...1950’s Men and Today’s Men The gender role theory “posits that boys and girls learn to perform one's biologically assigned gender through particular behaviors and attitudes” (Boundless, 2015). The environmental causes of gender roles and the impact of socialization are emphasized by the gender role theory. The social role theory postulates that the social structure is the underlying force in determining gender roles. The social role theory also states that the division of labor between two sexes within a society drives sex-differentiated behavior. The division of labor is what created gender roles, which eventually, led to social behavior that could be defined as being gender specific in nature. Over the years, these roles would transform to adapt to the expectations of society’s current males. One popular trend of gender roles that has been commonly studied is workplace roles. For decades, men were viewed as the sole provider; therefore, the wife’s duties did not exceed past her home. She was in charge of caring for her husband, their children, and their home. Men were supposed to go to work every day to provide for their family, adequately meet all of their needs, and be someone that his children can look up to. In the 1950’s, men were coming back from war, and the women had filled the positions left open by men going off to World War II. During the 1960’s, known as the hippie era, gender roles began developing in a more neutral and equal manner, “but media still tried to...
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... Introduction In April 2013, Korn/Ferry and Futurestep, in association with Diversity Council Australia (DCA), conducted a study of Diversity Managers and Human Resource leaders. The survey, the first of its kind conducted in Australia and New Zealand, aims to provide insight into the profile of the diversity function within organisations; on the professionals leading diversity within business and to look forward at the priorities for business in the next 12 to 24 months. In conducting the survey, the survey partners received responses from 103 respondents, representing a 25% response rate. From across industry almost all respondents were from organisations with more than 100 employees, the regulatory threshold for the Workplace Gender Equity Act 2012, 69% have 1000+...
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...The role of gender in workplace stress: A critical literature review Kristina 1 Gyllensten and Stephen 2 Palmer Abstract Objective The aim of this review was to evaluate research relating to the role of gender in the level of workplace stress. A further aim was to review literature relating to stressors of particular relevance to working women. These stressors included, multiple roles, lack of career progress and discrimination and stereotyping. Design Systematic review. Method Major databases were searched in order to identify studies investigating gender and workplace stress. A range of research designs included and no restrictions were made on the basis of the occupations of the participants. Results Much of the research indicated that women reported higher levels of stress compared to men. However, several studies reported no difference between the genders. Furthermore, the evidence for the adverse effects of multiple roles, lack of career progress and discrimination and were stereotyping was inconsistent. Conclusion The current review concluded that the evidence regarding the role of gender in workplace stress and stressors was inconsistent. Limitations of the research were highlighted and implications for practice were discussed. Key words: workplace stress, gender, stressors Introduction Workplace stress Stress in the workplace is a major problem for both organisations and employees, and it has been estimated that approximately 13.4...
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...sociology and making it relevant to this day in age. Gökariksel, B., Smith, S., (2017) “Intersectional Feminism Beyond U.S. Flag Hijab and Pussy Hats in Trump’s America”, Gender, Place and Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography, 24(5): 628-624 Gökariksel and Smith take an in depth approach at identifying the importance of intersectionality in regards to feminism in the age of Donald Trump. This article discusses the issues with the political agenda of Trump’s white, male dominated administration to hostilely drive out any individual or group of individuals that does not fit the “American” archetype of white males. The article discusses the numerous political decisions that have negatively impacted women of all races and backgrounds. The more recent Women’s’ March on Washington was mentioned and it was made reference to the fact that it was inclusive toward all races and religions. This article made great strides to illustrate that our collective differences cannot be erased; rather they should be used to come together and eliminate exclusion and animosity. Furthermore this article portrayed relevance to today’s problems facing women of all races and religions in Trump’s America. Lovell, K. (2016) “Girls are Equal Too: Education, Body Politics and the Making of Teenage Feminism”, Gender Issues, 33(2): 71-95 This article dives into the realm of feminism, specifically in the 60’s and 70’s, the second wave of feminism. Lovell examines the moment in which students...
