...Criminal Justice System Lessons Learned Post 9/11 The purpose of this paper is to discuss the importance of interagency collaboration in the criminal justice system, the changes that were made and lessons learned following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. In the wake of the events that followed the 9/11 attacks many problems were revealed within the criminal justice system, especially those affecting the law enforcement community. One of those problems was the lack of interaction between the police departments and other local/state law enforcement with the federal law enforcement agencies. Local law enforcement agencies are the primary responders to any incident of crime or terror, therefore developing a better interagency collaboration in order to share information is essential in order to prevent future attacks. Prior to the 9/11 attacks many of the agencies believed in keeping information within their own realm due to protocols and security clearances. These criminal justice agencies each had pieces to a puzzle, but because these agencies never worked together, those pieces would never be put together to reveal the bigger picture. The 9/11 events revealed the lack of interaction and set about a positive change that would impact the way the criminal justice system approached their problem solving. One of those changes was the reorganization of the federal law enforcement agencies, including the creation of the Department of Homeland Security and the Transportation...
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...Much like other agencies of the United States Government, the Intelligence Community was very big, stretching across several departments and agencies with similar or conflicting responsibilities. And some of the agencies operated entirely independent of others with no intelligence collaboration and sharing. After being dealt a huge blow on September 11, 2001, those in the government felt that is was necessary to reorganize the various agencies tasted with intelligence gathering. According to the 9-11 Commission Report: the sorrow, loss, anger, and resolve so evident immediately following the September 11, 2001, attacks have been combined in an effort to help assure that our country will never again be caught unprepared. As the 9/11 Commission notes, we are safer today but we are not safe, and much work remains. Although in today's world we can never be 100 percent secure, and we can never do everything everywhere, we concur with the Commission's conclusion that the American people should expect their government to do its very best. GAO's mission is to help the Congress improve the performance and ensure the accountability of the federal government for the benefit of the American people. GAO has been actively involved in improving government's performance in the critically important homeland security area both before and after the September 11 attacks. In its request, the House Committee on Government Reform has asked the GAO to address two issues: the lack of effective information...
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...and US Intelligence The United States Intelligence Community has had to change the way they run in order to prevent a future terrorist attacks like the one on the fateful day of September 11th 2001, when our nations security was severely attacked. To be able to understand more clearly the challenges of our intelligence agencies having stronger capabilities, it is important to note that many of today’s issues are well grounded in the past and we can find many examples of this in history books today. One great example is when the United States transitioned from just focusing solely on our nation to a more global view as a result of the attack on Pearl Harbor. Also, Sputnik was a huge reason for the United States to totally redefine their approach to space. These events and many more often serve as examples that changes should have and still must be be made within our intelligence communities and they helped prompt the largest reorganization of the intelligence community since 1947. Had these changes been made sooner, prevention of these and many more tragedies may have been a success. Beginning from the time when Pearl Harbor was stroked, the government sought to blame the Japanese Americans for the tragedy. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt made no hesitation to sign the executive order authorizing an internment of all “Japanese Americans” to proceed. This of course was during a time when racial prejudice was open, but their was a deeper issue within our intelligence community...
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...challenges of intelligence collection in the intelligence community are a lot, and it has a significant effect. Some of these issues are budget, training, redundancy, sharing information, stovepiping, and congress oversight. After 9/11 and the intelligence failure to share information between the agencies to predict and stop the attack. The 9/11 committee reform the intelligence community and establish the position of Director of National Intelligence (DNI). Also, establishing the counterterrorism center, and expand the FBI task force. One of the issues that matters to the senior policy makers is the redundancy in collecting intelligence. Redundancy in intelligence community cost money, resources, time, and it impacts the operations in...
