...It was the highest amount compared to other categories of farmers. The small farmers needed 7392.66 per acre followed by the medium farmers, 4125 per acre. It showed that the demand for investment loan had decreased along with size of land holding among borrowers. On an average, all borrowers demanded investment loan 9668.33 per acre. The non borrowers did not demand for investment loan. 3. Availability of agriculture credit Credit is one of per- requisites for farmers to increase the agricultural development of a country. In the current risky economic environment, credit should be managed as closely and carefully as other production inputs. Provision of institutional credit to agriculture has assumed growing significance in the new strategy for agricultural development. Availability of credit was analyzed under the following heads. 1. Farmer of category wise availability of crop loan. 2. Farmer of category wise availability of investment loan Farmer category wise availability of crop...
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...WHO REALLY BENEFITS FROM AGRICULTURAL SUBSIDIES? EVIDENCE FROM FIELD-‐LEVEL DATA Barrett Kirwan University of Maryland Michael J. Roberts North Carolina State University February 2010 [Preliminary and Incomplete] ABSTRACT The idea that agricultural subsidies are fully capitalized into farmland values forms the foundation of the argument that subsidies are entitlements and removing them would drastically reduce farmland asset values. Surprisingly little evidence substantiates this claim. Using field-‐level data and explicitly controlling for potentially confounding variables we find that landlords only capture between 14 – 24 cents of the marginal subsidy dollar. The duration of the rental arrangement has a substantial effect on the incidence. Initially, landlords extract 44 cents of the marginal subsidy dollar, but the incidence falls by 1.5 cents with each additional year of ...
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...Agricultural Extension in India Booklet No. 380 Agricultural Extension Education: AEES-4 Content Preface I. Introduction II. Pre-Independence Era III. Post-Independence Era IV. Motivation V. Extension Methodology in India VI. Training of Extension Personnel VII. Extension Organization in India VIII. Extension and Women IX. Extension and Rural Youth X. Emerging Thoughts in Extension Preface Agricultural extension is an educational process which has its goal to help the rural people to build a better life by conveying the useful and needed information at appropriate time. It is essential for agricultural development. It plays a major part in technology transfer to the rural areas. Though the concept of agricultural extension started in early 16th century but the actual functioning started only after the second world war. Dr. K. T. Chandy, Agricultural & Environmental Education I. Introduction Agricultural extension is a branch of agriculture which assists the farmers to bring about continuous improvement in their physical, economic and social well being through individual and cooperative efforts. In other words, it helps in the development of an individual and the village community as a whole. It makes available to the farming community the scientific and technical information, training and guidance to solve the problems in agriculture including animal husbandry, gardening, horticulture, silviculture, agricultmal engineering...
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...intended beneficiaries such as fields extension workers and small farmers) in strategic planning, systematic management, and field implementation of agricultural extension and training programmes (see Fig. 2-4). Its extension strategies and messages are specifically developed and tailored based on the results of a participatory problem identification process on the causes or reasons of farmers' non-adoption, or inappropriate practices, of a given recommended agricultural technology or innovation. The SEC technology transfer and application approach is needs-based, demand-driven, and has a problem-solving orientation. The Strategic Extension Campaign (SEC) is not an alternative to the conventional extension programme or activity. SEC is, and should be, an integral part of the programmes of an agricultural extension service. The effectiveness and efficiency of such a service could be increased due to SEC's emphasis on its problem-solving orientation, participatory planning approach, intensive extension personnel training, multi-media materials development, and extension manage meet, monitoring and evaluation procedures. Its activities should be carried out by extension personnel and to support the Ministry of Agriculture's policies, strategies and priority programmes. The strategic extension campaign is useful and important to an agricultural extension service due to the following: 1 | It Advocates a Participatory Planning Approach | 2 | It is Needs-Based and Demand-Driven Oriented...
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...clients. Customer satisfaction surveys are used in Florida to collect data about these attributes. It is also important to understand how employee performance affects customer satisfaction. Our findings show that customer satisfaction was not significantly influenced by agent performance and that Florida Cooperative Extension benefits from the experience of its workforce. Given the importance of customer satisfaction as Extension's performance measure for the Florida Legislature, we suggest that administrators should emphasize customer satisfaction as a major factor in employee performance scores. Bryan D. Terry Coordinator, Statistical Research bterry@mail.ifas.ufl.edu Glenn D. Israel Professor gdi@mail.ifas.ufl.edu Department of Agricultural Education and Communication University of Florida Gainesville, Florida Introduction Given the importance of ensuring program relevance, quality, and impacts, as well as the use of customer satisfaction surveys in accountability, understanding the relationship that exists between employee performance and customer satisfaction is critical to identifying how well an organization is fulfilling its mission. Thus, Cooperative Extension must deliver relevant, high-quality programs that, in turn, help improve the lives of clients (Ladewig, 1999). In Florida, these attributes (relevance, quality, and impact) are measured, in part, using a statewide customer satisfaction survey. The survey includes questions about clients' experience with...
