...ArrayList Johnnie L. Bagley III PRG/420 October 09, 2013 Dr. Orenthio K. Goodwin ArrayList The differences between the Array and an ArrayList is a common question asked by beginners, just starting to code using Java. The Array and ArrayList are both used to store elements, which can be a primitive or an object in the case of ArrayList in Java. A main difference between the ArrayList and an Array in Java would be the static nature of the Array, but the ArrayList has a dynamic nature. Once an Array is created, programmers cannot change the size of it, but an ArrayList will be able to re-size itself at any time. There is one more notable difference between ArrayList and an Array (Paul, 2012). The Array is a core part of Java programming that has a special syntax and a semantics support within Java. An ArrayList is a part of the collection framework of popular classes, such as HashMap, Hashtable, and Vector. There are six more differences between Array and ArrayList which will be listed in numeral order: 1. First and Major difference between Array and ArrayList in Java would be that Array is a fixed length data structure, while ArrayList is a variable length collection class. 2. Another difference is that an Array cannot use Generics, due to it cannot store files, unlike the ArrayList that allows users to use Generics to ensure storage. 3. Programmers can compare the Array vs. ArrayList on how to calculate length of Array or size of an ArrayList. 4....
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...Vitamin Supplement æ Increase of vitamin D2 by UV-B exposure during the growth phase of white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) Hanne L. Kristensen1*, Eva Rosenqvist2 and Jette Jakobsen3 1 Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Aarslev, Denmark; 2Department of Agriculture and Ecology, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark; 3National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark Abstract Background: Mushrooms are the only non-animal food source of vitamin D. Wild mushrooms have naturally high vitamin D2 content, and cultivated mushrooms produce vitamin D2 from ergosterol when exposed to supplementary UV-B during the post-harvest phase. Objectives: This study investigated the effects of providing supplementary UV-B during the growth phase on vitamin D2 formation and the interactions with growth of mushrooms, as compared to supplementary UV-B during the post-harvest phase or exposure to sunlight for both cultivated and wild mushrooms. Methods: Experiments were carried out with exposure to supplementary UV-B just prior to harvest in the range of 0Á2,400 mJ cm (2. Mushrooms grew for 2 days with or without repeated UV-B exposure each day. Vitamin D2 and growth rate were determined. Some mushrooms were post-harvest treated by exposure at 200 mJ cm (2 supplementary UV-B or natural sunlight, prior to vitamin D2 determination. Results: The content of vitamin D2 was 0.2Á164 mg 100 g (1 fresh weight (FW), and there was a linear relationship between...
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...A port expander essentially allows one to become two. What I mean by that is it allows more than one device to connect to a single port. Expanders are equivalent to splitters or extension cords in everyday life. They are usually inside the computer on the motherboard, with the only visible part of it being the extension plate showing multiple ports. Some example of the type of ports that we’ve covered and that I’m familiar with are: Ethernet Port Firewire Port Serial Port VGA Port Audio/Video Ports SATA Port DVI Port USB Port DB-25 Port Microphone Port Port expanders are pretty generic, meaning that they’re compatible for almost any PC. There is not a specific expander made for the numerous number of computer brands on the market today. The advantages and disadvantages sort of go together when talking about port expanders. They do allow you to connect more devices at one time but it also slows those devices down. Depending if the port has a 3GBps or 6GBps, all the devices had to share that speed, rather than being used individually and using all of the particular speed for one device. In most cases, buying port expanders are more convenient than trying to find a computer that comes with that many ports for a decent price. The only true downside you could run into would be the amount of power you have available on your computer. There are only so many ports you can use at one time before you overload your computer. Once it overloads, it will...
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...A port expander is a device that allows one port on a computer system to connect to multiple devices. There are two forms of port expanders: internal and external. An internal expander has a connection inside the computer, typically on the motherboard and the only part the user sees is the expansion plate that contains multiple ports. As for an external device, it plugs into the existing port and then has multiple places to connect. The most common versions are used for USB and Ethernet ports. There are numerous types of ports that have available port expanders for them. Here is a list that I have compiled: * Ethernet port expander * Firewire port expander * DB-25 port expander * Serial port expander * USB port expander * VGA port expander * DVI port expander * SCSI port expander * Audio port expander * Video port expander * Microphone port expander * RS-422 port expander * Modbus serial port expander * SATA port expander * SAS port expander * SSD port expander Port expanders are generic devices that can be used with any computer as long as the computer has the port for which you are trying to use and expander for. Now pretty much every computer from PC to MAC has all the same ports on them. It used to be that MAC was the only one using Firewire, but then it became available on the PCs. However, even since it became available on PCs, it has now been mostly phased...