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...Described in text pg 55 KAMAL KANT, 2013 2 KAMAL KANT, 2013 3 GENETIC ENDOWMENT refers to innate aspects rather than those that are learnt. These include: •Physical appearance; •Race •Gender; •Intelligence; •Musical ability; •Artistic ability; •Muscular coordination; and •Predisposition to certain illness. LEARNING EXPERIENCES: •Instrumental learning experiences; •Associative learning experiences; TASK APPROACH SKILLS: •Goals setting; •Values clarification; •Generating alternatives; and •Obtaining career information ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS refers to: •The number & nature of job opportunities; •The number & nature of training opportunities; •Social policies and procedures for selecting trainees and employees; •Rate of return for various occupations; •Labour laws and union rules; •Physical events (e.g. hurricanes; earthquakes, etc); •Availability of and demand for natural resources; •Technological development; •Changes in social organisation; •Family training, experiences and resources; •Educational systems; •Neighbourhood and community influences and other social, cultural, political and economic considerations KAMAL KANT, 2013 4 GENETIC ENDOWMENT refers to innate aspects rather than those that are learnt. These include: •Physical appearance; •Race •Gender; •Intelligence; •Musical ability; •Artistic ability; •Muscular coordination; and •Predisposition to certain illness. KAMAL KANT, 2013 5...
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... such as biological sex, gender identity and roles, sexual orientation, and the relationship between these factors. One would have never assumed that sexuality would be a topic of great conversation and questions. Over time we have became a society made up from a melting pot not only of different ethnic groups but of sexual orientation. Sexual Identity Development Factors There are several factors that influence a person’s sexual identity. The first factor that affects sexual orientation is biological sex. Biological sex is determined by a person’s chromosomal make up along with hormones. Females are typically born with XX chromosomes and males are born with XY chromosomes. Although in some situations there can be a mutation of the Y chromosome, the SRY gene which is the sex determining portion of the Y chromosome can be missing in XY girls’ Y and is present in the XX boys’ X (Offner, 2010). Chromosomes alone cannot determine gender identity hormones also help in determining gender identity. The SRY gene codes on the Y chromosome cause the indifferent gonads to become testicle which then secrete testosterone which then causes the Wolffian duct system to develop which is the male structures (Offner, 2010). So as you can see together with the SRY gene and specific level of testosterone within an embryo helps determine the external gender. The second factor influencing ones sexual identity is their gender identity and roles. “Gender identity is your sense of...
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...Incidents of Rape in Connecticut BY: Jason CLASS: CJ3375DL 10T4 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. GOAL STATEMENT, VARIABLES, QUESTIONS P. 3 II. HYPOTHESES/THEORIES P. 4 III. SAMPLING PROCEDURE P. 5 IV. COVER LETTER P. 6 V. QUESTIONNAIRE P. 7 VI. LITERATURE REVIEW P. 8 VII. DATA ANALYSIS P. 10 VIII. RESEARCH FINDINGS/CONCLUSION P. 18 IX. PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED P. 19 X. REFERENCE LIST P. 20 I. INTRODUCTION GOAL STATEMENT: To find out who suffers from rape incidents in the state of Connecticut. INDEPENDENT VARIABLES: Gender Race Age Knowing the identity of the perpetrator Educational Level RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1. What gender is sexually assaulted more often in the state of Connecticut? 2. What race is arrested more often for sexual assault in the state of Connecticut? 3. What is the age group of the majority of those being raped in the state of Connecticut? 4. Are most cases of sexual assault committed in Connecticut by a person known by the victim? 5. What is education level of those being sexually assaulted in the state of Connecticut? II. HYPOTHESES/THEORIES H1: FEMALES ARE SEXUALLY ASSUALTED MORE OFTEN THE MALES IN THE STATE OF CONNECTICUT. T1: The possible theory surrounding this hypothesis is because possibly men are more apt to act physically to fulfill their sexual urges then women, thus increasing...
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...of Linguistics and Translation Department of Theory and Practice of the English Language Intercultural Communication Project Stereotypes of gender roles in Egypt and Russia Written by: Elena Yakusheva Group: LIE – 503 Chelyabinsk, 2014 Table of contents Introduction………………………………………………………………………...3 Part one GENDER STEREOTYPES THEORY. …………………………….........6 1.1 Stereotypes: definition and functions…………………………………………..6 1.2 The gender concept……………….. ………………………………………….10 1.3 Gender stereotype: types and functions……………………………………….14 Conclusions on part one………………………………………………...…….......20 Part two. STEREOTYPES OF GENDER ROLES IN EGYPT AND RUSSIA….21 2.1 Research method on the stereotypes of gender roles in Russia and Egypt........21 2.2 The interpretation of the results of the research in Russia……………………21 2.3 The interpretation of the results of the research in Egypt……………………..24 2.4 The comparison of the results and its reasons………………………………...25 Conclusions on part two…………………………………………………………..29 Resources………………………………………………………………………….30 Online resources…………………………………………………………………..32 Appendix………………………………………………………………………….33 Introduction The questions connected with features of a sex of the person and his or her psychological and social distinctions, are among recently the most discussed in society. Today the role of the man and the woman undergoes considerable changes. This problem excites many modern scientists-psychologists and sociologists, such as Henri...
