...MACROSCALE SYNTHESIS OF ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID 1Alleyromae O. Indong, 2Aldrin M. Pragacha, 3Vince Neil B. Balaguer 1Department of Physical Sciences, College of Science, Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Sta. Mesa, Manila, Philippines Date Performed: December 3, 6, 2014 Date Submitted: December 17, 2014 Abstract Acetylsalicylic acid or Aspirin is an analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic agent. It was synthesized to alter the corrosive nature of Salicylic acid that causes gastric pain in the mouth and esophagus. Aspirin can be synthesized by the reaction of Salicylic acid with acetic anhydride and 85% Phosphoric acid as the catalyst when heated in a water bath at 90°C. The formation of white crystals after scratching the solution and after cooling in an ice bath indicates the presence of the product formed after the reaction. Solubility test with water and toluene, melting point determination by oil bath and thin layer chromatography by different kinds of solvents such as 10%EA in DCM, 30%EA in DCM, 10% hexane in EA and 10% DCM in Acetone are confirmatory tests for the presence of Acetylsalicylic acid. Thin layer chromatography is an analytical technique to determine the identity of the substances and to determine the effectiveness of purification. Keywords: Acetylsalicylic acid, solubility test, melting point, thin layer chromatography Introduction Acetylsalicylic acid, commonly called “aspirin” is an analgesic, an antipyretic and an anti-inflammatory...
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...1. Processing of Coffee Beans a. Roasting In this process potential tastes of green coffee beans are brought up totally. Main aim in roasting is losing humidity and solid matters. In pink-roasted 3-5% humidity, roasted 5-8% humidity and in hard roasted 8-14% humidity is losing. For this operation roasters which have 188-282 C temperature, are used for 12-30 minutes. Roasting coffee may put on the market after special packaging operation. b. Extraction After roasting coffee beans are ground and allow passage of the substance from the solid phase to the liquid phase is subjected to extraction. Yield increases with increasing temperature and decreasing particle size. Due to the high degree of roasting solid / solvent ratio increase the yield reduces. Take place in two stages: • Washing cycle: Extraction of surface-soluble substances. • Diffusion phase: extraction of substances soluble cellular particles. There are three steps for the extraction of roasted coffee beans. It is difficult to extraction of components such as carbohydrates, the first step of extraction of coffee beans at a pressure higher than atmospheric pressure (approximately 10% of atmospheric pressure) is passed through the cells in the 140-180 C hot water. The next step, for the use of extraction more flavorful agent beans passed through into two or more cells which are at100 C water is passed through. Finally the coffee extract is passed through a heat exchanger that cools the extract up to about 50 C. At...
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...Number 1 2 3 4 5 Item Armfield TH3-A/B/G Saturation Pressure Apparatus Armfield TH3-A/B/G Saturation Pressure Apparatus Electric Console 500 ml Beaker PC with TH3 software Stopwatch Learning Outcomes 1 2 3 4 Learning Outcome To understand principles of saturation pressure measurement To determine the principle of steam and P-V-T relationship To work with data tables To write a report based on theoretical knowledge and experimental results Objective(s) The objectives of these experiments are: To measure the saturation pressure of water using a pressurised vessel. To examine the effect of unsteady conditions on measurement accuracy. 1 Lab Worksheet Theory Saturation temperature is known as the boiling point of water. It is the temperature for a corresponding saturation pressure at which a liquid boils into its vapor phase. The liquid can be said to be saturated with thermal energy. For water, it is common knowledge that it boils at 100 °C and froze at 0 °C. However, this is only true if the water is at a pressure of 1 atm (100kN/m2). Decrease in the water pressure causes the boiling point to declines and vice versa. The relationship between pressure and temperature of boiling water can be plotted on a so-called transition or phase diagram shown in Figure 1. On diagram, the critical point is where particles of water in the gas phase moves very, very rapidly. At any temperature higher than that, the gas phase cannot be made...
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...seen from the project summary report is 140 days, with the project completion date as 3rd September 2010. The tasks that are on the critical path, and which should be managed very closely to ensure that there are no delays to ensure that there is no schedule slippage are : identify target consumers, recruit test subjects, screen test subjects, finalize test subjects, prepare placebo, test the subjects, input actual data into database, analyze actual data and prepare findings report. The critical tasks report for the project is attached below for your reference Section 2: Project Overview, Project Status and Resource Leveling The project in scope is the product testing and analysis for UltraMAX to determine suitability for women customers, where NutroBalance as part of its strategic goals have decided to expand the Ultra product line to include new customer segments. The scope of the project therefore entails detailed end to end activities to effectively plan, facilitate, test, analyze and then report findings using which the company can make decisions for the new product. The timeline for the project is expected to be 140 days given that this is a key strategic project that must be completed fast, with the project start date being February 22, 2010. In terms of the current project status, the project planned start date is February 22, 2010, expected completion date is September 3, 2010 with the total duration of the project being 140 days. There are four resources identified...