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...young and old, need to have a healthy and nutritional diet if they want to avoid the many diseases caused by poor nutrition. One disease young children are at risk for is rickets. Rickets is caused by a vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus deficiency. Rickets is the softening and weakening of the bones in children. Skeletal deformities and fractures can occur because the bones are so soft and weak. Rickets can also cause dental issues, bone deformities, muscle weaknesses and several other serious health issues (Wagner & Greer, 2008). Rickets is seen in children during periods of rapid physical development because during growth a great deal of vitamin D, phosphorus, and calcium are needed. The predominant cause for rickets is a vitamin D deficiency, but lack of adequate calcium in the diet may also lead to rickets. Although it can occur in adults, the majority of cases occur in children suffering from severe malnutrition, usually resulting from famine or starvation during the early stages of childhood (Rickets, 2010). Infants who are nursing and are not exposed to sunlight on regular bases can develop rickets. This disease is found widespread in developing countries. The American Academy of Pediatrics, in its clinical report, 'Prevention of Rickets and Vitamin D Deficiency in Infants, Children, and Adolescents,’ recommends that all children,...
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...most of her childhood and was beaten if she made any noise. This led to her being physically undeveloped and could only speak to animals with animal like-sounds. After a lot of help she learned some language skills but her social and intellectual skills never fully developed. This case shows that the effects of privation can be reversed if you give the child lots of love and support. Another example of the effects of privation is the case of the Czech twin boys and that was carried out by Koluchova in 1976. This was the case where a step mother treated the twins very cruelly by locking them in a cellar, beating them up and had no toys. They were seven when they were and had rickets (bone development disease that is caused by lack of Vitamin D) and very little and social and intellectual development. However they were later adopted and by adulthood they had above intelligence and had normal social relationships. This case study again shows that the effects of Privation can be reverse. The case of Louise and Mary is also an example of privation that was carried out by Skuse in 1984. Both were raised in a small room, tied to a bed...
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...osteoarthritis, obesity, injury, other diseases, and joint overuse? Osteoporosis can start with a broken bone, in the hip, wrist after a bump or fall, or even spine. Osteoporosis is also known as wear and tear arthritis. According to “The Department of Health” (2010), “There are a number of ways of specifically reducing the risk of the onset of arthritis and osteoporosis, including avoiding joint injury, avoiding vitamin D and calcium deficiencies, and falls and falls injuries prevention strategies.” (Risk factors specific to arthritis and osteoporosis). Some prevention strategies are proper nutrition, exercising, good posture, and routine doctor check-ups. Proper nutrition is an important factor in maintaining a healthy musculoskeletal system in old age. Did you know having enough calcium is important in order to prevent osteoporosis, as calcium is a very important factor form bone formation? The body is not able to produce the calcium it requires from the diet. Not supplying your body with the calcium it needs have been shown that it leads to low bone mineral density. Vitamin D is important in order to absorb the calcium that helps regulate bone formation. Exercising regularly is another important factor in maintaining a healthy musculoskeletal system in old age. Weak muscles can cause a person to be at a greater risks for falls and injuries. Exercising strengthen the muscles, which helps to prevent injuries caused by falling. Strong muscles strengthen a person’s balance and better...
