...Ancient woodland is defined as any woodland which has remained woodland for the last 400 years (since 1600) or more in England, Wales and Northern Ireland (1750 in Scotland). It can either be Ancient semi-natural woodland (ASNWs), plantation on ancient woodland site (PAWS), Restored Ancient Woodland Site (RAWS) or Ancient Woodland Site of unknown category (AWSU). ASNWs refer to ancient woodlands that retain a native tree and shrub cover that has not been planted, although it may have been coppiced or felled and allowed to regenerate naturally. PAWs are ancient woodlands where the original tree cover has been felled and replaced by planting, often with conifers , usually over the last century and are comprised of a canopy cover of more than 50% non-native conifer tree species. RAWs are ancient woodlands that will have gone through a phase when canopy cover will have been more than 50% non-native conifer tree species and now have a canopy cover of more than 50% broadleaf. AWSUs are woodlands which may be any of the above and are predominantly in transition where the existing tree cover is described as shrubs, young trees, felled or ground prepared for planting. Ancient woodlands are particularly important because they are typically exceptionally rich in wildlife including many rare species and habitat and act as reservoirs from which wildlife can spread into new woodland. They preserve the integrity of soil ecological processes and associated biodiversity. They are also an integral...
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...Plants General Characteristics: * Multicellular, primarily terrestrial eukaryotes with well developed tissues * Autotrophic by photosynthesis * Chlorophyl a and b , carotenoids etc. * Store starch in chloroplast * Cell wall – cellulose * Protect the embryo from drying out by providing it with water and nutrients within the female reproductive structure * Alternation of generation’s life cycle ( sporophyte and gametophyte phase) Main Division: 1. Non Vascular * Lack vascular tissues * No true roots, stems and leaves * Rootlike, stemlike, and leaflike structures * Usually small * Found in moist habitat * Example: hornwort, liverwort, mosses 2. Vascular * Seedless * Include the ferns * With vascular tissues * With true roots, stems and leaves * Seed * Gymnosperm (naked seed) and Angiosperm (enclosed seed) * With vascular tissue * With true roots, stems and leaves * Gymnosperms * Cone bearing plants * Conifers * Cycads * Ginkgo * Gnetophytes * Angiosperms (Flowering Plants) A. Dicot (class Magniliopsida) * More primitive than monocots * Embryo has two cotyledon * Floral part’s in 4’s or 5’s or multiples of 4’s or 5’s * Mostly woody, some herbaceous stems * Oval or palmate leaves with netlike venation * Taproot system A. Monocot (class Liliopsida) ...
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...variación morfológica que caracteriza la hoja de las angiospermas, la estructura interna de este órgano es también muy diversa y aún en la misma planta, pueden existir diferencias notorias en la histología de las distintas hojas que integran la sucesión foliar. En una misma hoja, la estructura en la lámina foliar resulta distinta a la del pecíolo ocurriendo comúnmente en este último un arreglo histológico bastante similar al que se observa en el tallo. Seguidamente, se describen los rasgos anatómicos más comunes en la lámina foliar de una planta de habitat mésico (mesófita). ANATOMÍA DE LA LÁMINA FOLIAR En la hoja, al igual que en los restantes órganos vegetativos de la planta, se encuentran tres sistemas de tejidos: dérmico, fundamental y vascular; sin embargo, en la lámina foliar a diferencia de la raíz y del tallo, usualmente no se produce crecimiento secundario, el cual sólo se presenta ocasionalmente en el nervio medio y en el pecíolo. El sistema dérmico está representado por la epidermis, la cual en la mayoría de las hojas se diferencia en epidermis superior o adaxial y epidermis inferior o abaxial. Comúnmente ambas epidermis están formadas una sola capa de células y por lo general las de la epidermis adaxial son más grandes y poseen una cutícula más gruesa, en comparación con las de la epidermis abaxial. Los estomas pueden ubicarse bien en la epidermis inferior (hojas hipostomáticas) o en ambas epidermis (hojas anfiestomáticas), y en este último caso la densidad de estomas...
