...Congenital adrenal hyperplasias (CAH) are autosomal recessive disorders characterized by impaired synthesis of cortisol and accumulation of cortisol precursor. Biosynthesis of this glucocorticoid occurs in the zone fasciculata of the adrenal cortex under the influence of adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH), and requires five functional enzymes in order to convert cholesterol to its final product. Cortisol levels below threshold, result in an blockage of feedback inhibition of ACTH secretion, causing an increase in ACTH and enlargement of the adrenal cortex. Treatment is primarily focused on reducing long term consequences of glucocorticoid deficiency, and normalize synthesis of aldosterone and androgens. CAH is caused by an inherited defect...
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...Addison’s Disease Addison's disease is a disorder that occurs when your body produces insufficient amounts of certain hormones produced by your adrenal glands. In Addison's disease, your adrenal glands produce too little cortisol and often insufficient levels of aldosterone as well. Also called adrenal insufficiency, Addison's disease occurs in all age groups and affects both sexes. Addison's disease can be life-threatening. Treatment for Addison's disease involves taking hormones to replace the insufficient amounts being made by your adrenal glands, in order to mimic the beneficial effects produced by your naturally made hormones. Symptoms Addison's disease symptoms usually develop slowly, often over several months, and may include: * Muscle weakness and fatigue * Weight loss and decreased appetite * Darkening of your skin (hyperpigmentation) * Low blood pressure, even fainting * Salt craving * Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) * Nausea, diarrhea or vomiting * Muscle or joint pains * Irritability * Depression * Body hair loss or sexual dysfunction in women Acute adrenal failure (addisonian crisis) Sometimes, however, the signs and symptoms of Addison's disease may appear suddenly. In acute adrenal failure (addisonian crisis), the signs and symptoms may also include: * Pain in your lower back, abdomen or legs * Severe vomiting and diarrhea, leading to dehydration * Low blood pressure * Loss of consciousness ...
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...cardiovascular disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease. Discuss in detail Cushing's Syndrome 481 229 254, Cushings Disease 481, and Addison’s disease 482,484-485. Cushing syndrome results from exposure to too much cortisol. Cushing disease results from too much secretions of Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). Both of these disorders are linked to hypercortisolism. Hypercortisolism is caused by “the normal diurnal or circadian secretion patterns of ACTH and cortisol being lost with no increase in ACTH and cortisol secretion in response to a stressor” (Huether & McCance, 2018, p.482). In ACTH dependent hypercortisolism there is an excess of ACTH so this stimulates the overproduction of cortisol and adrenal androgens. In ACTH independent hypercortisolism tumors secrete too much cortisol which results in hypercortisolism. Some of the clinical manifestations include, thinning of hair, emotional instability, acne, osteoporosis, cardiac hypertrophy, and muscle wasting, easy bruising and striae of skin. Addison’s disease develops when there are low levels of cortisol and is characterized by lack of corticosteroid and mineralocorticoid synthesis and high levels of ACTH. This happens due to “autoimmune mechanisms that destroy adrenal cortical cells” Huether & McCance, 2018, p.484). The clinical manifestation associated with addison's disease include weakness, fatigue, skin changes, anorexia, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. The treatment for Addison's disease includes glucocorticoid...
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...Gamma knife radiosurgery is a successful adjunctive therapy in Cushing’s disease: Case report Introduction: Pituitary tumors are benign tumors, which cause 20% of all primary brain tumors. Pituitary adenomas are categorized into two groups. The first is the secretory adenomas, which overproduce normal pituitary hormones; usually they are microadenomas, such functioning adenomas include those with Cushing’s disease (high adernocorotitrophic hormone-ACTH), Acromegaly (high growth hormone-GH) and Prolactinomas. The second are non-secretory adenomas. Cushing’s disease is an endocrine disorder, defined by excessive levels of cortisol, resulting from overproduction of adrenocorticotropic hormone by a pituitary adenoma. Although rare, it is associated with high morbidity and mortality. In order to normalize the hazardous effects of...
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...The Endocrine System OBJECTIVES Give the functions of the endocrine system Define hormones, endocrine and exocrine glands Enumerate and state the location of the endocrine glands of the body Explain the role of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland in endocrine function Describe how hypothalamus regulates hormone secretion from the pituitary Describe how the pituitary gland regulates the secretion of hormones from other endocrine glands Describe the different endocrine glands of the body based on the following: Structure Hormones produced Target cells for each hormone Principal action of each hormone WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM? Identify the 2 major types of endocrine conditions and give examples of each OVERALL FUNCTION OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM FUNCTIONS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Water balance Uterine contractions & milk release Growth, metabolism, & tissue maturation Ion regulation Heart rate & blood pressure regulation Blood glucose control Immune system regulation Reproductive functions control REGULATION OF EFFECTORS TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS 1 HORMONES Comes from the greek word hormaein which means “to excite” Mediator molecules released by the glands of the endocrine system Overview of the Endocrine System System of ductless glands that secrete hormones Hormones are “messenger molecules” Circulate in the blood Act on distant target cells Target cells respond to the hormones for...