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...Port Expander A port expander is a device that allows one port on a computer system to connect to multiple devices. There are two basic forms of port expanders: Internal and External. An internal expander has a connection inside the computer, typically on the motherboard, and the only part the user sees in the expansion plate containing multiple ports. An external device plugs into the existing port and then has multiple places to connect. Now days there are no specific types of ports for different computers. Pretty much all computers from PC to Mac have all the same ports on them. One example of a port that was more specific just to Macs is the firewire, though these days firewire is rarely used. There are advantages and disadvantages of using a port expander. An advantage is that you get more ports to use. SAS takes one port and makes many out of them. A disadvantage is that a lot of the time they are external and can be annoying by being in the way. Also , if your power source isn’t good enough it could cause problems. When you add more devices it takes up more power, the power source can only handle so many extra ports. Hardware Expander Types: * Ethernet Port Expander Hardware * FireWire Port Expander Hardware * DB-25 Port Expander Hardware * Serial Port Expander Hardware * USB Port Expander Hardware * VGA Port Expander Hardware * DVI Port Expander Hardware * SCSI Port Expander Hardware * Audio Port Expander Hardware * Video Port Expander Hardware * Microphone...
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...Osteoporosis is a disease that causes bones to become thin, weak and break easily, most often from a minor fall. The most common broken bones are the spine, wrist or hip. Osteoporosis is often called a "silent disease." You can't feel or see your bones getting thinner. Bone loses density, which measures the amount of calcium and minerals in the bone. Osteoporosis typically affects the elderly, but it is not a normal part of aging. Many of the risk factor can be controlled; however age being one of the biggest risk factor is unavoidable, along with race and gender. Osteoporosis can happen to anyone, it has not age, gender or ethical boundaries. However it does tend to affect more women of Caucasian and Asian descent. It also affects women that are going through menopause. All of these risk factors are unavoidable. Men and other population can get osteoporosis; they are just at a slightly lower risk than Caucasian and Asian women. Certain medications such as oral or inhaled corticosteroid medications that may be necessary in treating other heath condition my lead to osteoporosis. Medication such as corticosteroids and steroids can affect bone density. Other genetic risk factors are family history of osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis. Having a family history does not mean that you are automatically going to get the disease but it can be a factor. There are many controllable factors in reducing the risk of osteoporosis. Diet, exercise and other behaviors are at least as important...
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...with sexual disturbances. With osteoporosis being the leading cause of MS it is known that women at least a 6th of them with have a hip fracture in their lifetime. Hip fractures are one of the highest causes of morbidity and mortality of woman typically in their menopause years. As with any disease prevention is very important as there are risk factors that increase a patients chances of getting this disease. If you are experiencing some of these symptoms and feel you make have this condition talk to your doctor about getting some screenings done ie: bloodwork, scans like Dexa scan which measures your bone levels and if you are deficient in those areas vitamin D is key to your daily consumption taking 800 IU per day, as well as your medication prescribed by your doctor. Patients taking calcium supplements along with vitamin D with this your doctor will want to monitor your serum...
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...Osteoporosis Osteoporosis (OS-tee-oh-poh-ROH-sis) is a disease of the bones. Osteoporosis is the most common type of bone disease. People with osteoporosis have bones that are weak and break easily. Everyone has cells that remove old bone and other cells that rebuild new bone. This ongoing process is part of what keeps your bones strong. When you have postmenopausal osteoporosis, bone-removing cells cause you to lose bone at a rate that is too fast. The result is thinner, weaker bones that can break more easily. In women, bone loss increases after menopause. In the 5 to 7 years after menopause, you can lose up to 20 percent of your bone mass—leaving you at risk for fracture. Researchers estimate that about 1 out of 5 American women over the age of 50 have osteoporosis. About half of all women over the age of 50 will have a fracture of the hip, wrist, or vertebra . (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001400/ ) Osteoporosis affects all bones in the body. However, breaks are most common in the hip, wrist, and spine, also called vertebrae (VUR-tuh-bray). Vertebrae support your body, helping you to stand and sit up. Osteoporosis in the vertebrae can cause serious problems for women. A fracture in this area occurs from day-to-day activities like climbing stairs, lifting objects, or bending forward. Signs of osteoporosis include sloping shoulders, curve in the back, height loss, back pain, hunched posture and a protruding abdomen. [pic] (http://www.womenshealth...