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...List the chambers/vessels that the four valves connect: Chamber Valve Pulmonary Semilunar Aortic Semilunar Mitral (bicuspid) Tricuspid Chamber/Vessel Pulmonary Artery Aorta Pulmonary Vein Inferior/superior Vena Cava 3. Right Ventricle Left Ventricle Left Atrium Right Atrium 4. a. What are the two phases that contribute to ventricular filling? Atrial ___Systole____________ and Ventricular ________Diastole_________ b. Blood flows through the _____Mitral_____________ or ______Tricuspid_____________ valves into the ventricles. 5. 6. During Ventricular Systole, what closes the AV valves? Intraventricular pressure increases and causes ventricular contraction During Ventricular Systole, what opens the semilunar valves? Ventricles contract which causes the pressure to rise, and then the pressure of the blood forces the semilunar valves to open. 7. 8. 9. During Isovolumetric Relaxation, what closes the semilunar valves? When blood pressure in arteries is greater than blood pressure in ventricles During Isovolumetric Relaxation, what opens the AV valves? When blood pressure in ventricles is greater than blood pressure in arteries Why is hypertension hard on the heart? Hypertension is a state of constantly high blood pressure (greater than 140/90 mmhg), so this causes the heart muscles to become thicker, and makes the heart work harder to pump blood. Over time, this can become a difficult task. 10. ml? Looking at the ventricular volume graph, the stroke...
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...List the chambers/vessels that the four valves connect: Chamber Valve Pulmonary Semilunar Aortic Semilunar Mitral (bicuspid) Tricuspid Chamber/Vessel Pulmonary Artery Aorta Pulmonary Vein Inferior/superior Vena Cava 3. Right Ventricle Left Ventricle Left Atrium Right Atrium 4. a. What are the two phases that contribute to ventricular filling? Atrial ___Systole____________ and Ventricular ________Diastole_________ b. Blood flows through the _____Mitral_____________ or ______Tricuspid_____________ valves into the ventricles. 5. 6. During Ventricular Systole, what closes the AV valves? Intraventricular pressure increases and causes ventricular contraction During Ventricular Systole, what opens the semilunar valves? Ventricles contract which causes the pressure to rise, and then the pressure of the blood forces the semilunar valves to open. 7. 8. 9. During Isovolumetric Relaxation, what closes the semilunar valves? When blood pressure in arteries is greater than blood pressure in ventricles During Isovolumetric Relaxation, what opens the AV valves? When blood pressure in ventricles is greater than blood pressure in arteries Why is hypertension hard on the heart? Hypertension is a state of constantly high blood pressure (greater than 140/90 mmhg), so this causes the heart muscles to become thicker, and makes the heart work harder to pump blood. Over time, this can become a difficult task. 10. ml? Looking at the ventricular volume graph, the stroke...
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...This pattern can be easily explained by the fact that the samples with ice cubes were undergoing a phase change (ice melting) during the majority of the experiment; this is evidenced by the long plateaus on the graph. The samples without ice cubes did not undergo any phase changes which is why all their energy could be devoted to heating from the very beginning of the experiment. The samples were initially pretty close in temperature, cup #1 started at 3.2 °C, cup #2 at 4.5 °C, cup #3 at 8.2 °C, and cup #4 at 8.4 °C. The reason cups #1 and #2 have lower starting temperatures than cups #3 and #4 is because they are the samples that had ice cubes in them. When the samples began to warm they did so at a pretty constant rate. According to my calculations the cup that absorbed the most heat was cup #3 with 12000 J. This was not an unexpected result as it was the sample of pure water under the heat lamp meaning it was not only exposed to increased energy in the atmosphere, but did not have to undergo a phase change before heating. The sample that absorbed the least amount of heat was cup #2, which was water and ice unaffected by the heat...
