...Tati Chermayeff AP Government & Politics November 5, 2015 Divided Government FRQ Jeffrey A. Fine, Ph.D, defines a unified government as one where the same party controls the presidency and both houses of Congress. This form of leadership is the contradictory of divided government. Although uncommon in most presidencies of the 21st century, Mr. Obama enjoyed a democratic majority within the House for the first two years of his first term, starting in 2008. Typically, a unified government encounters little trouble when enacting laws. The president is less likely to veto Congressional legislation, vise-versa, when there are minimal ideological differences between the legislative and executive branches. The larger a party majority in Congress is, the less likely it is for a gridlock to occur. The majority can suppress the minority and easily push their own agendas forward. Like wise, the filibuster is less menacing under the reign of a unified government with a large majority. Minorities often use filibusters to assert their power, however, with an overpowering large majority the ruling party can overturn the filibuster with a cloture....
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...kCHAPTER 6 Cost-Benefit Analysis and Government Investments TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 1. A cost-effective program mix is one that accomplishes a given mission at minimum cost. 2. Cost-benefit analysis is a technique for determining the net benefits of alternative government projects. F 3. An increase in the profits of gasoline dealers on an improved road is a benefit of the road project. F 4. If increases in agricultural land values are viewed as a benefit of an irrigation project, then the market value of projected increased crops should also be included as a benefit of the project. 5. The social rate of discount must equal the opportunity cost of funds used to finance a project. F 6. If a project has a B/C ratio of 0.9, its approval will result in net benefits to citizens of the nation. F 7. The benefits of widening a road consist only of the cost savings to existing users of the road. 8. If the benefits of a new bridge exceed the costs, then there will be a net social gain from building the bridge. F 9. If the marginal social cost of a new road exceeds its marginal social benefit, then building the road will result in a net social gain. F 10. The higher the social rate of discount, the more government projects for which benefits will exceed costs. T 11. A lower discount rate favors more capital-intensive investments that yield net benefits further into the future. 12. The present value of a stream of net benefits for 20 years will be less than the sum of those benefits...
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...a. A unified government is the circumstance of one party controlling both chambers of Congress and the presidency at the same time. Under unified government, it is easier to enact legislation than when there is divided government. A unified government also provides advantages for the use of the filibuster. Under unified government, there is less ideological discord between the president and Congress. Some scholars argue that this allows for a shorter confirmation process and a lesser likelihood of obstruction than in a divided government. This is because the majority and the President belong to the same political Party and have similarly rooted views. The likelihood of presidents to block legislation and of presidential failure to pass legislation...
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...Govt-2301-WS3 What makes us so different? Understanding Political Ideology through Partisanship People today think that it doesn’t matter how you vote, the outcome will always be the same because the Democratic and GOP parties are run by corporations. Some think that in order to break away from the special interests and influences, there should be a strong third party and that party with a different platform is the Libertarian Party. Historically the main two parties were not much different. In the beginning both parties believed that “men (not big government) was to rule them” (The Fundamental Differences Between Republican and Democrats). There was a mutual desire for individual freedom. Currently it seems that their fundamental beliefs have changed. The Democratic Party wants to increase government involvement in the lives of the American public, whereas the Republicans would like to see decreased national government and have each state govern themselves (The Fundamental Differences Between Republican and Democrats). The Libertarians seem to want to get back to what the founding fathers envisioned. Each party has very strong convictions on the topics that confront America today. The hottest topic facing the nation is Same Sex Marriage. Since the beginning the Democrats have defended Civil Rights and supported the expansion of opportunities for all. They fight to end all forms of discrimination, but this is an uphill battle. “We support marriage equality and support...
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...Running head: WHAT WERE THE REASONS AMERICA’S FOREFATHERS DIVIDED THE GOVERNMENT INTO LEGISLATIVE, JUDICIAL, AND EXECUTIVE BRANCHES? 1 What were the reasons America’s forefathers divided the Government into legislative, judicial, and executive branches? Dorthea Johnson HIS/ 301 November 8, 2012 James Halm What were the reasons America’s forefathers divided the government Into legislative, judicial, and executive branches? The main reason our America’s forefathers divided our government into three branches was because they thought every man had the capacity to be corrupt, or was corrupt and they also wanted to avoid tyranny. Tyranny is defined as, having the capacity to be authoritarian or to just be authoritarian ruler. To separate powers...
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...To what extent do you accept the view that the USA and the USSR were already divided by irreconcilable differences by the end of the fighting in Europe in May 1945? I agree to some extent that the USA and USSR were already divided by irreconcilable differences by 1945 due to their ideological differences which contradicted the beliefs of the other nation. The USA believed in a democratic world which would benefit the economic interests of the USA with free open markets. However the USSR with its new position in the world aimed to improve its security by spreading its communist influence in neighboring countries. Security was an important issue due to its past experiences of being attacked by the west through Eastern Europe such as the west's intervention in the Russian civil war of 1917-18. This experience therefore led the Soviet Union to have a mutual suspicion of the motives of the USA and the west during the war. Therefore the USA and USSR were already divided by 1945. However they were not completely divided as they managed to become allies in their fight against Nazi Germany. The fact that they were able to unite to fight a common cause which was to defeat Nazi Germany illustrates that they were not divided by irreconcilable differences by 1945. The two nations were already divided due to their ideological differences as highlighted in source 1 which is from the orthodox perspective. According to the USA, 'The USSR was a revolutionary state' inherently driven by Marxist-Leninist...
