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1864

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2g DHO - Dansk-Historieopgaven 2013-2014

| Klasse: | 2.S | | | Navn: | Emil Lerkenfeldt Larsen | | | Indgående fag | | | Fag 1: | Dansk | | | Fag 2: | Historie | | | | | | | | | | Jeg bekræfter med min underskrift, at opgavebesvarelsen er udarbejdet af mig. Jeg har ikke anvendt tidligere bedømt arbejde uden henvisning hertil, og opgavebesvarelsen er udfærdiget uden uretmæssig hjælp. | | | Dato: | Underskrift: | | | | | | Opgavebesvarelsen afleveres i ét eksemplar pr. lærer (fag) senest tirsdag den 1. oktober 2013 kl. 14.00 på kontoret.Denne side indsættes som første side i opgavebesvarelsen.Lærernes opgaveformulering skal være side 2.OBS! Opgavebesvarelsen afleveres desuden elektronisk på Lectio (samme frist). | |

Indholdsfortegnelse: Indledning 3 1. Den 2. Slesvigske krig 3 1.1 Forventninger 4 1.2 Fredskonference 5 2. Stilheden før stormen 6 2.1 Tilbagetogtet fra Dannevirke 6 2.2 Slaget starter 7 3. Københavns vrede 7 3.1 Forskellen mellem soldater og Københavnere (delkonklusion) 8 Konklusion 8