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...Stroke prevention with aspirin, warfarin and ximelagatran in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lip GY, Edwards SJ. Haemostasis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology Unit, University Department of Medicine, City Hospital, Birmingham, UK. g.y.h.lip@bham.ac.uk Abstract OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of aspirin, warfarin, and ximelagatran as thromboprophylaxis in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). METHODS: Systematic review of randomised controlled trials in patients with NVAF treated with adjusted-dose warfarin and aspirin, fixed low-dose (FLD) warfarin, ximelagatran or placebo. Outcome measures studied were ischaemic stroke, systemic embolism, mortality and haemorrhage. Meta-analysis was performed using a fixed effects model. RESULTS: We identified 13 trials (n=14,423 participants) of sufficient quality to be included in the analysis. Adjusted-dose warfarin significantly reduced the risk of ischaemic stroke or systemic embolism compared with aspirin (relative risk [RR] 0.59; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.40 to 0.86), FLD warfarin (RR 0.36; 95% CI: 0.23 to 0.58), or placebo (RR 0.33; 95% CI: 0.24 to 0.45). However, aspirin and placebo had a lower risk of major bleeding compared to warfarin (RR 0.58; 95% CI: 0.35 to 0.97 and RR 0.45; 95% CI: 0.25 to 0.82, respectively). The oral direct thrombin inhibitor, ximelagatran was as effective as adjusted-dose warfarin in the prevention of ischaemic strokes...
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...RESPIRATION * Act of breathing * Supply the body with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide Types: a. External respiration – interchange of oxygen & carbon dioxide between alveoli & pulmonary blood b. Internal respiration – interchange of same gases between circulating blood & cells of body tissues VENTILATION * Movement of air in and out of the lungs Inhalation/Inspiration – intake of air into the lungs Exhalation/Expiration – breathing out or the movement of gases from the lungs to the atmosphere | Inhalation | Exhalation | Diaphragm | Contracts (flattens) | Relaxes | Sternum | Outward | Inward | Ribs | Upward & downward | Downward & inward | Lungs | Expand | Compressed | Two types of Breathing: 1. Costal/Thoracic breathing * Involves the external intercostal muscle and other accessory muscle * Observed by the movement of the chest upward and outward 2. Diaphragmatic/Abdominal breathing * Involves the contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm * Observed by the movement of the abdomen PARAMETERS OF RESPIRATION 1. Rate – normally described in breaths per minute. Normal adult: 12-20 bpm/cpm * Eupnea – normal respiration that is quiet, rhythmic, and effortless. * Tachypnea/Polypnea – rapid respiration, quick and shallow breaths (greater 20cpm) * Bradypnea – slow breathing (less than 12 bpm/cpm) 2. Depth – person’s respirations can be established by watching the movement of...
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...Prepared By Mohammad Alamgir Hossain Department of Finance Jagannath University, Dhaka Topic Multi-period Capital Budgeting under Uncertainty: Real Options Analysis” Table of Contents Section | Name | Page no. | Letter of Transmittal | i | Acknowledgement | ii | Table of Contents | iii | Section-A | Introduction | 01-02 | | A.1 Introduction | 01 | | A.2 Rationale of the study | 01 | | A.3 Objective of Our Study | 02 | | A.4 Scope | 02 | | A.5 Methodology of the Study | 02 | | A.6 Limitations of the Study | 02 | Section-B | Comparing NPV with Decision Trees and Real Options | 03-08 | | B.1 Comparing NPV with Decision Trees and Real Options | 03-05 | | B.2 Recognizing Real Options | 05 | | B.3 Differences between NPV, Decision Trees, and Real Options | 05-08 | | B.4 Risk-Neutral Probabilities | 08 | Section-C | Three Key Assumptions for pricing Real Options | 09-10 | | C.1 Three Key Assumptions for pricing Real Options | 09-10 | Section-D | Valuing Real Options on Dividend-Paying Assets | 10-12 | | D.1 Valuing Real Options on Dividend-Paying Assets | 10-12 | Section-E | Types of Real Options | 12-13 | | E.1 Types of Real Options | 12-13 | Section-F | Valuing Combinations of Simple Real Options | 13-16 | | F.1 Valuing Combinations of Simple Real Options | 13-16 | Section-G | Valuing Compound Options | 17-21 | | G.1 Simultaneous Compound Options | 17-19 | | G.2 Sequential Compound Options | 19-21 | ...
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...THE INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, VNU-HCM SCHOOL OF BUSINESS GROUP REPORT WORKING CAPITAL SIMULATION |Course: Working Capital Management | | |Lecturer: Hoàng Thị Ánh Ngọc | | | | | | | | | | | |Group members: | | | | | | | | |Lê Thị Hương Giang – BAFNIU12101 | | | ...