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...was more uniting than dividing the North and the South in 1850? During 1850 America the gap between the North and the South was becoming more apparent. The obvious divide of social, culture and economics were forcing these sides ever further apart, sped up by the catalyst of slavery, the North and South could be described as not even one nation anymore. Yet despite these clear differences historians such as Bruce Cotton have stated that these current issues should not mask there deep uniting factors that made America such a powerful country. Their shared history, language and federal government, when considered, should outweigh these recent issues that were separating America in 1850. However as the civil war has shown these links were hidden behind the three main issues, of social, slavery and economics, dividing America in 1850. The view that the North and South was more united than divided is quite an invalid view because of the three main factors and the fact that the uniting factors could no longer hold America together. One of the key factors dividing the North and the South is the economical differences. The industrial difference is not actually a real dividing factor as both the North and the South started to industrialise and continued in agriculture, both just did such jobs on different scales than each other, with the South focused on cotton and sugar plantations with around 80% agriculture and the North focused on industry, such as factories, however the North...
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...the text “American Government” separation of power is where the three branches of government, which are the executive, legislative, and the judicial, are kept separate in order to prevent any branch from tyrannizing the majority (Levin-Waldman, 2012). This is where checks and balances come in to play, where each branch is given a particular amount of power to keep balance between all three branches, and insuring one branch does not have more power than another. The three branches perform their own functions that are more appropriately suited for each branch, and no person can serve on more than one branch at the same time. According to the video “Checks and Balances” when congress passes a bill the president has the right to veto the bill from becoming a law, but when the president veto’s a bill it returns to congress and can be overridden if at least thirds from each house approved the bill (C-Span, 1990). It is important to not allow one person or group to have all the power in approving and disapproving bills becoming laws creating the separation of power. The constitutional framers based the new government on these ideas, because they were afraid of mob rule that would come from all citizens debating and voting rather than voting on a direct representative for the citizens. Today I feel that separation of power and, check and balances are not working the way that they were originally intended, and a prime example was seen last year with the government shut down. When...
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...such a deeply divided country. Either slavery will spread completely, or it will be stopped and become extinct. This would be achieved with one side winning a war, as the divisions were deep and violent, as seen in Bleeding Kansas. In other words, Lincoln believed the civil war was inevitable. An example of anti- slavery beliefs was shown in Uncle Tom’s Cabin, document 2. It was written when slavery was still legal in many states and was written against the fugitive slave act. The author felt that they were being forced to continue slavery even in free states, as they were with runaway slaves. This led to more polar beliefs in people who read it, and the book was very popular. Her audience was Christians; she wanted them to know slavery was evil, and against their faith. As a result, many more people strongly opposed slavery. Another example of extreme beliefs in America was with John Brown. John Brown was an abolitionist who attempted to lead a slave revolt by giving weapons to slaves. Fredrick Douglas spoke about this in his speech at storer college in document 6 “...
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...Jassi Sikand Dr. Douglas Dow DATE \@ "M/d/yy" 2/9/14 A Discussion about Framed A Précis of Framed: America’s 51 Constitutions and the Crisis of Governance In Framed: America's 51 Constitutions and the Crisis of Governance, Sanford Levinson evaluates the current standing of the Constitution. He sets aside what most people would think of as ‘constitutional law’. He is not interested in discussing topics of major debate, calling them the ‘constitution of conversation,’ but rather, wishes to discuss those topics which have already been, for the most part, settled, aptly called the ‘constitution of settlement.’ Topics such as whether Congress should be a bicameral legislature, or whether judges should be appointed for life, or whether the electorate should be able to vote on constitutional amendments. Topics that are not questions of interpretation, but rather, questions of the wisdom of the structural decisions of the Constitution itself, most of which were made way back during the Philadelphia Convention. His purpose in doing so is not so much to answer questions, but rather to ask them. He seldom gives his own positions on the questions that he asks - more so, he wishes to open up the public’s mind about such questions. In order to do so, he seldom uses expert jargon, preferring to explain himself as much a common man (or woman) would. His point throughout the entire book is not to chastise the Framers of the Constitution, but to explain how while decision made back...