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...of relatively nonspecific symptoms, such as abdominal pain and weakness, but under certain circumstances, these may progress to Addisonian crisis, a severe illness which may include very low blood pressure and coma. The condition arises from problems with the adrenal gland, "primary adrenal insufficiency", and can be caused by damage by the body's own immune system, certain infections, or various rarer causes. Addison's disease is also known as chronic primary adrenocortical insufficiency, to distinguish it from acute primary adrenocortical insufficiency, most often caused by Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome. Addison's disease should also be distinguished from secondary and tertiary adrenal insufficiency, which are caused by deficiency of ACTH (produced by the pituitary gland) and CRH (produced by the hypothalamus), respectively. Despite this distinction, Addisonian crises can happen in all forms of adrenal insufficiency. Addison's disease and other forms of hypoadrenalism are generally diagnosed via blood tests and medical imaging.[1] Treatment involves replacing the absent hormones (oral hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone).[2] Lifelong, continuous steroid replacement therapy is required, with regular follow-up treatment and monitoring for other health problems.[1] Addison’s disease is named...
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...Cushing Syndrome Cushing syndrome (hypercorticolism) is a condition in which the body has been exposed to abnormally high levels of cortisol, for a prolonged period of time. Cortisol, a steroid hormone is produced by the cortex, the outer layer of the adrenal glands. It functions in decreasing protein synthesis, in the breaking down of fats, and in stimulating glucose synthesis. Cortisol also aids the body in its response to stress and helps in blood-pressure regulation. Factors that regulate the secretion of cortisol include corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus and adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH), a hormone released from the anterior pituitary gland. Most cases of Cushing syndrome are due to excess levels of cortisol which may result from taking medicines that contain glucocorticoids. Excess levels of cortisol which result in Cushing syndrome may be...
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...Pineal gland: surrounded by optic nerve Makes melatoninresponsible for sleep patterns relaxing sleeping state. Does NOT put you to sleep produced from an amino acid: tryptophan inhibits LH & FSH = affects reproduction (pinealocytes: actual cells that produce melatonin) *light decreases melatonin Adrenal glands: sits on top of the kidneys (right and left) Adrenal cortex: 1) zona glomerulosa – mineral corticoids Affected by: a)ACTH b)minerals – salts *adosterone: regulates sodium (Na2+) 2) zona fasciculata – glucocorticoids Affected by: a)ACTH b)amounts of glucose *cortisol 3) zona reticularis – gonadotropic hormones Affected by: a)ACTH b)sex hormones *DHEA-estrogen *DHEA-sulfate Adrenal Medulla: Neuroendocrine cells – chromatin cells 1)epinephrine (better than ) 2)norepinephrine *stimulation of the medulla is through the sympathetic neurons Skin: UV light starts the production of vitamin D synthesis Chlosterol cholealciterol liver kidneys UV converts to converts to calcidiol calcitrol (vitamin D) Kidneys: *calcidiol calcitrol (Vit. D) *85% erythropoietin *ytogenic glands produce cells *rennin- angiotensionogen angiotensin I -angiotensionogen leaves kidneys goes to the lungs angiotensin II functional...
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...and modulates neuronal and immune-cell function. The symptoms of Addison’s disease include fatigue, nausea, abdominal pain, weight loss, low blood pressure, darkening of the skin, and salt craving. Addison’s disease is actually a clinical syndrome by which its signs and symptoms characterize primary adrenal failure. Addison’s disease can occur after tuberculoses or by any malignant disease which causes damage to the adrenal glands and inhibits their ability to produce cortisol. Inadequate secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) by the pituitary gland will also cause a cortisol deficiency. Addison’s disease can prove tricky for doctors to diagnose. Aside from a pattern of symptoms in a patient’s medical history and the telltale dark tanning of the skin, Addison’s disease is primarily diagnosed through a series of biochemical lab tests. These tests include the measuring of blood pressure, serum sodium and potassium, cortisol, ACTH, serum aldosterone, serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and total thyroxine (T4). X-ray exams of the pituitary and adrenal glands are also performed to check for abnormalities. To treat Addison’s disease, one must substitute adequate doses of the hormones that the adrenal glands are failing to produce. Cortisol is replaced with 15-25 mg of hydrocortisone (a synthetic glucocorticoid)...
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...The synthesis of glucocorticoids is mediated by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, whereas Mineralocorticoids are mediated by by the kidney and the adrenal medulla hormones are triggered by the sympathetic nervous system during stress. When the corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) is released from the hypothalamus, it triggers the production of adrenal corticotrophic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary gland....