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...developing, was the rise of bryophytes descending from the green algae. This is believed to have happened about 409-354 million years ago. They lack lignified vascular tissue and therefore cannot grow to be very tall. Therefore it is believed that the bryophytes were very small and low to the ground. They also needed water to survive and were found most commonly in wet habitats. With the emergence of these basic plants, they were then able to provide more of a food source for early amphibians which evolved shortly after. Amphibians and insects evolved close in the same time-frame, along with early vascular land plants. The first vascular plants fossils appeared about 425 million years ago in rocks from middle Silurian. These plants had a few features that made them able to adapt well to life on land. First, the vascular systems abled them to transport water, nutrients and sugars much more efficiently. Also, they were able to synthesize lignin which made their cell walls very supportive. Therefore, these features abled them to grow larger and away from moist habitats. They include ferns, club mosses, horsetails, etc, and have true roots, stems, and leaves! One phylum of seedless vacular plants, progymnosperms, is believed to be what gymnsosperms evolved from about 380 million years ago. These are vascular plants...
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... 39. Name the specific type of plant tissue or cell that performs the following functions: a) waterproofing the surface layer: Epidermis » it produces cutin b) rapidly dividing into new cells: meristematic cells c) transporting sugars throughout the plant: phloem 40. Maple syrup is produced from the sap moving in the xylem of maple trees in the early spring. How would taking too much sap in the spring harm the maple tree? A: Sapwood is xylem, which is food for the tree. It is the stored sugar, and it is necessary for the tree to have energy. In the spring time, the tree is actively growing, therefore it would starve if the sap was taken out too early, and could cause it to die. 41. A number of plants are currently being studied for use in cleaning up land sites containing toxic substances. a. Name the technique of using plants for this purpose: Phytoremediation b. Describe one way plants can clean up toxic substances: Plants can clean up chemicals by taking in these toxins through the ground. As they take in water and nutrients from soil, streams and ground water, it can also take in the pollution as well. Then the tree can change the harmful chemicals into less harmful chemicals inside the plant. c. List two advantages and two disadvantages of this technique: Two advantages of phytoremediation is that the site can be cleaned up without removing polluted soil or pumping polluted groundwater, and it allows workers to avoid contact with harmful chemicals. Two disadvantages...
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...The Organization and function of plants On earth plants are intricate members of our very existence but the also have their organization as well there own functions. Plants aremulticellular photosynthetic eukaryotes that increasingly became adapted tolive on land . Plant organization and functions vary depending on its characteristics, or what the plant is made of most of which depends on the structure andenvironment of the plant pertains to. For instance, flowering plants mostconsist of a root system and shoot system being the leaves and stems. plantsalso have a few complex important parts stems, leaves, roots they alsohave a unique tissue system as well a few diferent type of cell types such asParenchyma See these are typical plant features which havevegetative organs these organs produce growth nutrition , but they do notintervene with the plants reproduction (9.1plants organ and systempg143). Root systems majority of plants are located beneaththe surface the functions of the root systems is to absorb water and mineralsfrom the soil it is used to feed off the entire plant. The root system is madeup of the branch root, root hairs and the primary root. The two mainpurposes of roots are to stabilize the plant in the soil, while at the sametime absorbing water and nutrients and dispersing them to the rest of theplant. Plants can also act as storage sites for food reserves. Water does notcome to roots nearly as much as roots must come...
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...Background of the Study wawfawgfwfeaheaufnhacwacawrcwawaI dunno. Soda's main ingredient is water. So whichever soda with the most water would make the plant grow the most.... But I'm sure the plants would probably die because soda is also known to do the opposite of what water does (I couldn't think of the proper word). So, this may not be the best idea.I dunno. Soda's main ingredient is water. So whichever soda with the most water would make the plant grow the most.... But I'm sure the plants would probably die because soda is also known to do the opposite of what water does (I couldn't think of the proper word). So, this may not be the best idea.I dunno. Soda's main ingredient is water. So whichever soda with the most water would make the plant grow the most.... But I'm sure the plants would probably die because soda is also known to do the opposite of what water does (I couldn't think of the proper word). So, this may not be the best idea.I dunno. Soda's main ingredient is water. So whichever soda with the most water would make the plant grow the most.... But I'm sure the plants would probably die because soda is also known to do the opposite of what water does (I couldn't think of the proper word). So, this may not be the best idea.I dunno. Soda's main ingredient is water. So whichever soda with the most water would make the plant grow the most.... But I'm sure the plants would probably die because soda is also known to do the opposite of what water does (I couldn't think...
