...formidable task on how long you will study is depending on the specialty that you choose. Below are the different specializations in the field of Psychology Addiction Psychology As the specialty name implies, this area of psychology uses psychological research and theories to counsel, diagnose and treat individuals with addictions. Addiction psychologists take various psychological approaches, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, behaviorism and psychodynamics to treat and better understand addictions. Addiction Psychology uses a method which are psychological research and theories to treat, counsel, diagnose a...
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...Is empowerment a valuable tool for increasing efficiency and effectiveness in today’s organisations? In recent years, the degree of competition in the business world has increase dramatically, business has to be able to adapt with the change of the environment, law, and technology. Many managerial practices have been developed to enable the organisation to increase its efficiency and effectiveness. Empowerment as a tool that focusing on increasing employee motivation to contribute on the organisation has been discussed in widely for years, many scholars have conducted a large number of study on this regard. From various journal articles, this paper will define and discuss the benefit of the concept of empowerment on the organisation in three different aspects, first, the individual empowerment which personal perception on the workplace. Second, empowerment climate which is directly related to firm’s code of conducts as well as structures. Lastly, the relationship across two level or multi-level empowerment will be explained and discussed. The question that is the empowerment a valuable tool for increasing organisation’s efficiency and effectiveness will also be answered There are arguments on the definition of empowerment since this concept is complex and can be explained on multiple dimensions, levels, and disciplines. Definition of empowerment in general was explicitly given by Conger and Kanungo (1988) as “ a process of enhancing feeling of self-efficacy among organisational...
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...such as genetics, psychological and emotional health or society. Annotated Bibliography Brownell, Kelly D; Fairburn, Christopher G (2005). Eating Disorders and Obesesity A Comprehensive Handbook. This article will provide a comprehensive study of eating disorders. Molecular genetics of eating disorders will show examples of how genetics is used to find causes of eating disorders. It will show how researchers in neurobiology have used eating behavior to try to find the different reasons why people have eating disorders. A variety of substances is believed to be involved in the complex process of integrating physiological and behavioral systems. Kelly D Brownell, PhD, is a credible source because of his knowledge. He is a Professor of Psychology at Yale University. Christopher G Fairburn is credible also because he specialize in research on nature and treatment of eating disorders. He has addressed different aspects of the eating disorder such as diagnostic status, epidemiology, etiology, assessment, course, and treatment. This article will provide comprehensive coverage of the main issues of relevance to the eating disorder for research paper. It will help with procedures used to determine the causes of eating disorders. Eating Disorders-Clinical Trials. Retrieved from http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Eating-disorders/Pages/clinical-trial.aspx This article focuses on what cause eating disorders. It details some biological or influencing factors, combined with an...
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...Goring (1870-1919), Gabriel Tarde (1843-1904) and Cesare Lombroso (1835-1909), and their contribution to the development and studies of the Sociological, Biological, Psychological, and Social-Psychological theories. The Sociological theory studies social behavior and cultural factors, such as gender, race, socioeconomic status, moral values, friends, environmental, situational factors, poor education, and how these factors contribute to criminal behavior. The basis of the Sociological theories is that certain groups within society have fewer opportunities than others to achieve their goals. For example; Kids that are raised by a single parent, with financial limitations have a highly propensity to join gangs, and commit robbery than a kid that have been raised by both parents. Biological Theories are focused primarily in the study of physical and biological conditions that control human behavior. It was in this area where Cesare Lambroso focused his studies. His theory was based on the assumption that criminals have specific physical feature abnormalities. His theory implied that prisoners had common facial characteristics, such as the shape of their skulls, large cheekbones, ears and lips, similar asymmetry of their heads and faces, etc. Psychological Theory Trait View is the second branch of the Trait Theories, and its main focus is the psychological aspects of crime, including the association among learning, intelligence, personality,...