Tværfaglig opgaveformulering:
Hvordan beskrives Slaget ved Dybbøl 1864 og hvilke årsager var der til slaget? * Redegør for den historiske kontekst, som Slaget ved Dybbøl indgik i. * Analyser to selvvalgte tekster om Slaget ved Dybbøl i 1864 med det formål at belyse forskellige opfattelser af slaget, samt hvorledes de forskellige opfattelser kommer til udtryk.
Tværfaglig opgaveformulering:
Hvordan beskrives Slaget ved Dybbøl 1864 og hvilke årsager var der til slaget? * Redegør for den historiske kontekst, som Slaget ved Dybbøl indgik i. * Analyser to selvvalgte tekster om Slaget ved Dybbøl i 1864 med det formål at belyse forskellige opfattelser af slaget, samt hvorledes de forskellige opfattelser kommer til udtryk.
1. indledning
I denne opgave vil jeg beskæftige mig med den 2. Slesvigske krig, med fokus på slaget ved Dybbøl. Dette slag, og krigen generelt, havde kæmpe konsekvenser for krigen. Det vil jeg gå i dybden med i form af en redegørelse af hvad der skete, og med en analyse af 2 tekster hvorpå der er forskellige synspunkter på krigens gang. For at skulle gennemgå disse punkter har jeg lavet nogen spørgsmål, der vil blive besvaret i løbet af teksten og til sidst gjort klart. Det interessante ved slaget ved Dybbøl er de ting havde foregået førhen, der så ledte op til ’det sidste slag’ og som gjorde at Danmark mistede størstedelen af sit kongerige.
* Den 2. Slesvigske krig Problemet mellem Danmark og Preussen var ikke noget nyt i 1864. Der havde tidligere været en krig mellem de 2 parter nemlig 3-års krigen. 3-års krigen havde ikke nogen klar vinder da krigen blev afblæst ved indblanding af de europæiske stormagter. I midlertidig prøvede Danmark stadig at få blive til en helstat sammen med dets hertugdømmer. Dog arbejde Danmark mest på at få Slesvig ind i helstaten Danmark. Det gik dog ikke som planlagt da ”Hertugdømmet Holsten ønskede en udstrakt selvstændighed, men kæmpede samtidig for at bevare båndene med det nationalt blandede Slesvig”, og i dette blev de støttet af det tyske forbund. Derfor blev Danmarks forsøg på at indlemme Slesvig ind i den danske grundlov kun gjort mere vanskelig. Selve krigens opbrud skete på grund af Novemberforfatningen. Danmarks nationalliberale regering tog en beslutning om en ny politik vedrørende Slesvig-Holsten problemet. Denne nye beslutning vendte sig mod, at man nu gik efter en delvis opdeling af Holsten, dette gjorde at man nu kunne fokuserer mere på Slesvig, som var det stykke land Danmark gerne ville have med i sin helstat. ” Den danske udskillesespolitik stødte på hård modstand i de tyske stater, som stillede krav om, at Marts-kundgørelsen skulle trækkes tilbage. Den danske regering afviste imidlertid kravene med henvisning til, at Det Tyske Forbund og de tyske stater ingen ret havde til at blande sig i Slesvigs forhold”. Marts-kundgørelsen, der senere blev til Novemberforfatningen vakte modstand fra den tyske side, men som vist i citatet mente Danmark at det tyske forbund ingen ret havde til at skulle ind og blande sig i Danmarks affære. Dette problem blev kun mere vanskeliggjort da den daværende konge Frederik 9. døde. selv under pres fra stormagten England var der ingen af de to modstående parter der gav sig. ”Den danske regering holdt dog fast i, at de tyske stater ikke kunne blande sig i Slesvigs forhold, […] den danske stat var blevet garanteret af stormagterne ved Londontraktaten fra 1852. De tyske stater holdt derimod på, at Danmark havde brudt aftaler med Østrig og Preussen vedrørende Slesvig fra 1851-52.”. Da der stadigt ingen af de to modstående parter ville give sig indsatte det tyske forbund ind hær ind i Holsten og atter igen nægtede Danmark at give sig, og derved startede den 2. Slesvigske krig d. 1. februar 1864. *forventninger I Danmark havde man en forventning og stor tiltro til at de nærliggende lande som Sverige eller England ville komme og hjælpe. Enten at de ville komme med soldat opbakning eller at de ville politisk få det tyske forbund til at trække sig tilbage. Dette kom blandt andet af, at de danske soldater var dårligt trænet i forhold til deres modstandere, Preussen. Oven i det var de danske forsvarsværker, deriblandt Dannevirke, ikke vedligeholdt ikke udbygget. De danske forventninger bliver formuleret på følgende vis: ”Der var både i befolkningen og i regeringen en urealistisk stor tiltro til den danske hærs forsvarsevne og til mulighederne for at få international hjælp”. Danmark fik dog aldrig den hjælp de havde forventet at skulle få, da der var ingen af stormagterne i Europa der ville risikerer at skulle i krig med Preussen.
Dannevirke blev rømmet efter få dage af den danske øverstkommanderende general de Meza, da stillingen i Dannevirke var i så ringe tilstand. ”Tilbagetrækningen var militært set fornuftig, men rømningen blev set som et forræderi i offentligheden, og den danske regeringsleder D. G. Monrad afskedigede senere de Meza på grund af tilbagetrækningen. ”. Her kan vi se at offentligheden har på ingen måde kunnet have vidst hvad der foregik under angrebet. Ellers ville politikkere samt civilbefolkningen muligvis set på situationen med andre øjne.
England kæmpede for at for at få sluttet fred mellem de to parter. Det lykkedes England d. 12 april 1864 at få arrangeret en fredskonference. ”Bismarck fik dog i sidste øjeblik udskudt starten på konferencen til den 20. april”. Dette gjorde det muligt for Preussen at storme Dybbøl lige 2 dage før konferencen fandt sted. Dette resulterede i at Danmark stod med 10.000 dårligt udrustede mand imod 35.000 velforberedte preussiske soldater. Denne kamp resulterede i et totalt nederlag for Danmark. *Fredskonference
Fredskonferencen tog sted i London hvor af lande som England, Frankrig, Rusland og Sverige deltog samt Preussen, det tyske forbund og Danmark. Forhandlinger blev dog vanskeliggjort da der var splid i Danmark om hvilke mål Danmark skulle følge. ” Den nationalliberale regering ville ikke have noget imod en løsning, hvor hele Holsten, […] blev udskilt af Danmark. Heroverfor stod Christian 9. og visse konservative politikere, der ønskede helstaten bevaret. ”. Altså Danmark var ikke enige om hvilke indgangsstilling man skulle have til forhandlingerne. Det kom hurtigt ud i en mulig deling af Slesvig, dette blev dog vanskeliggjort af Preussen der holdt en fast mening om at de kun ville dele Slesvig ved Aabenraa-Tønder. Samtidig holdt Danmark sig til at de kun ville dele grænsen ved Slien. Den dårlige militære stilling og den opdeling der var mellem den danske regering og Christian 9. hæmmede Danmarks muligheder for dets forhandlingsmuligheder. ”Preussens kansler Otto von Bismarck udnyttede dette dygtigt, og konferencen sluttede uden resultat. ”. Det er nu et åbent spørgsmål om hvorvidt Danmark ville kunne have fået et større område under forhandlingerne hvis omstændighederne havde været anderledes.