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...Separation of Powers/Checks and Balances * Analyze how the U.S. Constitution implements separation of powers and checks and balances. Briefly explain why the constitutional framers based the new government on these ideas. Evaluate how separation of powers and checks and balances are working out in practice, today, justifying your assessments with persuasive reasoning and examples. “The ancient political philosophers, particularly Aristotle, believed that a successful republic could best be achieved through a mixed constitution (also called a mixed government), whereby power would be divided among a sovereign, a legislature, and the aristocracy. Politically, this entailed the separation of powers into distinct branches of government so that one branch could prevent another from tyrannizing the majority. The tendency toward despotism and corruption, in other words, would be limited because of the checks placed on power. But it was not enough to have checks and balances between different branches of government; there also had to be checks and balances within the legislative branch. Republicanism specifically called for a bicameral legislature, which was the division of the legislative body into two chambers.” (Levin-Waldman, O.M. (2012) I have found it very important to finish this discussion properly by adding these writings: “The Declaration of Independence puts forth many core American values. However, these values have to be institutionalized, or made concrete in...
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...COMPARATIVE FOREING GOVERNMENT The US Political system- principles, institutions, rules and performance * A Democratic Republic * Political power, authority and legitimacy resides in the ¨we the people¨ * Officeholders serve specified terms and face regularly schedule elections * Political office cannot be inherited or conferred (no monarch, no nobility) * A constitutional system * A single document defining government powers, institutions and their functions, electoral procedures * Short and difficult to amend * Flexible and adaptable to changing circumstances (¨living document¨) * Widely perceived as legitimate by ¨we the people¨ * A representative democracy * Elected representatives –not ¨we the people¨-- make national law and policy (no referenda, recall, or ballot initiative) * The rule of law * Power of government over citizens explicitly limited (bill of rights) * The judiciary (federal courts) is on independent brunch of government whose members are protected by interference * All the elected are subjected to the law * Appointed officials are accountable to elected officials and to the courts * Institutional characteristics * /Separation of power/ divides political power and governmental authority among three branches having distinctive powers * Checks and balances allows each branch to offset the powers of the others * A powerful bicameral legislature with a meaningful upper house *...
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...States has undoubtedly caught the attention of all individuals walking the globe. Citizens of several foreign countries are rather green-eyed when it comes to the way our American government is set up. The United States government possesses a republic that is directly self-governed, over all the people, for all the people, by all the people. Recently however, circumstances have taken a turn and our country is facing one of the worst economic predicaments since the Great Depression. As the country takes a turn for a plummet, members of society find themselves pointing fingers at our government and the foundation of our republic, the constitution. Now the economy has improved to some extent under the presence of President Obama; however, the progress has been far more sluggish than anticipated by the general public, and the national debt, which was unapparent not too long ago, has managed to surpass 16 trillion dollars. With such a big toll over its shoulders, our country is facing an economic burden that is projected to keep mounting. As our citizens stand by and observe the government take on all its issues, a question leaves a great number of individuals puzzled: is our administration broken? As plausible modifications arouse the minds of many entities, bringing changes to the United States government would simply result in controversy for the simple reason that the constitution has been implemented for over 200 years. In fact, the United States has grown remarkably since our...
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...ow effectively does Congress fulfil its constitutional roles? (45) Congress has many constitutional roles to fulfil such as the power of the purse, oversight, foreign policy and legislation. It can be argued that Congress does fulfil its constitutional roles as it may deliver effective over sighting, legislation, money bills, representation and foreign policy that may provide good checks and balances. However, most would argue that congress may not carry its roles effectively or sometimes not effectively enough which leads to poor scrutiny, and sometimes over-scrutinising, which leads to ineffective fulfilment of constitutional roles. I believe that the level of effectiveness will be the role of circumstances such as divided governments and united governments which can determine the effectiveness of congress for certain roles. Congress has the role to pass legislation, scrutinise and emend bills for an effective fulfilment of the role. Congress will often amend bills which are initiated by the president in order to check the balance of power. With Congress commonly amend bills, it shows evidence of effective fulfilment of this role to scrutinise the work of the president. Congress will also take a vote on a bill which allows further scrutiny as bills may be passed or rejected by Congress. However, it can be argued that these roles are not effectively fulfilled. For instance, many bills get amended and sometimes heavily amended in such a way that bills come out the other end...
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...The Iroquois constitution was written years before the US. Constitution. It is older than the document itself and its amendments. Many believe our constitution incorporated many ideas of democratic government from the Iroquois constitution because of the various similarities found in both documents, such as the basic structure of the documents, designation of a person in charge, the power of veto, impeachment and the division of government. There is also historical evidence that some of the founding fathers were in direct contact with the Iroquois people. Freedom of speech, religion and press have been controversial issues for many years. That is why a preamble was part of both constitutions. The inclusion of a preamble is vital in both documents. The Iroquois used symbolism,” Five bound arrows symbolize our complete union. ... We have tied ourselves together in one head, body, one spirit and one soul to settle all matters as one” both preambles highlight the importance of unity and liberty. Antifederalists were concerned with protecting individual’s rights and fought for the inclusion of a Bill of rights to our constitution. That is why our constitution reads; “We the people of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution of the United States of America...
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