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...Wladislaw Rivkin, Stefan Diestel, Klaus-Helmut Schmidt* The positive relationship between servant leadership and employees’ psychological health: A multi-method approach** Servant leadership is thought to encourage socially responsible and moral behaviors. In the present article, we test the positive relationship between servant leadership and employees’ psychological health. We argue that servant leadership is positively related to employees’ health because servant leaders shape employees’ needs and create work environments that fulfill these needs. We examine the proposed relationship of servant leadership (a) competing for variance with different well-known stressors, (b) in multiple samples, (c) at the within- and between-person level, and (d) in relation to long- and short-term indicators of strain. On the basis of this multi-method approach we seek to demonstrate that our results are invariant across different methodological conditions. In Study 1 (N=443), we simultaneously tested the between-person level relationships of servant leadership and job ambiguity to emotional exhaustion and depersonalization as the core symptoms of burnout. In Study 2 (N=75), we simultaneously tested the relationships of person-level servant leadership and day-level emotional dissonance to day-level ego depletion and need for recovery as outcomes. The results of both studies demonstrate that servant leadership is negatively related to strain and accounts for unique variance in short- and long-term...
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...Psychological Effects of Marriage American Military University Abstract This paper explores one article on the effects marriage has on individuals that may have been depressed prior to being married. Research is conducted through numerous different couples of different ages, working status, and amount of children in the household. Research for the paper was conducted with the APUS Campus Library Pro Quest database. Studies suggest that either one person in the marriage may not be happy so the theory that people are happier after marriage isn’t true. Psychological Effects of Marriage Research has been conducted to show that people are happier after getting married if they were once depressed prior to their marriage. Does marriage really propose psychological effects change after getting married? Supporting studies have claimed different because individuals with in marriages are still not happy according to the data collected on the topic. The research could have been conducted more thoroughly to ask a few more supporting questions to see if all individuals are effected the same by marriage. In the article Depression and Psychological Benefits of Entering Marriage the Author states that the studies provided may not actually represent what the study was intended to. Marriage has different effects on all individuals of different ages (Frech and Williams, 2007). Case studies show the difference between people varies depending on the variables of the study. Many supporting...
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...CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE This chapter presents the background of the study; the theoretical and conceptual frameworks; statements of the problem; the hypothesis; significance of the study; the scope and limitations of the study; and the conceptual definition of terms. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY College is a unique socialization experience. It’s the time when an individual is able to figure out who he or she is, as well as the type of friends he or she wants in his or her life. While intramurals, clubs, athletics, and dorm-life are common ways of socializing, joining Greek-life –Fraternity or Sorority– is also popular among college students. Fraternities and sororities provide many benefits to students such as leadership opportunities, participation in college activities, friendships and extended connections with other chapters around the nation. Although popular, induction into Greek organizations has become a problem because of the practice of hazing. As in many instances where new members are indoctrinated into an established organization there exists an imbalance of power. Various definitions exist to describe behaviors such as hazing and bullying but most emphasize “the continuity of harassment over time and the imbalance of power between the bullies and the victims.” (Adams, 1992; Leyman, 1990) This imbalance of power has the potential to create opportunities for abuse. Frequently this abuse manifests itself in the form of hazing. Hazing is defined as “…any...
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...Anorexia Nicole R. King Georgia Perimeter College Author Note Nicole R. King, Criminal Justice Major, Georgia Perimeter College Abstract Eating disorders have become an increasing public health problem once thought to be an affliction amongst young women, now an epidemic across culture and gender boundaries. Anorexia gives rise to serious socio-economic and bio-psychological circumstances of our ever vast, growing society. Awareness of eating disorders have increased but perhaps only in proportion to its advancement of its research and treatment. That which still leaves us in a position for a much greater demand for education and heightened awareness of this perplexing disease. Keywords: anorexia, experiment, independent variable, dependent variable, psychological, manipulator, research. A Look Into the World of Anorexia Both articles, Cookie Monster (2005, December). Newsweek. Fighting Anorexia-New Research Into Its Origins-and Its Youngest Victims, ("Fighting Anorexia- New Research Into Its Origins-and Its Youngest Victims", 2005, p. 1-3), briefly summarize the findings of various psychological research studies. In no way do these articles adequately provide details about experimental procedures or long-term research. To further understand and evaluate research, both articles would have needed to provide specific details such as; the manipulator, the independent variable, and the variable. More specifically, the article Cookie Monster, only reiterated five points of evaluated...