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...Name: Andrea Urbina Exercise 4: Endocrine System Physiology: Activity 1: Metabolism and Thyroid Hormone Lab Report Pre-lab Quiz Results You scored 100% by answering 6 out of 6 questions correctly. 1. Which of the following statements about metabolism is false? You correctly answered: d. All of the energy from metabolism is ultimately stored in the chemical bonds of ATP. 2. Thyroxine is You correctly answered: c. the most important hormone for maintaining the metabolic rate and body temperature. 3. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is You correctly answered: b. produced in the pituitary gland. 4. An injection of TSH to an otherwise normal animal will cause which of the following? You correctly answered: d. goiter development 5. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is You correctly answered: a. secreted by the hypothalamus. 6. Which of the following statements is true? You correctly answered: b. The hypothalamus primarily secretes tropic hormones that stimulate the secretion of other hormones. 10/11/14 page 1 Experiment Results Predict Question: Predict Question 1: Make a prediction about the basal metabolic rate (BMR) of the remaining rats compared with the BMR of the normal rat you just measured. Your answer : c. The BMR of both remaining rats will be lower than the normal rat's BMR. Predict Question 2: What do you think will happen after you inject thyroxine into the three rats? Your answer : b. The thyroidectomized rat will become hyperthryoidic and develop a goiter...
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...pàncrees, sistema digestiu, teixit adipós Retroalimentació (feed-back) La secreció hormonal respon als nivells de la pròpia hormona ! Normalment l'augment d'una hormona inhibeix la seva producció (feed-back negatiu) ! Sovint hi ha efectes també en els sistemes reguladors de la secreció hormonal ! Eixos hormonals ! ! ! La hipòfisi regula la secreció de bona part de les glàndules endocrines L'hipotàlem regula la secreció de la hipòfisi Tot el sistema està regulat per mecanismes de retroalimentació Principals eixos hormonals ! Hipotàlem-hipòfisi-òrgan perifèric: − Tiroide (TRH-TSH-hormones tiroïdals) − Gonades (GnRH-LH i FSH-testosterona, estradiol, progesterona) − Suprarenal (CRH-ACTH-cortisol) − Fetge (GHRH-GH-IGF1) −...
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...for the growth of the body and is also important in organic metabolism. *Its hypo secretion in children causes dwarfism while hyper secretion causes gigantism. *Hypo secretion of STH in adults results in Simmond’s disease in which man becomes quite thin showing signs of premature ageing as well as gonads become non functional. *Hyper secretion of STH hormone in adults results in acromegaly. Acromegaly is characterized by gorilla like appearance (as jaw and cheek bones become more prominent due to thickening of facial bones and skin) with huge hands and feet. II. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH):- TSH regulates function of thyroid gland. III. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH):-ACTH controls production and secretion of certain adrenal cortex hormones. IV. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH):- *It controls growth of ovarian follicles in females while in males it controls spermatogenesis. V. Luteinizing hormone (LH):-In females it controls ovulation and formation of corpus luteum while in males it stimulates cells of Leydig (interstitial cells) to secrete testosterone. FSH and LH are collectively known as gonadotropins, as they control secretion of sex hormones by the gonads. VI. Prolaction or luteotropic hormone (LTH):- It is responsible for the secretion of milk from mammary glands. VII. Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH):-*MSH is secreted from pars intermedia. *It increases skin pigmentation...
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...Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B5 for Acne Virtually everyone remembers the frustrating experience of acne with small inflamed dots called pimples or blackheads. For the young woman concerned about self-image, skin complexion is important. One or two strategically placed pimples can be intolerable. For some, acne can progress, leading to scarring and disfigurement, with pitting and nodularity called Acne Vulgaris. While some are spared this chronic ordeal, others endure many years of ineffective treatments by a succession of dermatologists. Although some treatments such as Accutane™ may offer success, there is a price in terms of serious adverse side effects. What Causes Acne? Acne is caused by excess oil called sebum which originates in the sebaceous glands at the root of the hair follicles. This oily build may occlude the duct in the skin causing blockage and infection. "Popping the pimple” is a home remedy which forces the occluding plug to pop out of the pore, providing drainage and temporary relief. Common Causes of Acne Acne is a common adverse side effect of synthetic birth control pills which mimic testosterone. Elevated testosterone levels in males and females are associated with increased oil production in the skin resulting in acne. A common genetic mutation called atypical CAH (congenital adrenal hyperplasia) causes increased testosterone in females resulting in acne. PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome) syndrome is associated with increased testosterone...
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...Glands * Consists of one or more cells that produce and secrete a product * Most are composed primarily of epithelium * Exocrine glands – secrete their product onto the outer surface or into a cavity (have a duct) * Endocrine glands are ductless and secrete their product internally to be transported by the bloodstream * The pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine functions Endocrine Glands The endocrine system consists of glands and tissues that secrete hormones. Endocrine Glands: * Are ductless; they secrete their hormones directly into tissue fluid * From there the hormones diffuse into the blood stream for distribution throughout the body Hormones: * Are chemical signals that affect the behavior of other glands or tissues. * Hormones influence the metabolism of cells, the growth and development of body parts, and homeostasis. Hormones can be categorized into peptide hormones and steroid hormones: * Peptide hormones: (non-lipid soluble) * Include proteins, glycoproteins, and modified amino acids. (non-lipid soluble) * The peptide hormones can not enter the cell * Peptide hormones bind to a receptor protein in the plasma membrane and activate a "second messenger" system. * Second messenger sets in motion an enzyme cascade that leads to a cellular response * The second messenger causes the cellular changes for which the hormone is credited. (the peptide...
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