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...white and black rabbits become concentrated. 2. Populations of bacteria evolve to become resistant to antibiotics through the process of natural selection. When a population of bacteria gets exposed to any give antibiotic, most of the bacteria will die. However, if some bacteria cells have resistance due to plasmids, they will survive. They will then pass this trait to their offspring, which will be a fully resistant generation. 3. Tooth reduction is one of the major evolutionary trends that developed among major vertebrate groups that allowed for the transition from aquatic to terrestrial life. Evolution of limbs and being able to breath air are other evolutionary trends that took place. 4. The nonvascular plants and even a few vascular plants like ferns reproduce by having the sperm swim through the external environment. This swimming requires a water film in the external environment, and also requires that the ovum be in a structure close enough to the ground that the sperm can swim to it. Gymnosperms and angiosperms make pollen. Sperm are confined within a pollen grain. So no swimming is required. Wind and animal pollination/dispersal has helped plants a lot. If a plant lives in the water and let a bunch of its gametes...
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...Introduction, Concept and Justification of the project: Medicinal plants are valuable natural resources which have been used in virtually all cultures. It is estimated that the number of higher plant species used worldwide for medicinal purposes is more than 50,000 (Schippmann et al., 2002). This equates to approximately 20% of the world’s vascular flora and constitutes the biggest spectrum of biodiversity used by people for a specific purpose (Hamilton et al., 2006). In fact, of the total pharmaceutical drug supply available worldwide, only 15% is consumed in developing countries (Lydecker et al., 1992), supporting the much-quoted WHO’s estimate that 80% of people worldwide rely on traditional medicine for their primary healthcare. The majority of these people are in developing countries, where rapid population growth is expected to increase pressures on medicinal plant resources. In the recent past the role of medicinal plants to cure various ailments has been reinvented. Increasing interest by multinational pharmaceutical companies and domestic manufacturers of herbal-based medicines is contributing significant economic growth of the global medicinal plants sector. However, unsustainable exploitation of medicinal plants has led to the extinction of many plants and many plants are on the verge of extinction. Internationally, the trade in medicinal plants is estimated to be worth $60 billion per year (World Bank, 2004) increasing at a rate of 7% a year (Koul and Wahab...
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...life * sustainable agriculture: an approach to agricultural production that integrates economics, the environment, and society in meeting the nutritional needs of the world - Plants as a Source of Fibres and Building Materials * textile: a fabric, flexible material, or related product made from natural or synthetic fibres, threads or yarns * timber: trees in their natural state or wood that has been prepared for use as a building material - Plants as a Source of Biochemicals * medicinal uses - Plants as a Source of Fuel biofuels a fuel that is produced from renewable biological sources - Plants and Erosion Control - Plants, Recreational and Ecotourism 13.2 - The Vascular Plant Body - Plant Classification : Vascular vs. Non Vascular - Vascular Plant Systems : Shoot System (above ground): the stems and leaves of a plant; stems: bear structural support and, in some cases perform photosynthesis leaves: specialized for photosynthesis Root System (below ground): the roots of a plant roots: anchors the plant and absorbs the water and mineral nutrients the plant needs - Anatomy of Plant Cell: *chloroplast*vacuole*cell wall - Plant Cells 1. Parenchyma (mature=alive): - spherical shape - cell walls flatten when packed...
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...BIOLOGY 10 Introduction to Biology Laboratory Manual Prepared by: KLLabrador Table of Contents |Exercise |Title |Page No. | |1 |Observation and Description |2 | |2 |Formulation, Testing of Hypothesis, |6 | | |and Experimental Design | | |3 |The Use of Models and Controls |9 | |4 |Plant and Animal Tissues |14 | |5 |Cellular Respiration |22 | |6 |Photosynthesis |27 | |7 |Phylogeny and Systematics: Survey of Plant and Animal Families |30 | | ...
