...typically subdivided into the natural sciences which study the material world, the social sciences which study people and societies, and the formal sciences like mathematics. The formal sciences are often excluded as they do not depend on empirical observations.[3] Disciplines which use science like engineering and medicine may also be considered to be applied sciences.[4] During the middle ages in the Middle East, foundations for the scientific method were laid by Alhazen.[5][6][7] From classical antiquity through the 19th century, science as a type of knowledge was more closely linked to philosophy than it is now and, in fact, in the West the term "natural philosophy" encompassed fields of study that are today associated with science, such as physics, astronomy and medicine.[8]:3[nb 3] In the 17th and 18th centuries scientists increasingly sought to formulate knowledge in terms of laws of nature. Over the course of the 19th century, the word "science" became increasingly associated with the scientific method itself, as a disciplined way to study the natural world. It was in the 19th century that scientific disciplines such as physics, chemistry, and biology reached their modern shapes. The same time period also included the origin of the terms "scientist" and "scientific community," the founding of scientific institutions, and increasing significance of the interactions with society and other aspects of...
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...The image of Muslim Arab women is predominantly exotic, passive, veiled, and subjugated victim-women; they are represented as impersonal objects of stereotypes that steadily perpetuate cultural prejudices. This view is based and started, in part, by a number of “travellers’ stories” written by European visitors to Ottoman territories during the 17th 18th and 19th century. The institution of the harem was, without a doubt, one of the most overstated and misinterpreted aspects of the 19th century Middle East. Western society often viewed and described the East in sexual terms. When harems were referred by men travellers, women’s voices were not present or at worse, they were filtered by Western men imagination and prejudices. In addition, when female voices are highlighted in women traveler’s writings, during the Victorian Era, are...
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...The effects of imperialism during the 19th century negatively impacted both Africa and Southwest Asia. A repercussion that both countries experienced, was a loss of resources and population concerns. The violence caused by imperialism in Africa and Southwest Asia materialized in different forms, in Africa the issue was ethnic tensions, the apartheid, and genocides. Southwest Asia has faced the civil wars and the threat of terrorism. In both areas, violence has found different forms. During the time period England practiced social darwinism which is when stronger countries dominate weaker areas. In Africa, natives faced the Congo Genocide, where King Leopold II of Belgium, was responsible for 10 million Congolese deaths. During this time, there was a high demand for rubber and ivory in England,...
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...History The history of Africa begins with the prehistory of Africa and the emergence of Homo sapiens in East Africa, continuing into the present as a patchwork of diverse and politically developing nation states. Some early evidence of agriculture in Africa dates from 16,000 BCE,[1] and metallurgy from about 4000 BCE. The recorded history of early civilization arose in Egypt, and later in Nubia, the Maghreb and the Horn of Africa. During the Middle Ages, Islam spread through the regions. Crossing the Maghreb and the Sahel, a major center of Muslim culture was Timbuktu. Some notable pre-colonial states and societies in Africa include the Nok culture, Mali Empire, Ashanti Empire, Kingdom of Mapungubwe, Kingdom of Sine, Kingdom of Saloum, Kingdom of Baol, Kingdom of Zimbabwe, Kingdom of Kongo, Ancient Carthage, Numidia, Mauretania, theAksumite Empire, the Ajuuraan State and the Adal Sultanate. From the late 15th century, Europeans and Arabs took slaves from West, Central and Southeast Africa overseas in the African slave trade.[2] European colonization of Africa developed rapidly in the Scramble for Africaof the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Following struggles for independence in many parts of the continent, as well as a weakened Europe after the Second World War, decolonization took place. Africa's history has been challenging for researchers in the field of African studies because of the scarcity of written sources in large parts of sub-Saharan Africa. Scholarly techniques...
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...and the conclusion of the war resulted in the destruction of the empires, particularly the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary Empire. The dissolution of the Ottoman Empire allowed many Middle East countries to be self-governed, while the West such as Great Britain and France had more interest in Europe than in the Middle East enabled the former to play a dominant role of colonization in the region. This seeded confrontation between two different civilizations, resulting in chaos later and to a large extent helping shape the Middle East in today's world. This paper attempts to examine this history arguing how the Ottoman Empire declined and eventually dissolved at the end of WWI. It shows that the internal problems of the Empire, such as its backward political and economic system, failed to compete with the increasing influence of the Western European countries, whose government was more efficient and more industrialized than the former, in the Middle East. The paper starts with a discussion of the contemporary situation in the Empire, and then deals with the problems that led to the conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the European powers over the Middle East during WWI. It finally analyzes how the defeat of the Ottomans and the increasing British and French dominance in the Middle East laid the ground for today's conflicts in the region between the Arabic states and the Jewish nation, which is supported by the West. Since 1600s the Ottoman Empire had controlled a large...