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...Woods-Buchanan 1 December 2012 I chose to focus on the factors that impact domestic violence for my final paper because in my career, I have seen the rate of domestic violence increase. I have always known about it, but never really took the time out to actually research what the causes were. By choosing this topic, I hope that not only will I be able to educated myself a little more, but maybe help save someone’s life by helping them remove themselves out of a domestic violence situation. Domestic violence can affect anyone, regardless of income, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender identity or religion. Domestic violence is a type of abuse. Usually a spouse or partner is involved in causing injury to the other spouse or partner. However, domestic violence can also involve a parent, child or other family member. The single most influential factor of domestic violence in society is the continuation of a generational cycle of abuse and/or a history of abuse in the family of origin. It is also linked to a person who has poor self-esteem (Life challenges, 2002). Domestic violence, sometimes called battering, family violence, or intimate partner violence, is a pattern of behavior used to establish power and control over another person through fear and intimidation, often including the threat or use of violence. Domestic violence can include physical abuse, emotional abuse, psychological abuse, economic abuse, and/or sexual abuse. Abusers use threats...
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...Human Resource Management and employee engagement: A Literature Review Managing Human Resources: BHRM702 Introduction The term employee engagement is somewhat a new construct, in the late 1950s it was work motivation which was the main topic of discussion however over the past decade this notion has expanded to many new constructs ‘work engagement’ being one of them, Albrecht (2010). Moreover in recent years there has been growing interest in employee engagement within organisations, Saks (2006).This is due to the fact that many researchers have concluded that employee engagement is a key factor for an organisational success, Macey et al (2009). Despite the significance of employee engagement being linked to organisational success, it is clear that little empirical research has been undertaken, and little academic literature has been published. As Saks (2006) put it, “there is a surprising dearth of research on employee engagement in the academic literature” (p. 600). This literature review will focus on ‘work engagement’ and employee engagement as two main constructs. As it will become prevalent, the central issue of employee engagement is the fact that there has yet to be a clear definition of “employee engagement” and how it should be measured, Saks and Gruman (2014). It is also evident that there are unanswered questions about the antecedents and consequences of engagement, Menguc et al (2013). The first section of the literature review will look at antecedents and consequences...
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... Identify the core research question(s) addressed by the study. (Hint: The research questions are usually formulated upfront, in the introductory section of the article. Ans: The key question is how the leadership behavior would affect subordinates improvement-oriented voice. In this study, the author address four research questions in which exanimate: Whether the leadership behavior and subordinated voice are co-related He further divided the employee types into better performers and poor performers to exanimate for which would have a better result from leadership behavior Is psychological safety is a mediator between leadership and voice? How does the leader can promote the development of employee? Q2. Outline the general theoretical framework underpinning the study and/or the assumptions underlying the study. (Hint: The framework and the study assumptions are usually presented in the introductory and the literature review sections of the article.) For this research framework would indicate as follow: The Independent variable is the change oriented leadership include: Transformation leadership Managerial Openness The Dependent variable is the subordinate improvement oriented voice, the researcher classified the DV into two caterogies: High performers Low performers Between the IV and DV, the author believes that the subordinate perceptions of psychological safety is a mediator between them. Study 1 And therefore the underpinning leadership behavior: managerial...
