...and contrast the elements of Executive Order 12333: United States Intelligence Activities and the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004. The order and the act both serve to intensify security and intelligence extraction that intends to secure both national and homeland security (Jordan, 2009). They were both implemented under the executive designation of the sitting presidents as the leaders of the executive function. Executive order 12333 was biased towards empowering the Central Intelligence Agency in extracting information from national agencies, while Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 was biased on physical and identification screening of individuals at U.S. border points with emphasis on air travel (Jordan, 2009). The former was established with the sole aim of strengthening CIA’s covert actions that leaned on espionage, while the latter was largely triggered by the September 11th terrorist attack. How do these executive and congressional orders affect intelligence activities? Executive and congressional orders affect intelligence through extending the responsibility and powers of the United States Intelligence Agencies (Chauhan, 2004). The orders further establish grounds that direct the heads of the United States Federal agencies to fully comply and cooperate with the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). This is with regards to CIA information requests and the latest order 12333 is entitled United States Intelligence Activities...
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...According to Disadvantages-Of-Surveillance-Technology" (2013) website. Technology today is a fundamental part of any successful police agency and as such the impact of leadership upon technology procurement, policies and programs is critical. As we approach 2015, the overall law enforcement effort will be hampered by police leaders who do not understand technology and accelerating change, who do not appreciate the advantages that well managed information technology systems can bring their agency, and who continue to focus resources on Industrial Age methodologies based upon traditional cultural attitudes toward information and information-sharing. We will discuss camera and wiretap surveillance and how it effects law enforcement. Camera and wiretap surveillance is a method that would support law enforcement to oversee crime and making sure the city is running safely, it would permit law enforcement to watch how the city and people are conducting themselves. According to "Ehowtech" (1999-2013), Camera and wiretap surveillance not only dissuade crime from occurring, but they also help to apprehend criminals that continue to carry out crimes. Day spy cameras are extremely advantageous as many of them can be self-controlled remotely, while others have night vision aptitudes. They can be tremendously small in size and transmit—or record—high-quality images. Disadvantages of using cameras, people will fill that they having their privacy invaded, According to "Disadvantages of Surveillance...
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...------------------------------------------------- Organization ------------------------------------------------- The IC consists of 17 members (also called elements), most of which are offices or bureaus within federal executive departments.[7] The IC is led by the Director of National Intelligence. * Independent agencies * The Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) * Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) * United States Department of Energy * Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence (OICI) * United States Department of Homeland Security * Office of Intelligence and Analysis (I&A) * Coast Guard Intelligence (CGI) * United States Department of State * Bureau of Intelligence and Research (INR) * United States Department of the Treasury * Office of Terrorism and Financial Intelligence (TFI) * United States Department of Defense * Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) * National Security Agency (NSA) * National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) * National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) * Air Force Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Agency (AFISRA), National Air and Space Intelligence Center (NASIC) * United States Army Intelligence and Security Command (INSCOM), National Ground Intelligence Center (NGIC) * Marine Corps Intelligence Activity (MCIA) * Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI) * United States Department of Justice ...
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...foreign intelligence agencies, especially on SIGINT matters. The members of the Cold War era UKUSA Agreement (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, United Kingdom, and the United States) also known as ‘Five Eyes’(FVEY), are partially close collaborators. In the 1950’s the Executive branch was largely in control and unchecked by the Legislative and Judicial branches on Foreign intelligence matters. Some surveillance policies were narrowed due to constitutional concerns. The authority for foreign intelligence was identified in the President’s inherent Article II of the Constitution powers and a key legal check on that authority was the Fourth Amendment. The fourth amendment as interpreted by the executive branch in secret, under Executive Order 12333 which is the legal basis for SIGINT. In the 1970’s, a FBI covert program named (COINTELPRO) directed uncover agent to monitor political groups within the United States. The NSA issued warrantless interception of domestic electronic communications and bulk collection of one-end foreign telegrams, meaning telegrams were one end is outside of the United States. In the CIA, bulk collections of one-end USSR or PRC mail was opened and photographed to and from Russia and China. Because of these programs and others, the intelligence community received unprecedented attention and outrage. Congress responded by creating Intelligence Committees (Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence). Congress...
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...ABSTRACT This article expounds upon the reasons and requirements for classification of information in modern governments. It cites the reasons societies, governments, and leaders keep state secrets, along with historical examples of such activity. Spying – the attempt to steal such information – is discussed in context along with more recent cultural demands for more transparency from governments as to what sort of information they are keeping from their citizens. The article weighs the pros and cons of keeping classified information, and explains the requirement for keeping state secrets. Governments have existed since mankind began forming societies thousands of years ago. Humans have always, in one form or another, gathered in groups and chosen leadership – or have been dominated by the strongest among them. Not long after people formed governments, they reasoned that information was power, and the nascent concept of classification became relevant. In our modern age, with concepts of “freedom of information”, there are those who believe that no government should keep any secrets. However, history refutes this argument strongly. Governments have an inherent need to safeguard certain types of information. Classification is, and always has been, a requirement of governments. Some of the earliest records of government and state secrets come from Roman times. The Roman emperor Caesar was well known during his campaigns against the Celtic peoples of Europe, called Gallia...