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...that English is indeed the global language (Lin and Martin 116). The effects of English linguistic imperialism can be found in a plethora of countries, but they are mostly evident in countries that adopt official language policies to encourage the use of English in order to position themselves closer to the Western world. That is the case of Turkey which has favored English teaching and usage since the late 19th century (Doğançay-Aktuna and Kiziltepe 254-257). Furthermore, this official language policy and its consequences are most noticeable in academia, an environment where English has become an essential tool for participating in the international scientific community. This essay will discuss the case of Turkey as a country that has been directly impacted by English linguistic imperialism, resulting in a struggle between the economic benefits of expanding English usage, and the existence of a nationalist agenda for which the Turkish language is an essential pillar. The English language was first introduced in the Ottoman Empire by British traders in the early 19th century. A few decades later, its expansion took a leap when Christian missionaries established English schools along the shore of the Bosphorus (Zok 2). A parallel...
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...2009 Samson Diegbegha 5/26/2009 Moscow University Touro; Course Title; History of Philosophy, Project Titled; History of Capitalism By; Professor; Marion Wyse Table of content 1:1…….…..………………………………………………………………………Introduction 1:2..………….………………………………………………………………capitalism history 1.3.…….………………………………………..….. Merchant capitalism and mercantilism 1:4……………………………………………….. Transition from 'feudalism' to capitalism 1:5……………………………………………………. Industrial capitalism and laissez-faire 1:6…………………………………………… Finance capitalism and monopoly capitalism 1:7……………………………………………… Capitalism following the Great Depression 1:8……………………………...………………………………………………... Globalization 1:9………………………..………………………………………………………… conclusion 1:10……………………………………………………………………….…………. References The History of capitalism 1; 1 Introduction | Capitalism as we all know is an economic system of producing wealth in which the wealth is privately owned. in capitalism, the land, labor, and capital are owned and operated by private individuals who are trading for one purpose that is, the generation of more income or profits in a legitimate way without force or fraud, by singly or jointly, and investments, distribution, income, production, pricing and supply of goods, commodities and services are determined by voluntary private decision in a market economy. A distinguishing feature of capitalism is that each person is entitled to his or her own labor and therefore is allowed to sell the use of it to any employee...
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...Delmy Franco Professor Burke MES M111 June 4, 2015 Research Essay Commodities That Revolutionized The Early Middle East And West Region Introduction Since ancient times, Commodities have always played an important role in the development of civilizations all around the world. This research paper focus it attention on the Early cultures of the Middle East and the way they marketed a wide variety of commodities, particularly: sugar, coffee, and tobacco, which became not only a very profitable business but they transformed the social and economic growth of the region, expanded the trade to the West and influences ancient people’s daily life, traditions, and religious beliefs from the 600s AC to early 1900s. Supporting Archaeological evidence...
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...Introduction What evolved along the silk road was a highly complex system of trade stretching between Rome, China and the Spice Islands (South East Asia). For a long period, Roman nor Chinese administration possessed direct knowledge of geography, political or social organisation of the other. It was the traders, from whom goods passed, that profited best from the indirect contacts between Rome and China, and the preservation of ‘trade secrets’, such as the sources of Gold and Spices, and the technique of manufacturing silk. This arduous work was usually conducted by nomads of central Asia and mariners of Indonesia, who, as suggested by Loewe as underdeveloped, lower-class people. What were the ecological factors faced by traders along the silk road? In term of ecological conditions along Silk Road, there will be a focus on inter Asia’s ecological zones along Silk Road, which has four major ecological zones: forests, steppe (grasslands), deserts, and mountains. Firstly, the forests zone along Silk Road. The trees of this area are evergreens, such as fir, spruce, and pine. In addition, forests are a plenty of sources of fur, timber and other products. The population of this area is small, which are living by hunting, fishing or trapping and they are not so importantly in the region’s history in the past. Secondly, the steppe of Inner Asian stretches across Kazakhstan, northern Xinjiang province in China, and Mongolia. This is the “eastern half of the great...
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...them to Jerusalem further back than the newly revised version of the Holy Sepulcher’s presence. Currently they live in a kind of African village on the roof called, Deir Sultan, but many centuries ago they once held services and lived inside one of the Holy Sepulcher chapels. According to biblical history, Ethiopians presence has been in the region of Jerusalem since 1000 B.C., surviving for more than 1500 years through many wars and challenges. Though there has been many landlord changes in Jerusalem and the Middle East, Ethiopian monks have retained there monastic covenant until the mid-19th century. This is how the Armenians and Coptics expanded control over Ethiopians. Since the Ethiopian’s historical records were destroyed they were unable to provide evidence or claims to their original chapel inside the Holy Sepulcher. Today the ownership of the church is shared between the Greek Orthodox, Catholics, and Armenian Orthodox. The three minor Orthodox communities Coptic, Syriac and Ethiopian Orthodox have rights to use certain areas of the Church, Leaving the Ethiopian monks and nuns as the only black presence in Jerusalem’s Holy Sepulcher. Ethiopian monks have recorded historical data saying that Queen Helena of Rome gave them the keys to the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem since the 4th century. Under Turkish rule, Ethiopians were the only religious sec that refuses to pay homage and taxes to the Ottoman kings. From (1831 to 1840) Egyptians had temporary control in Jerusalem...