* Stilheden før stormen En beretning er blevet skrevet af en soldat der er på Dybbøls skanser kort før Preussen stormer ham og hans medsoldater. Her bliver der fortalt om krævende forhold, kulde og om at regeringen i København er uvidende om deres situation. teksten ligger ud med følgende: ”han trykke sig ned mod jorden med siden i mudderet. Geværet holder han med begge hænder, én omkring kolben, én under løbet. Sådan ville han have holdt hende, hvis han var hjemme. Men han er her, på skansen. ”. Dette vil kunne relateres til den tapre landsoldat fra 1848, hvoraf personen i teksten vil kunne ses som værende den tapre landsoldat. Hvor det er at hvis han kunne komme til det, ville han være hjemme med sin elskede hende og holde om hende. Altså ville han nok hellere have været hjemme end at skulle være ude og skulle være tvunget til at kæmpe for hans land. Måske endda for en grund han har været imod.
* tilbagetogtet fra Dannevirke soldaten var i april kommet til Dannevirke. ”Frostjorden var hård som sten, og spaderne knækkede under deres vægt. Men de arbejde”. Til soldaternes store overraskelse bliver de ordret på tilbagetogt fra Dannevirke af generel De Meza. Forholdende i Dannevirke var i dårlig tilstand, og Preussen kom nærmere og nærmere. Derfor er det ikke den store overraskelse at generalen valgte tilbagetogt og sparede en masse liv.
Der bliver forklaret at der var en af soldatens kammerater der faldt død om på vejen til Dybbøl. Han døde ikke på grund af sult, træthed eller en kugle, men af kulde. Deres tilbagetogt på 14 timer var altså én stor tortur for de trætte og sultne soldater. Lige før tilbagetrækningen var overstået blev der givet besked om et bagholdsangreb af de østrigske soldater. ”han havde frygtet det værste, at skulle kæmpe med frosten stadig siddende i kroppen. […]de brave kammerater og fik standset fjenden. ”. Vi kan her læse hvor stor frygten var, blandt soldaterne, for de preussiske og østrigske soldater. Den spænding der var efterfølgende mens det var at man ventede på at Preussen skulle angribe var så stor at man blev sat på dobbeltvagter altså med mere tid ved skansen og mindre tid til hvile. * slaget starter Kort før stormen på Dybbøl bliver der telegraferet til Dybbøl at de skal holde stedet uanset prisen. Dette var dog imidlertid en umulig opgave for de trætte soldater, der var trætte og kolde. Som det bliver beskrevet i teksten bekriver soldaten at fjenden ville komme, men at det bare ville være et spørgsmål om tid før de ville komme. ”pludselig bliver der stille omkring ham. […] stilheden bliver brudt præcis klokken 10. ikke af kanonernes torden. […] men af råb. ”. Soldaten, ridset, som sit eget ur gør sig da klar til at skulle kæmpe. Med en uendelig strøm af fjendtlige soldater kommende stormende mod skansen, vil man uden tvivl have en masse blandede følelser. Dog ved vi fra tidligere tekst at slaget ved Dybbøl var en total fiasko fra dansk side, slaget og dermed Slesvig, var tabt.
* Københavns vrede
Rømningen af Dannevirke fik en højrystet reaktion i København, dets nationalliberale pres og dets civile beboere var rasende. Krigsministeren var blevet anråbt og ord som ’forræderi’ hang i luften. Forståeligt nok er det når man tænker på hvordan Danmark tidligere har været som nation og lige efter 3-års krigen. ”Dagen efter spyttede en ung student in i vognen, da dronning Luise og hendes døtre kørte fra gudstjeneste i Frue Kirke. Spytklatten ramte prinsesse Dagmar. ”. Det ses her at hadet var ikke kun målt imod krigsministeren, men at det også var gået så vidt at kongefamilien var blevet chikaneret. Dette medfulgte da at kronprins Frederik skrev/holdt en tale hvori han forklarer og beskriver at den danske befolkning har opført sig ubehøvlet over for dronningen og prinsesserne. ”Denne danske nation synes mig ikke at have nogen øre; den kendetegnes ved lumskhed, løgnagtighed og ondskab. Slesvig-holstenerne og jyderne er af en helt anden støbning. ”. Disse ord som ’løgnagtighed’ er dog ikke nogen løgn Frederik kom med, der var grund til hans proklamering. Der var nemlig rygter kørende om at general De Meza havde planer om at tage til København med soldater for at omvælte den daværende regering. * forskellen mellem soldater og Københavnere (delkonklusion) soldaterne der var i krigsområderne blev udsat for ekstreme vejrforhold, fysisk hårdt arbejde, elendige arbejdsforhold og for lidt søvn. Dette blev der dog ikke taget hensyn til af de stolte Københavnere der aldrig i sit liv havde været i krig. Krigen havde mange hårde beslutninger og soldaterne var dog også i tvivl om hvad der foregik i København. Altså var begge parter uvidende omkring hvad der egentlig foregik. Dem der nok havde mest styr på hvad der skete var politikkere og kongen.
* konklusion vi kan konkluderer, at årsagen til krigen var Danmarks grådighed overfor at ville have Slesvig ind til at være en del af landet via Novemberforfatningen. At Danmark tabte sine Hertugdømmer på grund af en splittelse i landet om hvordan man skulle forhandle med det tyske forbund om hvilke territorier man ville have. Befolkningen i København havde ingen viden om de beslutninger og de forhold soldaterne i Slesvig (i Dannevirke og Dybbøl) blev udsat for, og derved ignorant.