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...Card with photograph issued by recognized School or College for their students /Nationalized Bank Passbook with photograph /Credit Cards issued by Banks with laminated photograph. *General rules/ Information for e-ticket passenger have to be studied by the customer for cancellation & refund. PNR No. 6420954095 Transaction ID: 0708936984 From : HOWRAH JN(HWH) Boarding : HOWRAH JN(HWH) Reservation Upto : BUXAR(BXR) Passenger Mobile Number : 7275820773 FARE DETAILS : Ticket Fare IRCTC Service Charges ## Agent Service Charges ## Total Amount Rs. 330 Three Hundred Thirty Rupees Only Rs. 11.24 Eleven Rupees And Twenty Four Paise Only Rs. 10 Ten Rupees Only Rs. 351.24 Three Hundred Fifty One Rupees And Twenty Four Paise Only Train No. & Name : 12333/VIBHUTI EXPRESS Date of Booking : 24-Jun-2013 16:31:30 Date of Journey : 29-Jun-2013 Date of Boarding : 29-Jun-2013 Scheduled Arrival : 2013-06-30 06:24:00 Note:Quota : General Class : SL To : BUXAR(BXR) Scheduled Departure : 20:00* Adult : 01 Child:00 Distance : 649 Km ## Services Charges per e-ticket irrespective of number of passengers on the ticket. PASSENGER DETAILS: Coach No./ Seat No./ Sno. 1 AGENT DETAILS: Corporate Name: SUGAL & DAMANI UTILITY SERVICES Pvt. Ltd.-PAYWORLD Agent Name: shiba Travels Address: mirzahdipura chock mau, MAU, 275101, UTTAR PRADESH , Important: *New Time Table is effective from 01-07-2011. Departure time printed on this ERS is liable...
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...1.1 Derivation of demand curve from substitution effect. We have to connect consumer’s optimal bundle purchase to their demand curve. As we know, when deriving demand curve, all other things kept constant, except the price and quantity demanded of the good. In indifference curve analysis, consumers’ budget is fixed price of the other good hold unchanged. As can can be seen from graph, there are three budget constraints, all starting form the same on the Good A axis. All this budget constraints are drawn in response to price decrease of Good B. As noticed, when the price of Good B is P(H) consumer willing to buy ten units. When price goes down to the P(M), consumers purchasing power increases and buys 35 units. And goes the same. Now, we construct the demand curve for a Good B with help of the price and quantity pair of the good. And will be look like as following graph. 1.2 Derivation of demand curve from income effect. As we know from microeconomics course increase in income for normal will result in shift of the demand curve to the right. We can derive it from indifferance curve analysis to show this fact. The graph below illustrates three different budget constraints, each of them has a deifferent income level (YL, YM , YH). As the price of both goods unchanged(same) we find find the optimal consumption bundle. Now, we have to draw demand curve for Good B. The key point here is prce of Good B has not changed. Then, we would come accross to the following graph with...
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...collection of some call record information ‘other than in the manner described.’” (Martel). The manner described by the NSA is “daily”, so could it mean that the NSA can collect records weekly? The NSA lawyers could secretly reinterpret the bill as they did in the past, writing it in vague language only gives opportunities rather than obstacles for word twisting. The bill does not mention phone companies, which can still store metadata and content; the NSA can subpoena metadata without ever violating the bill since it is not direct collection. This so called third-party doctrine must be addressed carefully to actually stop the NSA from bulk collecting people’s metadata. The bill also does not address the FISA Amendments, Executive Order 12333, and the PRISM program which are the three most powerful tools the NSA uses to warrantlessly collect domestic and foreign data (Trevor, Our Statement). Those amendments must be addressed in order to create a solution that would not let the NSA violate the privacy of potentially 95% of the world’s population. And while it will limit the scope of what the NSA is able to reach, it should not interfere with the war on terrorism, in fact, those tools were not able to prevent terrorism in many cases, like the bombing of Paris, Brussels, and the attack on San-Bernardino, showing that those tools are not only violating the privacy of countless of innocent people, but is also inefficient; trying to find a needle in an ever expanding haystack is next...
