The term cognitive impairment is classified under several axis I mental alterations. These alterations include delirium, dementia and amnestic disorders (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [DSM-IV-TR], 2000). Many internal and external factors can lead to the development or exacerbation of these mental alterations. Internal factors, such as hypertension, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders, nutritional, metabolic and endocrine disorders and infectious disorders are all examples of medical conditions that can contribute to cognitive impairment (Round, 2010). External factors include educational background and socioeconomic factors. Already the largest minority, Hispanics are also the fastest growing ethnic population in the United States (The Americano...
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...BRIEF REPORTS Greater Risk of Dementia When Spouse Has Dementia? The Cache County Study [See editorial comments by Dr. Peter P. Vitaliano, pp 976–978] Maria C. Norton, PhD,abc Ken R. Smith, PhD,de Truls Østbye, MD, PhD,fgh JoAnn T. Tschanz, PhD,bc Chris Corcoran, ScD,ci Sarah Schwartz, MS,ci Kathleen W. Piercy, PhD,ac Peter V. Rabins, MD, MPH,j David C. Steffens, MD,k Ingmar Skoog, MD, PhD,l John C. S. Breitner, MD, MPH,mn Kathleen A. Welsh-Bohmer, PhD,g for the Cache County Investigators OBJECTIVES: To examine the effects of caring for a spouse with dementia on the caregiver’s risk for incident dementia. DESIGN: Population-based study of incident dementia in spouses of persons with dementia. SETTING: Rural county in northern Utah. PARTICIPANTS: Two thousand four hundred forty-two subjects (1,221 married couples) aged 65 and older. MEASUREMENTS: Incident dementia was diagnosed in 255 subjects, with onset defined as age when subject met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition, Revised, criteria for dementia. Cox proportional hazards regression tested the effect of time-dependent exposure to dementia in one’s spouse, adjusted for potential confounders. RESULTS: A subject whose spouse experienced incident dementia onset had a six times greater risk for incident dementia as subjects whose spouses were dementia free (hazard rate ratio (HRR) 5 6.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) 5 2.2–16.2, Po.001). In sex-specific analyses, husbands had higher risks ...
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...families into the planning and delivery of care to a diverse population of older adults and into advocacy for vulnerable older adults. This topic addresses the following learning objectives: * Recognize the impact of attitudes, values, and expectations about aging. * Describe how the RN’s personal beliefs and values may impact the care of older adults. * Articulate the concept of individualized care as the standard of practice with older adults, considering the right care, at the right time, in the right place and by the right provider of care. * Define Baby Boomers (those born from 1946–1964) reach retirement age (as of 2011) A large group of people born between 1946 and 1964, in the time after the Second World War. * What are the five racial groups listed in your text? African American, American Indian/Alaskan Native, Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander/Asian, Hispanic, White * How would you perform discharge teaching to an Hispanic patient Teach the family as well because more than likely, pt is going home and family is his/her primary caregivers. * Apply effective and respectful communication strategies in the care of older adults and their families. * List some of the changes of aging that could affect therapeutic communication * TABLE 4-1 Normal and Pathological Changes and Their Impact on Communication pg80 * Note the ways to communicate or assist a patient with disabilities such as hearing deficits, vision impairments...
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...the 9 Competencies: #1 Competency 742.1.1: Compassionate and Respectful Care of Older Adults The graduate integrates principles of compassion and respect for patients and their families into the planning and delivery of care to a diverse population of older adults and into advocacy for vulnerable older adults. This topic addresses the following learning objectives: * Recognize the impact of attitudes, values, and expectations about aging. * Describe how the RN’s personal beliefs and values may impact the care of older adults. * Articulate the concept of individualized care as the standard of practice with older adults, considering the right care, at the right time, in the right place and by the right provider of care. * Define Baby Boomers * What are the five racial groups listed in your text? * How would you perform discharge teaching to an Hispanic patient * Apply effective and respectful communication strategies in the care of older adults and their families. * List some of the changes of aging that could affect therapeutic communication * Note the ways to communicate or assist a patient with disabilities such as hearing deficits, vision impairments, or aphasia and dysarthria. Be familiar with the types of hearing devices. How should you address the older adult during therapeutic communication? * Know the abbreviations or acronyms, such as AAC. Know which hearing aids cover the widest range of hearing loss. See the...