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...to hold powerful positions in the government, and corporate world. There was a time when women were not allowed to have any role or say in the law making decisions. The role of women has changed since the 60’s 70’s and 80’s. Some women do not even choose to be mothers. That is still somewhat of a taboo, but it is not that uncommon. Women can now choose their careers, over being a wife and or mother. Women are owning fortune 500 companies and being powerful forces in the business world. Women are also demanding and earning the same if not more than some males on the job. A women can be the breadwinner in the family. Women have proven that they can do both, They can run a business and a household. This upcoming Presidential election, we will be having a Woman running for president. The government is no longer an all boys club. The idea of having a woman president is proof of how far women’s rights have come. Women are now more respected and their opinions valued. Of course there is still those who do not want to evolve, and feel that a woman should “stay in her place”. But the women of today have showed that there is no one “place” for us to be. Women can make their own rules. In the media the masculine role tends to be strong, no emotion. The male is always considered the hero, or someone to rescue the female role. In the media the feminine role is always the damsel in distress....
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...identify by gender lies a whole world of complications. Transgender people get harassed and bullied everyday because they use the "wrong" bathroom but which bathroom is exactly the "right" one? In a recent poll, 59 percent of Americans believe that transgender individuals should use the bathroom that corresponds with the gender they were assigned at birth, while 26 percent are comfortable with self-determination when it comes to choosing which bathroom to use. Some people believe that if you are born a girl but identity as a man, you should still use the room based on your genitalia. Others believe if you identify as a man, you should use the men's room. Either way, someone in either bathroom is upset. Stereotypes from the past as well as what genitals people are born with are major contributors to the labeling of bathrooms. This presents a problem in today’s society where gender and sex is no longer the same thing. This is where the controversy lies. Until not too long ago, the racial separation of bathrooms was an important civil rights issue in the United States. Since there were unlikely to be four separate bathrooms, only white women and men could depend on having someplace to pee when traveling (Cooper and Ruth, 1999, Pages 12-13). People of other races had no where to use a restroom and were seen as wrong if they were to ever use a whites only bathroom. Twenty years ago, the gendering of bathrooms became a contentious feminist issue. It was part of the fight for gender equality...
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...Is it suitable for Multicultural Organizations to inherit the assumption that Work Life Balance Policies are Gender Neutral? Introduction Definition Work Life Balance is not a homogenous concept, and not amenable for precise definition as different people interpret WLB differently; the ideal ‘balance’ can vary at stages of the life cycle (Chandra, V., 2012). Experts within the field have faced difficulties in trying to define the concept, regardless of the wealth existing literature on the subject. WLB policies have been defined as ‘those that enhance the autonomy of workers in the process of coordinating and integrating work and non work aspects of their lives (Felstead et al, 2002). From an employees perspectives it is the maintenance of a balance between work and family responsibilities. This definition allows for a wide range of policies to be included under the guise of WLB initiatives. WLB policies in an organizational setting include, but are not limited to, flexible working arrangements, child and dependent care and family and parental leave (Bardoel, 1998). Importance Many Human Resource Professionals, employers associations, government departments, trade unions, academics and voluntary organizations around the world are currently debating and often enacting, policies and practices designed to promote work life balance (Fleetwood, S., 2007). The effective management of WLB is an issue increasingly recognized as of strategic importance to organizations...