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...addressed in regulations. Civilian technology was reliant on microwave transmissions (which can be intercepted with relative efficiency) for several decades, but it has been increasingly displaced by fiber optic cables. The widespread use of fiber optics may also affect requirements for expensive SIGINT satellites since transmissions over fiber optic cables cannot be intercepted from space-based platforms but rather require direct collection from analysts often involving mass collection of data. (Singer, 2000) Methodology and Research Strategy. DoD Directive 5240.01 states that all DoD Intelligence and CI activities shall be carried out pursuant to the authorities and restrictions of the U.S. Constitution, applicable law, Executive Order 12333 and other authorized policies and procedures.Defense Intelligence must provide accurate and timely warning of threats and of foreign capabilities and intent to national and defense decision makers to allow for consideration of the widest range of options. While Defense Intelligence must be timely, it also must be substantive, thorough, contextual, and useful in form and format. The Defense Intelligence and CI Components shall share collected or stored information in a manner consistent with both the need to protect sources and methods and the need to enable the Defense Intelligence and DoD Components, other Government agencies, and the Intelligence Community, as appropriate, to accomplish their missions and responsibilities. Information...
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...CORPORATIONS LAW TRIMESTER 2, 2011 RESEARCH ASSIGNMENT 1 Assessment Value: 20% Instructions: 1. You must submit your assignment in accordance with Holmes Institute’s policy on submission of assessments. 2. Maximum marks available: 20 marks. 3. You should refer to the prescribed textbook, other recommended textbook, and relevant Acts and cases in your answer. 4. Maximum word length is 2000 words. 5. This paper is due on Friday 19thAugust 2011 by 5pm. Question 1 Introduction to Companies King Kong is a very successful large banana wholesale business owned by Mr Ken Kong. The price of Bananas significantly increased in the last financial year and as a result Mr Kong earned more than 20 million dollars in the last financial year. His accountant suggested that he reconsider his business structure and advised him to incorporate. Although his accountant tried to explain the differences between a proprietary and public company, and the different types of corporations, he didn’t understand him. You are a family friend of the Kong family and he calls you up to explain the different types of corporations and the differences between proprietary and public companies. He also wants to know that if he changes his mind in the future, whether he would be able to convert to a different company status at any time. Assist Mr Kong by answering his call. End of Assignment one. Hi Ken, As per...
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...Since the invention of radio, intelligence-gathering organizations have been developing and using eavesdropping techniques to intercept and review wireless communications. Initially, these capabilities were solely used to spy on hostile nations, and particularly for military purposes. Human operators had to manually review each transmission, and cryptanalysts pored over military ciphers in an attempt to decode important messages. As wireless communication has become an integral part of commercial and individual existence, and potential threats to security are increasingly found in peacetime and on home ground, the scope of this intelligence gathering has likewise broadened. One of the most controversial eavesdropping systems in existence is a classified project known as ‘Echelon.’ Its use of computer hardware and software to filter communications from all over the world brings up many ethical issues related to the impact of computers on privacy. Overview of Echelon Most of the evidence for Echelon is circumstantial, though a few facts have been established. The participating organizations (notably the US Central Intelligence Agency and National Security Agency) have neither confirmed nor denied its existence. In lieu of a discussion of the ethical issues, a brief summary of the current knowledge follows. How it Works Echelon is the product of Cold War efforts to monitor wireless communications in the USSR. It traces its roots back to the clandestine UKUSA...
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...Jerry Coleman | Constitutional Law | Prof. James Kent | December 13, 2013 Jerry Coleman | Constitutional Law | Prof. James Kent | December 13, 2013 SHORT TITLE: FREEDOM OF SPEECH Freedom of Speech FIRST AMENDMENT PROTECTIONS Unit 2 Assignment Jerry Coleman LS305 Constitutional Law Prof. Judge J. Kent Kaplan University January 10, 2014 FREEDOM OF SPEECH FIRST AMENDMENT PROTECTIONS BY JERRY COLEMAN JANUARY 10, 2014 INDEX 1. COVER PAGE 2. TITLE PAGE 3. INDEX 4. PURPOSE 5. THEORY 6. FREEDOM OF SPEECH: UNALIENABLE RIGHT? 7. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 8. CASE LAW 9. CURRENT LEGISLATION AND ITS EFFECT ON THE FIRST AMENDMENT 10. CONCLUSION’ 11. REFERENCES PURPOSE The purpose of this paper is to examine, limitedly, the incursion, by Congressional Acts, Judicial Interpretation via case law, and Executive Order of the First Amendment Protections of Free Speech of The Constitution of The United States. THEORY The Bill of Rights are the Foundation of the UNALIENABLE RIGHTS OF THE PEOPLE, in theory and original intent of the Framers, which neither the Federal Government nor the States may repose from the People. Neither shall the Judiciary. However, given to logical consideration, as applied by the Marshall Court, the Courts have Judicial Review Authority, rendering them, if not the best locale, definitely the most appropriate, for interpretation of the Rights thusly enumerated in The...