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...In this assignment I will be explaining the main aspects of the main theories of ageing. These include; sociological, psychological and biological theories of ageing. I will then go on to compare 2 theories of ageing. Sociological Theories Sociological theories focus on the changing roles and relationships that accompany ageing. These theories discuss how these changing roles, relationships, and status impact the older individual's ability to adapt. In this blog, we will discuss the following sociological theories: disengagement, activity, and continuity. Disengagement Theory The Disengagement Theory, one of the earliest and most controversial theories of aging, views aging as a process of gradual withdrawal between society and the older adult. This mutual withdrawal or disengagement is a natural, acceptable, and universal process that accompanies growing old. It is applicable to elders in all cultures, although there might be variations. According to this theory, disengagement benefits both the older population and the social system. Gradual withdrawal from society and relationships preserves social equilibrium and promotes self-reflection for elders who are freed from societal roles. It furnishes an orderly means for the transfer of knowledge, capital, and power from the older generation to the young. It makes it possible for society to continue functioning after valuable older members die. Weakness: There is no base of evidence or research to support this theory...
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...Gina Doherty PSYC-2130 WW1 The Nun Study Review The article, Aging and Alzheimer's Disease: Lessons From the Nun Study, by David Snowden PhD, published in The Gerontologist in 1997, begins with a warm history of a remarkable nun of the School Sisters of Notre Dame. The author details how Sister Mary was born into a working class family in 1892, was the oldest of 12 children and how her mother died during childbirth. In addition it was noted Sister Mary had an 8th grade Catholic education, joined the convent at 14, and took her vows when she turned 19 years of age. The article went on to describe how Sister Mary’s sibling Clara joined the same religious order, but unfortunately died at age 49. The background stated that her father died at 68 years of age of heart disease. With a very small stature and 85 lbs. the writer portrays Sister as an avid reader, being well-liked and very happy. She had a special interest in global situations, women and children in need, and was also actively involved in her community. This amazing woman taught middle school for 77 years all the while studying during her breaks for her own high school diploma, which she earned with an “A” average after 22 committed years. She continued working with students in a part-time capacity until her mid-eighties, and even after officially retiring still had quite a presence within the convent. When scientists from the University of Kentucky seeking participation in a study on Alzheimer’s approached...
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...emerged. Memory is attributed to the functioning of three stages: encoding – the process of storing data, storage – the process of retaining data, and retrieval - the process of recovering data. Several factors are tied together and influence forgetting. It can happen before or even after the actual memory process. Keywords: memory process, encoding, storage, retrieval Why We Forget Forgetting is the loss of information stored in an individual’s memory. It’s the process in which older memories cannot be recalled from ones memory databank. Research studied by Edward Thorndike which was compiled in his novel “The Psychology of Learning” in 1914 shows one possible explanation: “The Decay Theory of Forgetting” found that there is a theory to explain this behavior. Over time, if the specific memory isn’t recalled and an effort isn’t made to preserve the notion or event, it will fade with time. If an attempt of recalling a memory is not made within a certain timeframe the memory will fade to darkness. Another theory known as “Interference Theory” was realized by the German psychologist Bergstrom, it is suggested that some memories compete and affect other memories. (Paul Connerton, 2008, “Seven Types of Forgetting”) When information is very similar to other information already stored in memory, interference or some kind of static is most likely to occur. Proactive interference is when an older memory makes it more difficult or almost impossible to...
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...UNITS FOR DEMENTIA IN BRITISH COLUMBIA by Annie Murray B.A. St. Thomas University 1998 A PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN THE GERONTOLOGY PROGRAM Annie Murray 2001 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY JUNE 2001 All rights reserved. This work may not be Reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy Or other means, without the permission of the author. ii APPROVAL Name: Degree: Title of Project: Annie Murray Master of Arts Environmental characteristics and staff ratings of newer and older special care units for dementia in British Columbia Examining Committee: Chair: Dr. Barbara Mitchell _______________________________________________ Dr. Gloria Gutman, Senior Supervisor _______________________________________________ Dr. Kate Oakley, Supervisor _______________________________________________ Dr. Robert Horsfall, External Examiner Date Approved: _______________________________________________ iii Abstract Due to the greater availability of community resources as well as changes in admission policies, seniors are entering care facilities at an older average age and with higher levels of health needs than was the case twenty years ago. The number of dementia cases has also increased dramatically as well as Special Care Units (SCUs) to house persons with dementia. The purpose of this study was twofold. First it described the physical and operational characteristics of a sample of SCUs for dementia currently...