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...year 2009 for intelligence and intelligence-related activities of the United States Government, the Community Management Account, and the Central Intelligence Agency Retirement and Disability System, and for other purposes. 1 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa- 2 tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 3 4 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS. (a) SHORT TITLE.—This Act may be cited as the 5 ‘‘Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2009’’. 6 (b) TABLE OF CONTENTS.—The table of contents for hsrobinson on PROD1PC76 with BILLS 7 this Act is as follows: Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents. Sec. 2. Definitions. TITLE I—BUDGET AND PERSONNEL AUTHORIZATIONS VerDate Aug 31 2005 21:15 Jul 18, 2008 Jkt 069200 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6211 E:\BILLS\H5959.PCS H5959 2 Sec. Sec. Sec. Sec. Sec. Sec. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. Authorization of appropriations. Classified Schedule of Authorizations. Personnel ceiling adjustments. Intelligence Community Management Account. Limitation on the use of covert action funds. Prohibition on use of funds to implement ‘‘5 and out’’ program of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. TITLE II—CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY RETIREMENT AND DISABILITY SYSTEM Sec. 201. Authorization of appropriations. Sec. 202. Technical modification to mandatory retirement provision of the Central Intelligence Agency Retirement...
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...The 9/11 Commission conducted an extensive investigation, highlighting events leading up to and after the attack on New York City on September 11, 2001. The investigation concluded with a comprehensive report detailing all aspects of the incident. During the investigation, it was determined that a lack of interagency coordination and cooperation could have prevented the attack from occurring. Information sharing was key in identifying, detecting, and preventing thousands of people from losing their lives Consequently, the tragic event that took place on September 11, 2001, could have been avoided, should the Federal Aviation Administration have had access to database information controlled by the Central Intelligence Agencies (DHS 2015). The men that participated in the tragic event were on a terrorist watchlist controlled by the Central Intelligence Agencies. Unfortunately, during that time in history, no information was linked between agencies. Consequently, no specific agency is tasked “with piecing together the myriad bits of terrorist information into a single recognizable...
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...NORRIS IR-6635-XTIA 11/T1 THIRD ESSAY: 14 OCTOBER 2011 9/11 TERRORIST ATTACKS IMPACT ON US NATIONAL SECURITY TABLE OF CONTENT Introduction US Government changes since 9/11 Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act Intelligence Reform The USA Patriot Act National Defense Programs Conclusion References INTRODUCTION Ten years have passed since the United States was attacked by Al-Qaeda terrorists on September 11, 2001. The event was a crucial moment in U.S. history. After it was discovered that the attacks were delivered by Al-Qaeda, the information sparked intense debate in the political world. Former President George W. Bush decided to pass a large amount of U.S. legislation to strengthen U.S. National Security. The impact of 9/11 is clearly visible in the policies adopted by the United States government in the wake of the disaster. On October 7, 2001, the United States invaded Afghanistan in response to the September 11 attacks. On March 20, 2003, the Iraq War began. Many people feel that the changes put forth by the U.S. government have benefited the livelihood of Americans. This might be true as the United States has not experienced a major terrorist attack since September 11, 2001. Other people feel that the spending has hurt the United States economy, pushing America into a series of economic downfalls. US GOVERNMENT CHANGES SINCE 9/11 Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act ...
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...our battle over land expansion and the taking of the land from the Native Americans, some perceived them as savages or maybe even terrorist. Then we turned to secure our borders to prevent other nations from coming into our nation and grabbing up land. Then our pursuit of freedom expanded the globe and with other nations as we assisted in the attempt to spread democracy in countries struggling to become nations. In this attempt, there have been many enemies formed that despise the US and the pursuit of freedom. This has become a major concern of the US and on September 11, 2001, this concern became a reality. How could something so devastating be carried out against a world-leading nation? What was wrong with the infrastructure and how could it be fixed to prevent other terrorist attacks. The answer was to form a department in the federal government that would have the power to act and the power to share intelligence information. Terrorism and US Threats The FBI defines terrorism as “violent acts or acts dangerous to human life that violate federal or state law; appear to be intended to intimidate or coerce a civilian population; to influence the policy if a government by intimidation or coercion; or to affect the conduct of a government by mass destruction, assassination, or kidnapping.” (FBI.GOV, 2015) The definition further defines...