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...To Know And Study The Trends Of Consumer Buying Behavior Toward The Cosmetic Products Of HUL, P&G And Nirma Company’s Brands. 2013 PRITHVI NATH THAKUR St. KABIR INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIED 12/31/2013 EXECUTIVE SUMMERY The Project and research works are integral part of academic curriculum. During the process I get an opportunity to study the market scenario and set the practical aspect of theory which makes the concept clear. This is an outcome of the research work and study of market that undertaken on the subject related to “To Know And Study The Trends Of Consumer Buying Behavior Toward The Cosmetic Products Of HUL, P&G And Nirma Company’s Brands.” of the cosmetic items. The study and research is also to understand the value of sales and advertisement promotion so also the perception of cosmetic users. DECLARATION I Prithvi Nath Thakur student of PGDM at St. Kabir Institute of Professional Studies Ahmedabad, 2012-14 batch, hereby declare that the Project Report Titled “To Know And Study The Trends Of Consumer Buying Behavior Toward The Cosmetic Products Of HUL, P&G And Nirma Company’s Brands.” is the outcome of my work and same has not submitted by any institute for the award of any degree or any professional diploma. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I owe a great many thanks to a great people, ...
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...Lecturer Department of Marketing Faculty of Business Studies University of Dhaka How does Overcrowding Affect Human Being? Department of Marketing Faculty of Business Studies University of Dhaka “Leopards” Group Profile: SL NO | NAME | ID | 1 | S. M. Fahim Uddin | 20 | 2 | Ariful Islam | 92 | 3 | Shima Akter | 104 | 4 | Imran Hossain | 156 | 5 | Md. Tareq Hossain | 178 | Definition of overcrowding: According to the World Health Organization, overcrowding refers to the situation in which more people are living within a single dwelling than there is space for, so that movement is restricted, privacy secluded, hygiene impossible, rest and sleep difficult. The terms crowding and overcrowding are often used interchangeably to refer to the same condition. The effects on quality of life due to crowding may be due to children sharing a bed or bedroom, increased physical contact, lack of sleep, lack of privacy, poor hygiene practices and an inability to care adequately for sick household members. While population density is an objective measure of number of people living per unit area, overcrowding refers to people's psychological response to density. But, definitions of crowding used in statistical reporting and for administrative purposes are based on density measures and do not usually incorporate people’s perceptions of crowding. The social and psychological effects of overcrowding: The social and psychological effects of overcrowding can be summarized as follows: ...
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...understanding the conditions, the paper will conclude with a summary of the main points made. The holistic approach in understanding mental health conditions looks at the whole person and explores biological, psychological and social aspects of an individual. The holistic approach dictates that these interdependent factors be examined to provide explanation and inform possible interventions, a biopsychosocial perspective is a type of holism (Toates, 2010, pg.19). Engel, 1977, rejected the narrow principles of the biomedical model in favour of a biopsychosocial model to increase understanding of mental health conditions (Engel, 1977, cited in Toates, 2010, pg.14)....
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...prison sentences. As we begin to understand the relationship between personality and criminal behavior, we begin developing rehabilitation programs intended to treat the underlying psychological issues that motivate people to commit certain crimes. By rehabilitating these individuals without incarceration, we can help keep prison populations down while benefitting society by allowing rehabilitated criminals to integrate back into their communities. Theories exist that can provide evidence linking behavioral traits to criminal behavior. Experts believe there biological, sociobiological, and psychological traits that contribute to the criminal behavior of an individual. Studies show that even all three traits combine to create a cocktail that leads to dishonest and unethical acts that can be defined as crime. As we examine these behavioral traits our focus will be on the psychological aspects of criminal behavior. Psychological behavior can be classified as conduct disorder that is usually identified in early childhood. These psychological disorders act as a precursor to possible criminal behavior during adulthood and can expose a pattern of behavior related to antisocial personality disorder (Psychological Theories, n.d.). This type of cognitive behavior can present the motivating factor driving an individual towards more deviant and violent behavior as they turn to crime. But some experts, such as Glenn Walters and Thomas White, argue that social and environmental...
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