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...Supporting Independent Living Student Name: Nzuzi Rosaria Artur Student ID: P1019897 Lecturer: Chileshe Cecilia Introduction In this article I am going to explain how technology can be implemented to support users to live independently, also I am to analyse barriers of technology, to explain the benefits of technology in health and social care, to talk about health and safety considerations, to talk about the ethical consideration of assistive technologies, to give explanation of the impact of budding technology development, on health and social care services, between organisations and care workers, to define the specific needs, to identify specific needs of an individual require to be supported to live independently, and to linked it to Sally' s case study. To recommend which technologies, must support the independent living arrangements, and finally to evaluate the usefulness of technology for users of health and social care services. Task 1 1.1 Explain how technology can be used to support users of health and social care services in living independently. Disability rights commission rule (2002) extracts the word independent living and refers to entirely disable, individuals meeting the equal selection, control and freedom as any other citizen at home, at work, and in the community. Does not necessarily mean disabled persons they do everything for themselves it does means the rights to practical assistance people need should be share on their own...
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...Dementia Supporting people with dementia and their carers in health and social care Issued: November 2006 NICE clinical guideline 42 guidance.nice.org.uk/cg42 NICE has accredited the process used by the Centre for Clinical Practice at NICE to produce guidelines. Accreditation is valid for 5 years from September 2009 and applies to guidelines produced since April 2007 using the processes described in NICE's 'The guidelines manual' (2007, updated 2009). More information on accreditation can be viewed at www.nice.org.uk/accreditation © NICE 2006 Dementia NICE clinical guideline 42 Contents Introduction................................................................................................................................... 4 Person-centred care ..................................................................................................................... 6 Key priorities for implementation .................................................................................................. 8 1 Guidance ................................................................................................................................... 11 1.1 Principles of care for people with dementia ...................................................................................... 11 1.2 Integrated health and social care ..................................................................................................... 17 1.3 Risk factors, prevention and early identification...
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...2 Infancy and Childhood Physical Development Cognitive Development Piaget’s Stage Theory Sensorimotor Stage CONCEPT LEARNING CHECK 12.2 Stages of Cognitive Development 12 Learning Objectives Development Throughout the Life Span 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 Describe the development of the field and explain the prenatal and newborn stages of human development. Discuss physical development in infants and newborns. Examine Piaget’s stage theory in relation to early cognitive development. Illustrate the importance of attachment in psychosocial development. Discuss the impact of sexual development in adolescence and changes in moral reasoning in adolescents and young adults. Examine the life stages within Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development. Illustrate the physical, cognitive, and social aspects of aging. Describe the multiple influences of nature and nurture in human development. 12.3 Adolescence and Young Adulthood Physical Development Cognitive Development Social Development Cognitive Development Social Development Continuity or Change Relationships Ages and Stages of Adulthood 12.5 Nature and Nurture Summary of Multiple Influences on Development CONCEPT LEARNING CHECK 12.5 Nature or Nurture? CONCEPT LEARNING CHECK 12.3 Defining CONCEPT LEARNING CHECK 12.4 Is There a Adolescence “Right Time” for Everything? CRITICAL THINKING APPLICATION 12.4 Adulthood and Aging Physical Development Reproductive Life Life Expectancy...
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...ELDER ABUSE IN NURSING HOMES: THE IMPACT OF DEMENTIA/SPECIAL CARE UNITS BY CHRISTINA KAY FALK THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Community Health in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2013 Urbana, Illinois Adviser: Stephen J. Notaro, Ph.D. ii ELDER ABUSE IN NURSING HOMES: THE IMPACT OF DEMENTIA/SPECIAL CARE UNITS By: Christina K. Falk Elder abuse is a topic that impacts everyone in America at some point in their life. Special care units also called dementia units are protected areas in a nursing home that are specially designed for dementia/Alzheimer patients. This thesis reviewed how a special care unit in a nursing home affect the number and severity of deficiencies reported to Medicare. The data was collected from Medicare’s Nursing Home Compare system and the Illinois Public Health Department. This study reviewed 770 nursing homes in Illinois were reviewed, 141 had special care units during the time of data collection. The facilities had a range of total deficiencies from one to 74 with Level of Harm ratings ranging from one to four on a four-point scale. The results showed that residents in a nursing facility that has a special care unit are at a greater risk of a higher Level of Harm but no difference in the number of deficiencies. Possible causes of this greater risk are due to the intrinsic nature of the population in special care units, the need for policy and procedural...