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...retinal cells contain vitamins A which plays an important part in the vision being part of our eyes’ rod cells. Moreover, it is very important for growth of bones, immune system of the body to prevent infections, and forms epithelial lining of the digestive tract, urinary tract and eyes. The white blood cells (WBCs) form the immune system and defend the body against the infections and Vitamin A plays a role WBCs formation. The deficiency of vitamin A might cause frequent infections on account of weak immune system and night blindness in growing children or tunnel vision. It can be supplemented by whole milk, liver and beef, cheese, yams, spinach, kale and apricots, yellow-to-orange vegetables like capsicum, carrots, peppers etc. Vitamin D: Vitamin D is another most important vitamin for the growth of the children and helps in promotion and regular development of their teeth and bones. Moreover it also helps in the absorption of minerals like calcium from the...
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...1. Parallel Ports A parallel port is a type of interface found on computers (personal and otherwise) for connecting peripherals which is a device that is used to put information into or get information out of the computer. It was designed by manufacturers Centronics, Dataproducts, Intel, IBM, Compaq, and Nortel from 1971-1981. In computing, a parallel port is a parallel communication physical interface which can be also known as a printer port or Centronics port. The port today is seeing decreasing use because of the rise of Universal Series Bus (USB) and Firewire (IEEE 1394) devices along with network printing using Ethernet. The first parallel interface for printers was introduced with the Centronics Model 101 printer in 1970. It was developed by Dr. An Wang, Robert Howard and Prentice Robinson at Centronics. The parallel interface was adapted to access a number of peripheral devices other than printers. Probably one of the earliest devices to use parallel was dongles which was used as a hardware key form of software copy protection. Zip devices and scanners were early implantations followed by external modems, sound cards, webcams gamepads, joysticks, external hard disk drives and CD-ROM drives. Some of the earliest portable MP3 players required a parallel port connection for transferring songs to the device via parallel. Other devices such as EPROM programmers and hardware controllers could be connected via the parallel port. 2. Serial Ports A Serial Port is a connector...
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...Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble secosteriods responsible for enhancing intestinal absorption of calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphate and zinc. Vitamin D plays a vital role in bone metabolism and seems to have some anti-inflammatory and Immune-modulating properties. In addition, recent epidemiologic studies have observed relationships between low vitamin D levels and multiple diseases, as well as the need for vitamin D supplementation in breastfed infants and the elderly. Vitamin D is a hormone precursor that is present in 2 forms. Ergocalciferol, or vitamin D2 is present in some plants and fish. Cholecalciferol, vitamin D3 is synthesized in the skin by sunlight. Humans can fulfill their vitamin D requirements by either ingesting vitamin D or being exposed to the sun for enough time to produce adequate amounts. One major reason why vitamin D is important for good overall health is the belief that it is a determinate in mortality because of its anti-inflammatory and Immune-modulating effects. It has been used to treat secondary hyperparathyroidism in people with dialysis and retrospective trials show that vitamin D supplementation is associated with decreased mortality in people on dialysis. Low serum vitamin D levels are also related to increased mortality in most patients with chronic kidney disease before dialysis. In patients not on dialysis, low vitamin D levels are associated with increased levels of inflammation and oxidative loads. A positive association...
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...Michael Howard Professor Oltmann BIO 1322 June 26, 2015 Chapter 10 (10.1) Oxidation and Reduction Oxidative Stress- The imbalance between the point the production of reactive compounds and the body’s ability to protect against their adverse effects. Oxidation- The process of losing an electron during a chemical reaction. Free radical- An unstable atom with an unpaired electron in its outermost shell. 10.2 Defense Against Free Radicals Antioxidant- A substance that has the ability to prevent or repair the damage caused by oxidation. Tocopherols- The active form of Vitamin E. The most active form. (Four different) Carotenoids- Six-hundred naturally occurring pigments synthesized by plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Colors range from yellow to orange to red; three are converted into vitamin A. Isoflavones- Poly phenolic compounds that are capable of exerting estrogen similar effects. Phytochemicals produced in legumes; soybeans main source. Flavonoids- Found in fruit and vegetables, tea, red wine, dark chocolate. Polyphenolic (phytochemicals) molecules containing 15 carbon atoms and are soluble in water Anthocyanin- Vacuolar plant pigments that appear red, purple, or blue. Found in berries, grapes, and red cabbage. Vitamin E, Vitamin C, and beta-carotene are micronutrients that are known to have antioxidant roles. 10.3 Vitamin E Megadoses- An intake of a of a nutrient beyond what is needed to prevent a deficiency or what’s found in a balanced...
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