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...Department of Defense INSTRUCTION NUMBER 8510.01 November 28, 2007 ASD(NII)/DoD CIO SUBJECT: References: DoD Information Assurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP) (a) Subchapter III of Chapter 35 of title 44, United States Code, “Federal Information Security Management Act (FISMA) of 2002” (b) DoD Directive 8500.01E, “Information Assurance (IA),” October 24, 2002 (c) DoD Directive 8100.1, “Global Information Grid (GIG) Overarching Policy,” September 19, 2002 (d) DoD Instruction 8500.2, “Information Assurance (IA) Implementation,” February 6, 2003 (e) through (ab), see Enclosure 1 1. PURPOSE This Instruction: 1.1. Implements References (a), (b), (c), and (d) by establishing the DIACAP for authorizing the operation of DoD Information Systems (ISs). 1.2. Cancels DoD Instruction (DoDI) 5200.40; DoD 8510.1-M; and ASD(NII)/DoD CIO memorandum, “Interim Department of Defense (DoD) Information Assurance (IA) Certification and Accreditation (C&A) Process Guidance” (References (e), (f), and (g)). 1.3. Establishes or continues the following positions, panels, and working groups to implement the DIACAP: the Senior Information Assurance Officer (SIAO), the Principal Accrediting Authority (PAA), the Defense Information Systems Network (DISN)/Global Information Grid (GIG) Flag Panel, the IA Senior Leadership (IASL), the Defense (previously DISN) IA Security Accreditation Working Group (DSAWG), and the DIACAP Technical Advisory Group (TAG). 1.4. Establishes a C&A process...
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...Department of Defense INSTRUCTION NUMBER 8500.01 March 14, 2014 DoD CIO SUBJECT: Cybersecurity References: See Enclosure 1 1. PURPOSE. This instruction: a. Reissues and renames DoD Directive (DoDD) 8500.01E (Reference (a)) as a DoD Instruction (DoDI) pursuant to the authority in DoDD 5144.02 (Reference (b)) to establish a DoD cybersecurity program to protect and defend DoD information and information technology (IT). b. Incorporates and cancels DoDI 8500.02 (Reference (c)), DoDD C-5200.19 (Reference (d)), DoDI 8552.01 (Reference (e)), Assistant Secretary of Defense for Networks and Information Integration (ASD(NII))/DoD Chief Information Officer (DoD CIO) Memorandums (References (f) through (k)), and Directive-type Memorandum (DTM) 08-060 (Reference (l)). c. Establishes the positions of DoD principal authorizing official (PAO) (formerly known as principal accrediting authority) and the DoD Senior Information Security Officer (SISO) (formerly known as the Senior Information Assurance Officer) and continues the DoD Information Security Risk Management Committee (DoD ISRMC) (formerly known as the Defense Information Systems Network (DISN)/Global Information Grid (GIG) Flag Panel). d. Adopts the term “cybersecurity” as it is defined in National Security Presidential Directive-54/Homeland Security Presidential Directive-23 (Reference (m)) to be used throughout DoD instead of the term “information assurance (IA).” 2. APPLICABILITY a. This instruction applies to: (1) OSD, the...
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...D i r Directorate of Technical Education, Maharashtra State, Mumbai Cut Off Merit of CAP Round-I for Admission to First Year of Two Years Full Time Post Graduate Degree Course in Management viz . MBA/MMS & Post-Graduate Diploma Courses in Management viz. PGDBM/PGDM for the Academic Year 2015-2016 MB1005 - Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University,Amravati 100510110 - M. B. A. OPEN GOPENH 9554 (62.125) GSCH SC NT1 NT2 7153 (71.226) OBC 16716 (35.945) 23592 (13.856) GNT1H 13071 (48.593) GNT2H 12215 (51.834) GOBCH GSCO AI 10452 (58.931) GSTH GOPENO SBC/OBC 13095 (48.593) 5903 (76.111) 6846 (72.315) 7526 (69.86) 16240 (37.666) GOBCO 9880 (60.768) AI 6568 (60.785) Legends: AI- All India Seat, End Character H-Home University, O-Other than Home University * Maharashtra State Seats - Cut Off Indicates State General Merit No. ; Figures in bracket Indicates Merit Percentile ** All India Seats - Cut Off Indicates All India Merit No. ; Figures in bracket Indicates Merit Percentile 1 D i r Directorate of Technical Education, Maharashtra State, Mumbai Cut Off Merit of CAP Round-I for Admission to First Year of Two Years Full Time Post Graduate Degree Course in Management viz . MBA/MMS & Post-Graduate Diploma Courses in Management viz. PGDBM/PGDM for the Academic Year 2015-2016 MB1101 - Shri Sant Gajanan Maharaj College of Engineering,Shegaon 110110110 - M. B. A. OPEN GOPENH SC VJ 15171 (41.013) GSCH NT2 14120 (44.912) AI 16140 (37.762) 16593 (36.03) GNT3H...
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