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...The Evolution of Intelligence in the United States John Doe Utica University The Evolution of Intelligence in the United States The beginning of intelligence in the United States dates back to the Revolutionary War and America’s first president, George Washington. President Washington requested that Congress set aside a ‘secret service fund’ for clandestine and secret activities (Revolutionary Ideas, 2007). After leading the Continental Army during the war, he knew how important it was to have secret agencies analyze and protect the new country. The use of secret agents, counterintelligence, and the clandestine paramilitary, have been used extensively to set up elaborate deceptions, gather sensitive information, and coordinate operations to cause sabotage towards other adversaries or countries that wished to cause us harm throughout the history of our country (Revolutionary Ideas, 2007). Although President Washington set a growing foundation of creating and fostering the need and use of foreign intelligence, it was President Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) that helped combined the efforts of the state and war departments to coordinate efforts on a combined government-wide level (History of the CIA, 2007). The events of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 prompted FDR to make a change to all government intelligence. FDR asked World War I veteran William J. Donovan to draft a new plan for an intelligence service that would combine all those departments’ efforts and make...
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... 2016 Janna Taaffe Abstract Fusion centers were developed post 9/11 so that multiple agencies could exchange information among other agencies. What happened prior to and after 9/11 allowed the United States to see that agencies were not communicating and even though they had received warnings they did not know that an terrorist attack would have happened in the United States. It is of importance that different agencies has communication with each other so that if one receives information then everyone else can be aware of the information too. Interagency Collaboration The importance of fusion centers is that they develop and distribute products that utilizes the assistance of local entities leading up national-level information by sharing critical state and local intelligence and information with the federal government and amongst each other. This became very important after 9/11. The tragic incident that occurred on 9/11 is a pivotal point in the changes that have come into existence due to the national security of the United States. This incident allowed the agencies to become more forthcoming about information that may have been acquired that would have benefitted everyone as a whole if all the agencies had access to the information. Federal mechanisms that have contributed to the interagency collaboration and efforts, include the President, appointing a coordinator and the various agencies. They have the mechanisms that are used and are addressed as range of...
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...any study of the U.S. government, some of the most important characters are institutions. We will introduce various agencies, and how they adapted to a new kind of terrorism. 3.1 FROM THE OLD TERRORISM TO THE NEW: THE FIRST WORLD TRADE CENTER BOMBING At 18 minutes after noon on February 26, 1993, a huge bomb went off beneath the two towers of the World Trade Center.This was not a suicide attack.The terrorists parked a truck bomb with a timing device on Level B-2 of the underground garage, then departed.The ensuing explosion opened a hole seven stories up. Six people died. More than a thousand were injured. An FBI agent at the scene described the relatively low number of fatalities as a miracle.1 President Bill Clinton ordered his National Security Council to coordinate the response. Government agencies swung into action to find the culprits.The Counterterrorist Center located at the CIA combed its files and queried sources around the world. The National Security Agency (NSA), the huge Defense Department signals collection agency, ramped up its communications intercept network and searched its databases for clues.2 The New York Field Office of the FBI took control of the local investigation and, in the end, set a pattern for future management of terrorist incidents. Four features of this episode have significance for the story of 9/11. 71 72 THE 9/11 COMMISSION REPORT First, the bombing signaled a new terrorist challenge, one...
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...Law 10 – May – 2010 Terrorism Is No Longer A Threat To The U.S. Since the 9/11 terrorist attacks, many experts claimed that it only proves the vulnerability of the United States to big and devastating terrorists attacks. This means that even the United States is considered as the most powerful country in the world not only in terms of economic sustainability but also in military and intelligence capabilities, terrorists still can able to do terrorism acts to the country (Scheppler, 2005). Despite of this factor, it leads to the conclusion during those times that terrorism becomes a big threat to the peace and order, and security of the people of the United States. Generally, the even wanted to show that terrorism is a big threat that needs to be addressed by every country in the world. Today, due to the different efforts and actions made by the United States government since the 9/11 terrorist attacks, it was been claimed that terrorism is no longer a threat for the country. The different laws, programs, and the way the laws were implemented was claimed an effective effort to proactively avoid and eliminate the risk to once again attacked by any terrorists groups. This study will discussed and give points about the different efforts made the United States government in order to eliminate any threat of terrorists attacks in the country. Different points will be discussed and how it contributes to the conclusion that terrorism is no longer a threat to the country. ...