Litteraturliste:
Sauntved, Jakob Kidde og Eberhardt, Jakob. 1864. Jyllands-Postens Forlag, 2007, 1. udgave 1. oplag.
Brunbech, Peter Yding (12.09.2013): krigen i 1864, lokaliseret d. 25.09.2013 på http://danmarkshistorien.dk/leksikon-og-kilder/vis/materiale/krigen-i-1864/

--------------------------------------------
[ 1 ]. http://danmarkshistorien.dk/leksikon-og-kilder/vis/materiale/krigen-i-1864/, Krigens baggrund, afsnit 3, linje 2.
[ 2 ]. http://danmarkshistorien.dk/leksikon-og-kilder/vis/materiale/krigen-i-1864/, Krigens udbrud, afsnit 2, linje 1.
[ 3 ]. http://danmarkshistorien.dk/leksikon-og-kilder/vis/materiale/krigen-i-1864/, Krigens udbrud, afsnit 3, linje 4.
[ 4 ]. http://danmarkshistorien.dk/leksikon-og-kilder/vis/materiale/krigen-i-1864/, Krigens gang indtil Londonkonferencen i april 1864, afsnit 1, linje 6.
[ 5 ]. http://danmarkshistorien.dk/leksikon-og-kilder/vis/materiale/krigen-i-1864/, Krigens gang indtil Londonkonferencen i april 1864, afsnit 2, linje 7.
[ 6 ]. http://danmarkshistorien.dk/leksikon-og-kilder/vis/materiale/krigen-i-1864/, Krigens gang indtil Londonkonferencen i april 1864, afsnit 4, linje 3.
[ 7 ]. http://danmarkshistorien.dk/leksikon-og-kilder/vis/materiale/krigen-i-1864/, Londonkonferencen og det totale danske nederlag, afsnit 1, linje 5.
[ 8 ]. http://danmarkshistorien.dk/leksikon-og-kilder/vis/materiale/krigen-i-1864/, Londonkonferencen og det totale danske nederlag, afsnit 3, linje 3.
[ 9 ]. 1864, Stilheden før stormen, side 24, linje 2.
[ 10 ]. 1864, Stilheden før stormen, side 25, linje 17.
[ 11 ]. 1864, Stilheden før stormen, side 25, linje 23.
[ 12 ]. 1864, Stilheden før stormen, side 25, linje 26.
[ 13 ]. 1864, Stilheden før stormen, side 26, linje 8 og linje 16.
[ 14 ]. 1864, Efterspil i København, side 85, linje 10.
[ 15 ]. 1864, Efterspil i København, side 86, linje 5.

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...treated slaves during this time era. Even though it is a part of history, I do not take joy in discussing this issue because this topic gets me upset with the concept of slavery and how it dehumanizes others. Thesis: Sherman’s “March to the Sea” in 1864 is justifiable to his actions, because he executed his aspirations to shatter the Confederacy’s strategies, financial, and mental capacity for continuing war, thus concluding to an imminent victory for the Union of the Civil War. Introductory Paragraph: Sherman’s “March to Sea” was a pivotal campaign to help conclude the end of the Civil War. Atlanta was taken over from the forces of Sherman’s army in the beginning of 1864; Sherman committed to drive away the Confederate troops over the next couple of weeks in efforts to pursue them through Georgia in a crafty attempt to engage in battle. The Confederate's evaded Sherman from pursuit of combat, but Sherman adjusted and decisively refined to a different strategy by hindering the South’s financial aspect and framework of transportation. General Sherman also used other strategies to terrify civilians and stir more chaos in his march across Confederate territory....