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...Abstract A global positioning system or (GPS) can be roughly defined as any portable device that uses satellites to provide location, time, weather or directions to the device holder. Such devices are found in just about every modern smart phone as well as in the well-advertised portable or preinstalled devices made exclusively for automobile driving. Could the excessive use of such, devices be inhibiting our brain’s natural navigation system? In this paper I will address, this question by examining, certain brain studies. Through such analysis I will conclude whether the frequent use of a GPS adversely affects memory and the spatial orientation functions of our brains. I have a tawdry tale to tell, Of effects unforeseen, I didn’t treat my old brain well, Result? A sordid scene! I had a hippocampus once, But now it’s atrophied, In navigation I’m a dunce, Warnings I did not heed. A GPS device I used, To go from here to there, My cognition I have abused, Now, I have none to spare. Is there a moral somewhere, For elders tempest toss’d? These new advances bring despair, They’re great, but at what cost? (Eisenburg, 2009) Modern society allows us an array of devices to track, monitor and make tasks easier to perform in almost every aspect of our lives. Such devices range from smart phones and their related apps, which function as pedometers, ovulation, heart rate or even sleep-cycle monitors, to Global Positioning Systems (“GPS”) that have morphed into talking digital compasses...
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...A CLINICIAN’S HANDBOOK Talking With Your Older Patient NAT I O NA L INS TITU TE O N AGING NATIONAL I NS TI TUTES OF HEA LTH DEPARTM EN T OF HEA LTH A ND HUMA N S ERV I CES Contents Foreword 1 1. Considering Health Care Perceptions “I’m 30 . . . until I look in the mirror.” 3 2. Understanding Older Patients “Tell me more about how you spend your days.” 6 3. Obtaining the Medical History “What brings you here today?” 13 4. Encouraging Wellness “I’d like you to try this exercise routine.” 19 5. Talking About Sensitive Subjects “Many people your age experience similar problems.” 23 6. Supporting Patients With Chronic Conditions “Let’s discuss living with . . .” 36 7. Breaking Bad News “I wish I had better news.” 40 8. Working With Diverse Older Patients “Cultural differences, not divides.” 44 9. Including Families and Caregivers “What would you like your family to know?” 48 10. Talking With Patients About Cognitive Problems “You mentioned having trouble with your memory.” 51 11. Keeping the Door Open “Effective Communication” 58 Publications At-a-Glance 60 Services At-a-Glance Tear-Off Card Foreword Good communication is an important part of the healing process. Studies find that effective physician-patient communication has specific benefits: patients are more likely to adhere to treatment and have better outcomes, they express greater satisfaction with their treatment, and they are less likely to bring malpractice suits. Research also shows that...
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...Backgrounds Tahmina Sarwari University of Toronto at Scarborough November 2nd, 2010 Over the last few centuries, the life expectancy of humans has significantly increased; a trend that is expected to continually grow at a rate of 2.5 years per decade (Arnold et al., 2010). As such, humans nowadays can expect to live longer than their ancestors before them. Several studies have aimed to determine what factors contribute to exceptionally prolonged existence. The following text shall explore the genetic, environmental, psychological as well as lifestyle factors common in centenarians, a population believed to be exemplary of optimal functioning in humans, to determine norms that can explain this phenomenon, shedding light on the gateways to prolonged life. Finally, the text shall address the implications of these research findings. One breakthrough study, known as the “Georgia Centenarian Study” by Poon and colleagues conducted in 1992, has been exceptional in sparking subsequent research in the field of gerontology. This study consisted of recruiting 285 centenarians and individuals nearing 100 years of age (i.e. 98 years and older) from a 44-county area of northern Georgia (Davey et al., 2010). Participants were recruited from skilled nursing facilities, personal care homes as well as located through voter registry. Numerous subsequent studies have used the population-based data obtained from this study for further...
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