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...Plant Tissues A mature vascular plant (any plant other than mosses and liverworts), contains several types of differentiated cells. These are grouped together in tissues. Some tissues contain only one type of cell. Some consist of several. Tissue is a cellular organizational level intermediate between cells and a complete organism. A tissue is an ensemble of similar cells and from the same origin, that together carry out a specific function. These are called tissues because of their identical functioning. Organs are then formed by the functional grouping together of multiple tissues. Examples of tissue in other multicellular organisms are vascular tissue in plants, such as xylem and phloem. Plant tissues are categorized broadly into three tissue systems: the epidermis, the ground tissue, and the vascular tissue. Together they are often referred to as biomass. * Epidermis - Cells forming the outer surface of the leaves and of the young plant body. * Vascular tissue - The primary components of vascular tissue are the xylem and phloem. These transport fluid and nutrients internally. * Ground tissue - Ground tissue is less differentiated than other tissues. Ground tissue manufactures nutrients by photosynthesis and stores reserve nutrients. Meristematic The main function of meristematic tissue is mitosis. The cells are small, thin-walled, with no central vacuole and no specialized features. Meristematic tissue is located in * the apical meristems at the growing...
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...4.1 Answers Remembering 1 Helps you find what you want. 2 Types, subject and author. Understanding 3 a Function of item b Service it provides c Season or popularity d Year the car was made or the model (type) of car e Genre 4 Similarities: Branching and dichotomous keys start with one large group and slowly divides into smaller more defined groups. Each division is a choice. Differences: Branching keys offer two or more divisions at each branch, whereas dichotomous keys have only two choices at each branch. Applying 5 a beetle b butterfly c grasshopper d mosquito e rhino beetle f termite solider Analysing 6 a Herman b Ken c Eugene d Louisa e Jane 7 Xero 8 Student responses will vary. [pic] Evaluating 9 Student responses will vary. Creating 10 Student responses will vary. a How are all the lollies at the cinema different? b Why are boys’ names different? 11 Student responses will vary. [pic] 12 Student responses will vary. 13 Student responses will vary. 14 Student responses will vary. An example follows: 1 a short Chris b not short Go to 2 2 a male Ro b not male Go to 3 3 a brunette Marg b not brunette Jacinta 15 Student responses will vary. 16 Student responses will vary. Examples follow: a [pic] b 1 a Lives in water ...
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...Echinoderms are one of the most highly derived groups of animals with many species as significant components of several marine communities. They’re classified by three fundamental shared characteristics: 1) pentaradial symmetry, 2) skeleton made of three-dimensional calcitic elements, and 3) the presence of a water vascular system with an external opening. This water-vascular system (WVS), in particular, remains a unique application of a hydraulic system, generating pressure gradients that are able to command hundreds of tiny, adorable tube feet to crawl over uneven surfaces and feeding on tough shelled prey like mussels. The basic components of the WVS in non-crinoid echinoderms (below) include a circumoral ring canal with five radial canals extending from off of it. Also attached to the ring canal is the madreporite, which acts as a door between the external environment of the sea and the internal environment of the echinoderm. The madreporite, named after its resemblance to the Madreporaria coral (meaning “mother of the pores”), is lined with cells that beat tail-like flagella in a variety of directions.The fluid inside the WVS is similar to seawater in composition but contains up to 60% more potassium ions, slightly higher concentrations of chloride ions, and freely floating albuminous protein. Sea cucumbers have also been found to have red blood cells in their WVS. Each radial canal has serially repeating pairs of shorter canals that attach to the tube feet, which are operated...
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...Asteroidea, the order Platyasterida, the family Luidiidae, the genus Astropecten, and the species Astropecten Articulatusthis. The basic characteristics of an echinoderm is that they have a central body with several arms, usually five or more, radiating out. They generally have mouths on their undersides. On their radiating segments they have tube feet with suction pads that help them to move along the ocean floor. Most have a slow motion, but the Pointed Sand star happens to be the fastest, and can move thirty inches in one minute. The class Asteroidea is characterized by a size of under two centimeters to twenty- four centimeters, with segements that extend from a central body. They have a water vascular system, which means that water runs through the canals on the radiating segments. When the canals of the segments are filled with water, they expand and help the sea star to move. Sea Stars have have a mesodermal, or inner skeleton made up of ossicles, or calcareous plates. The Pointed Sea Star has its own habitat, eating habits, and reproductive system. Like all marine life, it has an ecological importance and status. The habitat of the Pointed Sand Star is in salt water oceans, from tidal pools to depths of seven hundred feet on the east and southeast coastal areas. They can also be found along Central American and northern South American coastal regions. All sea stars, including the Painted Sand...
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