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Battle of Fort Pillow

...controversial than the Confederate capture of Ft. Pillow. While the basic facts show an inordinate number of the slain victims were African American, the question still lingers as to why that is and if any one person can be held responsible, namely Confederate General N.B. Forrest. While the speculation is rife, the answer is not simple and evidence as a whole would seem to point to many contributing factors and not the lone actions of one man. Ft. Pillow, located approximately forty miles north of Memphis, Tennessee separated from the Mississippi River by bluffs and a narrow ravine, was originally a Confederate fort. The base structure was crude earth but upon being occupied by Union forces had been enlarged. On the morning of April 12th, 1864 Confederate forces led by General N.B. Forrest, a former slave trader, moved in on the fort. After swiftly gaining the advantageous high ground surrounding the fort, Confederate sharpshooters proceeded to pick off Union troops while remaining out of reach of the nearby gunboat, the New Era. Included in the initial casualties was Major Lionel Booth, commander of the Union force. The Confederate forces continued a...

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Sherman’s March to the Sea: War Tactics

...Sherman’s March to the Sea: War Tactics This march helped end the Civil War in 1865. With many battles fought, the Union thought it had no chance in winning the war until the capture of Atlanta, Georgia. This boosted the morale of the Union and it helped the men fight back and continue on. The Union was lead by General Ulysses Grant and under him was General William T. Sherman. General Sherman started his campaign to take Atlanta in May of 1864. He formed three armies, and for about three months moving south it causes the Confederates to fall back further into Georgia. The Confederate’s General Joseph Johnson was replaced by General John Hood because Johnson was not showing any willingness to fight back at the Union. Then after many battles Sherman wins the victory, and claims the city of Atlanta on September 1, 1864. He moved into the capitol building the very next day. With the capture of Atlanta, President Abraham Lincoln was re-elected as president, after many had thought that the Confederate promises will win the election for the democrats.(militaryhistory.about.com) For the next two months Sherman campaign to go south into enemy territories. With the approval from President Lincoln, Sherman splits up his army into two groups, the Left and Right Wing, they head towards to the capture of Savannah. On November 15 the armies started marching south; the Left Wing went to Augusta, while the Right Wing went to Macon, causing the Confederate army to split as well. (ourgeorgiahistory...

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13th Amendment Importance

...In 1864, congress debated several proposals that would prevent discrimination against blacks. It borrowed from the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, when slavery was banned from the area North of the Ohio River. The senate passed the amendment in April of 1864. A Republican victory in the 1864 presidential election would guarantee the success of the thirteenth amendment. The Republicans called for complete destruction of slavery, while the democrats favored restoration of states’ rights, which would include at least the possibility for the states to maintain slavery. Lincoln’s plan set in motion the events leading to the ratification of the amendment. The House passed the amendment in January 1865 and it was sent the to the states for approval. When the state of Georgia approved it on December 6, 1865, the institution of slavery no longer existed in the United States. After the amendment...

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Eulogy For Alfred Aldrich's Death

...Alfred Enlisted in the army and his first battle was on december 13, 1862. This means that Alfred didn’t go into battle until 2 months and 21 days later. Training camp for the soldiers was hard because some of them had never held a gun before and then they had a hard time and they had to learn the strategy and it was hard for most of the upcoming soldiers. Alfred adjusted to the army better than some of the other soldiers because he was used to being pushed to his limits from being a laborer. Alfred was in a lot of battles for example he was in the fredericksburg 1862, Miskell 1863, Marye’s heights 1863, Salem Heights 1863, Gettysburg 1863, Funkstown 1863,gainesville 1863, Rappahannock Station 1863, Gilbert’s ford 1864, Winchester 1864, Fisher's Hill 1864, Cedar Creek 1864, Petersburg 1865, and Last of all Sailor’s Creek 1865. Alfred was a helpful person to have around and he was not one of the higher ranks but he still made a difference in the war. The battles were all different, some of the battle grounds had a lot of cover and others had limited space. It was hot out and you would be getting shot at and you would see you friends, family dying around you and you would be told to keep going. Alfred wasn’t killed in the war but he was captured. He was in the Richmond virginia prison camp for 11 days. He got out of the camp may, 15, 1863 and he didn’t return to the company until september and october. The conditions in the hospital were really bad there were limbs laying all around...

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