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...such as the governing politics that allowed it and the conditions that created a need for that technology. APPLIED TO David McCullough's book, The Great Bridge, this concept encompasses a whole nation in its drive towards modernization. Preceded by inventions such as the railroad and the telegraph, the second half of the 19th century stands at a time where technology is regarded as a primary option to achieving comfort. Little by little, the realization is made that perhaps nature's boundaries is not the farthest mankind can go. The middle of the 19th century also opens an era of greater involvement of the government in matters of public interests and an increase of funding as well; The Erie canal build from 1817 to 1825 is a testimony of such an involvement, and an example of the willingness to defy nature with innovation. Also, as communications are slowly developed with the emergence of the telegraph and later the telephone, the notion of time and distance become more important than they ever were, and begin to matter in the everyday lives of people. When observed in such an ecology, it is easy to understand how and why the idea of a bridge over the East River,...
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...nations foster national dance and music groups, museums, and to a lesser degree, artists and writers. Africa was the birthplace of the human species between 8 million and 5 million years ago. Today, the vast majority of its inhabitants are of indigenous origin. People across the continent are remarkably diverse by just about any measure: They speak a vast number of different languages, practice hundreds of distinct religions, live in a variety of types of dwellings, and engage in a wide range of economic activities. Over the centuries, peoples from other parts of the world have migrated to Africa and settled there. Historically, Arabs have been the most numerous immigrants. Starting in the 7th century, they crossed into North Africa from the Middle East, bringing the religion of Islam with them. A later movement of Arabs into East and Central Africa occurred in the 19th century. Europeans first settled in Africa in the mid-17th century near the Cape of Good Hope, at the southern end of the continent. More Europeans immigrated during the subsequent colonial period, particularly to present-day South Africa, Zimbabwe, and Algeria. South Asians also arrived during colonial times. Their descendants, often referred to as Indians, are found largely in Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, and...
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...The Indian Experience Wk. 4 By the early 19th century, Britain dominated India and the surrounding waters. India became the crown of the British Empire. The First Half of the Nineteenth Century, It took generations for the British East India Company to slowly conquer India, a project that had not been planned from the start. Slowly, states were brought under British 'protection', then direct rule. Many princely states survived, self-governed but subject to higher British authority. British India was a patchwork of provinces, small tributary states, and large tributaries. The British East India Company squeezed its provinces and tributaries to pay for its expensive wars. Peasants deserted the land in response; by the 1830s, demand for Indian exports of Indigo, cotton, and opium was slumping and land revenues falling. Logging lead to deforestation. In addition, the Indians constantly but unsuccessfully revolted. This culminated in the Sepoy Mutiny / Indian Uprising of 1857. The British East India Company made heavy use of troops recruited in India, the Sepoys, including Muslims and Hindus. These men typically came from the warrior caste. Rumors spread that animal grease was used on the newly issued rifles exposing them to ritual pollution. This was unacceptable to the troops due to religious restrictions. Delhi was the center of the revolt, along with some other cities. However, the British retained control of Bengal and Punjab and now recruited forces of Sikhs...
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...webs.bcp.org Early Modern Empires (1500-1800) Introduction Before we learn about the unlikely and apparently rapid rise of The West during the 19th and 20th centuries, it’s important to understand the powerful empires of the early modern world between 1500 and 1800. Some readers may be surprised to learn about the wealth, thriving global trade, and dominant manufacturing production in Asia that held sway until at least the end of the 18th century. Throughout much of this era, Europe was, in contrast to Asia, an unimpressive backwater of small countries and kingdoms. But Europe’s “discovery” of the Americas and an ocean route to Asia, just before the year 1500, changed all that. The West gradually worked its way into the global economy and planted the seeds for its imperial rise and eventual dominance over most of the modern world. After 1500, world regions—such as West Africa, East Asia, and South America—fused together into one global trade system. For the first time in history, each region of the world now interacted with the others. For example, enslaved African labor was used in South American plantations to sell cheap sugar to Europe. Silver from Mexico bought loans for Spain, and that same silver ended up in China to buy silk or porcelain for Europeans. And so on. A new global system emerged, forged of uneven relationships, in which a small part of the world, Europe, successfully exploited the world’s human and natural resources to its advantage. This was Globalization...
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...had multiple touching points. US and Russia had been competing for economic and political influence for decades, even centuries. In 19th century US and Russia even shared a land border when Russia had a settlement at Fort Ross. Russia's relations with US date all the way back to mid 19th century when Russia sold Alaska to the US. Also, Russia support of US during the Civil War was of great value. As the 20th century roled on US and Russia had seen some tension with US not recognizing Soviet Union until 1933. Nevertheless two countries still deiced to help and aid each other especially humanitarian assistance during the famine in 1921. In 1991, after the breakup of the Soviet union and the...
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