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...9/20/12 HSC420 Lab Report 1-3 I. Introduction In lab 1, the heart rate and blood pressure were established. The principles that govern each of them are those of the heart. The heart rate (HR) is each full beat, or each pump, the heart does; this is recorded in beats per minute (bpm). The blood pressure (BP) is the amount of resistance the heart works against the arterial walls during each pump. My hypothesis for this lab was that my subject would have the same HR and BP for each of the locations and different methods used. I stated this because, at rest, the heart should be working at the same level no matter the position; although one position might slight lessen the heart’s workload. This is important in terms of my subject’s health and fitness because it means he has a normal, young strong heart. Per minute, it is important for the numbers to be lower because it means his heart is not working too hard but can supply his body with a sufficient amount of blood. In lab 2, the establishment of HR and BP were taken to another level and recorded during different exercises. The principles of this are that my subject’s HR and BP would gradually increase throughout exercise. Physiologically, this is because of the increased demand of oxygen in the working muscles. An increase of HR and BP is the heart’s response to these demands; a faster HR means that the heart is supplying the body with blood at a quicker rate; the higher BP is the high pressure the heart is working against...
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...C H A P T E R NO 11 Training in Sports | Meaning and Concept of Sports Training :- Training means a process of preparation for some particular task and Sports Training is a continuous & systematic process which based on scientific principles for preparing a sportsperson for the higher performance in the particular sports competitions . Systematic training improves the fitness level for their sports achievement . In order to achieve best results in sports , a systematic and regular training is necessary with the help of special rehabilitation treatment , use of extra training , extra competitions, assessment of performance , special nutrition and psychological training etc. So, we can say that Sports Training is a systematic and regular process which is generally used for long duration to get the highest performance in sports . PRINCIPLES OF SPORTS TRAINING Sports training is a systematic process of preparing sportspersons for higher performance in sports . The whole process of training can be successful with the help of Sports Medicine , Sports Psychology , Sports Bio-mechanics , Sports Sociology , Exercise Physiology etc. The Important PRINCIPLES OF SPORTS TRAINING are described below for the proper formulation of the training process :- 1) The Principle of general and specific preparation:- General preparation serves as the base of specific preparation . As a matter of fact ...
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...BIO 101 – Principles of Biology Simon, E. J., Dickey, J. L., & Reece, J. B. (2013). Campbell essential biology with physiology (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson. Resource: MasteringBiology Access Log into MasteringBiology. Instructions for logging into MasteringBiology and accessing the investigations are found in the "MasteringBiology Access" document located on the student website. Complete the MasteringBiology Lab: Chapter 23 Investigation: How Is Cardiovascular Fitness Measured? * Take notes in the investigation's notebook as you perform the experiments. * Answer the questions associated with the investigation. Save your answers as a Microsoft® Word document. * Click the Submit for Grading button. * Type your e-mail address in the appropriate field. Your results will be e-mailed to you. * Copy your results and paste them into a Microsoft® Word document. Click the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment. Web Site: http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_campbell_essentials_5/process_qz/42A/index.html Blood moving through the blood vessels exerts pressure against the vessel walls. This blood pressure is highest in the aorta. It decreases as the blood moves through the arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. With each contraction of the heart, you can feel the expansion and recoil of the elastic arteries where they pass near the surface of the skin. This is the pulse. When you take your pulse, you measure heart rate – the number...
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...Phase 3 Individual Project Colorado Technical University Latasha Slidge ECON202-1303A-03 August 2, 2013 Instructor: Lance Brofman Technological change is the root of basic economic growth. To define Technological change, which is used to describe the invention, innovation and diffusion of technology or processes. Technological change can also be thought of as technological development, technological achievement and or technological progress. It is the start of the process and its diffusion throughout the process. Technological change has many different levels. Technological change includes products and quality gains for the existing product. The short run is defined as the time over which the length of operation is fixed and the only business decision that is available is the decision to hire and the number of employees to hire. The reason for this is because it’s easier to hire and fire workers than to change any major production processes or move to a new office. The short run decisions are based on the quantity of work and the quantity of capital and production processes will be fixed. Since Short run covers short-term processes and production changing our processes with our new innovative ideas will not help the business. Thinking in terms of short run the fixed costs are paid and are unrecoverable so any changes with the processes of the company and its costs will be unrecoopable thus the changes are or will most likely be ineffective. In short...
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