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...A Comparison and Contrast of Gender Stereotypes in Advertising According to a study conducted in 2005 by Nielsen Media Research, the average American watches over four hours of television per day and 25% of that hour is comprised of advertising. This gives advertising companies a captive audience to include men, women, young, and old. Turn on the children’s channels and there are ads for juice boxes and the newest toy; turn on the sport network and there are advertisements for beer and beef jerky; turn on the entertainment channel and there will be advertisements for feminine products and shampoo that make claims to leave hair voluminous and shiny. While both men and women are subject to product advertising, it can be expected that the advertising companies use general gender stereotypes to line their pockets and sell products. Simply turn on the television for 20 minutes and you will likely find a plethora of advertisements that use gender stereotyping. Now, take for instance the following scenario, “Girl’s Night Out”, a common tradition for young women in their 20’s and 30’s. Get the girls together and hit the town on a Friday night; dawn a new pair of stilettos and a cute skirt and off to the bar for some cocktails! The women are grouped together; catching up on the latest gossip and here approaches the token tall, dark, and handsome man to steal away hearts. Sounds like the picture perfect evening out. Isn’t this what every 20 or 30-something, single woman’s dreams...
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...Issue. 04 Article No. 03 Full length Original Research Paper An assessment of women participation in farm household income: a study in some selected areas of Mymensingh district of Bangladesh S. Parveen1, M. R. Hossain1*, A. K. M. G. Kausar2, M. M. A. Shibli1, M. M. Rahhan3 and J. U. Ahmed4 1 Former 2 Former M.S. Students, Dept. of Agricultural Economics, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh M.S. Student, Dept. of Agribusiness and Marketing, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh 3 Former Student, Faculty of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh 4Associate professor, Dept. of Agricultural Economics and Policy, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh *Corresponding authors e-mail: bestboyisrajib@gmail.com Article History Received: 4.8.2013 Accepted: 31.8.2013 Published: 15.11.2013 Key words: Women empowerment, Household income, Gender role ABSTRACT The present study attempted to make visible the participation of rural women in farm activities, their contribution in generating household income and decision making power. The study was conducted in two villages namely Monkanda and Char Shahpur under Fulpur upazila of Mymensingh district. A total of 60 sample farmers (20 small, 20 medium, 20 large farmers) were selected by using stratified random sampling method. A pre-tested interview schedule used to collect data from respondents during July to...
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...The Gender Gap Team A Lori Iles, Nathan Casteel, and Sami Toa SOC/100 October 06, 2011 Carla Bolden The Gender Gap “Of all the ways that one group has systematically mistreated another, none is more deeply rooted than the way men have subordinated women.” “All other discriminations pale by contrast.” (Wolf.1994) When Alan Wolfe penned these words, he was surely speaking about the atrocities that have occurred and continue to occur to women all over the world. Women have been beaten, raped, killed, mutilated, imprisoned, abused, enslaved, and forced to endure subhuman standards to claim dominance and control over them. Women have certainly bore the brunt of this power struggle with the opposite sex and have even been willing to die as the only means to their personal freedom. They are mothers, daughters, sisters, and grandmothers who united are the larger portion of society, yet are rarely acknowledged for their vital contributions. Much of their work goes unnoticed and unpaid. Despite international laws guaranteeing women the same rights as men, women around the world are denied their rights to land and property, financial resources, employment, and education, among others necessities. (weforum.org) Men hold the majority of power positions and decision power within the authorative sphere of public office. Often, the result of those decisions initiates policy that tends to reflect the needs and preferences of men, not women. Woman have an insufficient ratio of representation...
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...COPING STRATEGIES AS A FUNCTION OF GENDER AND EDUCATIONAL LEVEL 1 Running Head: COPING STRATEGIES AS A FUNCTION OF GENDER AND EDUCATIONAL LEVEL Coping Strategies as a Function of Gender and Educational Level of Public and Private University Students A project is submitted to the Department of Psychology, University of Dhaka, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Bachelor of Science degree in Psychology. Submitted By Md. Humayun Kabir Exam Roll: 1701 Registration no HA- 1605 Session: 2007-2008 Department of psychology University of Dhaka Project supervisor Dr. Mahfuza Khanam Professor Department of Psychology University of Dhaka COPING STRATEGIES AS A FUNCTION OF GENDER AND EDUCATIONAL LEVEL 2 Abstract This study investigated the differences in the coping strategies adopted by male and female first year and fourth year students of public and private university. A total number of 120 students (60 male and 60 female), where 60 from public university and 60 from private university, age ranging from 17 to 23 years were selected as sample. Non-probability sampling technique and purposive field survey were used for collecting data. The Bangla version of the “Coping Scale” (Huque, 2004) was used for assessing coping strategies. Results revealed significant differences between males and females in terms of engagement in both adaptive and non-adaptive coping strategies. In addition, educational level and university type had no effect on adaptive...
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