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...Compare and contrast the pre and post 9/11 law enforcement response to terrorism. What strategies could be implemented to increase future law enforcement capability in countering terrorism? Andrew McAdam Student Number: Word Count: “Things will never be the same.” (Miller, Stone & Mitchell, 2002, p. 3) Law enforcement has undergone dramatic changes as a result of the devastating events in the United States on 11 September 2001 (9/11). This essay will examine how law enforcement, specifically within Australia, has shifted its policies and strategies to fight the post-9/11 terrorist threat. An analysis of police actions towards terrorist related incidents since 9/11, displays how law enforcement agencies have demonstrated their ability to respond to the various threats of terrorism as they arise. “Since 2001, numerous terrorist attacks have been thwarted in Australia. Thirty-eight people have been prosecuted as a result of counter-terrorism operations and 20 people have been convicted of terrorism offences under the Criminal Code.” (Counter-Terrorism White Paper, 2010, p. ii) Australia’s State and Federal policing agencies have ‘a long tradition of reactive patrol’ (White, 2012, p. 487) However, uniformed policing plays an important role in counter-terrorism operations. Due to their knowledge and close working relationships within the local community, police are in the best position to detect and prevent terrorist actions from occurring. “So far, terrorist attempts in...
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...How 9/11 Changed America Final Exam Essay 3/11/2016 On September 11, 2001 America watched in horror as an act of terror hit New York City. Two commercial airline planes were hijacked and rerouted to hit the World Trade Center buildings. Today the question is being asked, did this result from intelligence failures? My answer to that is yes. When something is going wrong and you do not know what is happening, that is an intelligence failure. November of 1941, the U.S. intelligence community knew that the Japanese were moving their fleets across the Pacific; however they could not quite figure out where the target location was. In November 1944, American and British intelligence knew that the Germans were massing around the Ardennes; it was not until the Battle of the Bulge did they find out why. In 1990, the U.S. intelligence community was aware that Saddam Hussein was moving armored forces in Iraq and various places; again we did not know why until it was too late. How many times does this have to happen before change is made? The intelligence community should know about people’s capabilities and their intentions. We do find out intentions some of the time, but not all of the time. The intelligence game is a zero-sum business. If you do not find intelligence all of the time, then what happened in New York will happen again. Maybe not in the same fashion, but something will happen. What happened? Nineteen members of al-Qaeda hijacked 4 American Airlines Boeing...
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...Merging Resources and Analyzing Data Domestic and Global Intelligence for Security Management Merging Resources and Analyzing Data It is essential for any organization to have effective utilization of all of its resources In order to do so, an organization must have sound policies and procedures in place. In regards to homeland security these procedures are led by multiple law enforcement partnerships. Bringing uniformity to multiple organizations to collectively analyze data is certainly a challenge. Many Federal, State, and local agencies have been providing good intelligence products, still there are areas that require improvement. These areas potentially hinder the gathering and sharing of intelligence. Legal, procedural and cultural barriers add up to what the 9/11 Commission refers to as the “human or systemic resistance to sharing information” (Kean et al., 2004). Combining local, state and federal law enforcement agencies to work together in order to protect and deter against potential threats is the mission for Homeland Security. When analyzing the multiple areas of law enforcement, they must be looked at both individually and nationally. By doing so, we are able to design the state and local roles while maintaining our homeland security’s overall mission. It’s important for the flow or information or intelligence be passed along both smoothly and accurately. Ultimately, the collection and analysis of all information will help increase our ability to prevent...
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