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...CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.0 Background of the study In Nigeria, despite the dominance of the oil sector, agriculture still plays significant roles in economic development. It provides food for the growing population and raw materials for industries. It also serves as a source for foreign exchange and capital formation (Awotide and Agbola, 2010). Nigeria is an agrarian country whose agricultural sector is dominated by smallholder farmers who operate several scattered plots and produce a high percentage of total food in Nigeria (Kakwagh et al, 2011). The importance of these smallholder farmers cannot be over-emphasized in Nigeria. However, with the myriad of demerits associated with land fragmentation, this phenomenon is still wide spread in...
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...(Morgan, Gaul, Cohen, 2006, para. 3). This has been going on, in some cases, over 10 years (para. 6). As long as you owned the farmland, you don’t even have to be growing anything and you would continue to receive a subsidy check (para. 3). Bottom line is all these billions of dollars in government subsidies contribute to lowering the cost of processed foods; not a good occurrence if you have low-income and cannot afford the high cost of healthier foods. The processed foods are so cheap to buy and are the unhealthiest that can be consumed by any human being. They are high-density, high-calorie, high-fat junk food that the unfortunate and less-advantaged part of our society has no choice but to buy because it is all they can afford. Studies show a strong connection between poverty and obesity, the government should appoint a task force to regulate and limit or repeal farm subsidies and overproduction of certain agriculture commodities like corn that is used to create highly processed, cheaply priced, high-calorie, high-density “junk foods”, so that prices of natural whole foods can once again be competitive and give the low-income consumers healthier food choices, thus contributing to the reduction of obesity. The U.S. budget for government financial subsidies to U.S. farmers is too substantial and needs to be cut back so farmers can’t overproduce commodities like corn, wheat, soy beans to name a few, but especially corn. “The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) distributes...
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...Boeing versus Airbus: The ‘endless’ crusade for continuation of subsidy! (A case study) Case reviewer: Angelica Sharma* Brought up in a family in which my parents were always ready to help anyone, closely or even remotely related to them, but not without being duly satisfied about the urgency, righteousness / desirability of assistance (mostly financial) that was asked for, I have, overtime, come to view non-market incentives like subsidies, grants and tariffs from a mind-set that I have found moulded in their company. I look upon my parents as really great protagonists of market-economy without undermining their sense of sympathy and concern for the hapless lot around them in that country, they proudly refer to as India. They always made a distinction between who deserved and who did not deserve the favour that has been asked for. And also, they were particular to find out when, in what form, how much and for how long the assistance, if any, was to be there. Strangely, even to day, they remorsefully recall the few instances of having wasted their scarce productive resources on individuals who, they later-on found, never wanted to be on their own. But they did learn a lesson from these experiences. I have grown in such family environment of respect for merit, hard work and self-pride. It is endowed with this sense that I intend to ponder over the Boeing-Airbus subsidy-related trade-rift and comment on the perceptions, policies, arguments and counter-arguments...
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...The modern agricultural subsidy program in the United States began with the New Deal and the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933. With trader barriers already in place for agricultural commodities, this law gave the government the power to set minimum prices and included government stock acquisition, land idling, and schemes to cut supplies by destroying livestock (Benedict, 1953). An agricultural subsidy is a government subsidy paid to farmers and agribusinesses to supplement their income, manage the supply of agricultural commodities and influence the cost and supply of commodities, such as wheat, grain, corn, milk, and soybeans (Agricultural Subsidy, 2012). The government subsidy program was originally designed to protect small family farms against loss of income due to poor crop yields, as well as create lower food prices and stabilize crop supplies. Annual yields are dependent upon factors that farmers often cannot control, such as severe weather conditions. Due to this, it’s contingent upon the government to encourage crop surplus to help guarantee against shortages. The high cost of land, planting, and storage makes it necessary for farmers to borrow and exorbitant amount of money. When the farmers can’t pay this money back because of low crop yields, they rely on these government subsidies to survive. Today’s farm operations have transformed the family farm from a small, self-contained business to a complex, technology-driven enterprise as seen in the rapidly...
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...Prospects and chaleenges of land development policy in Bangladesh (MD. IBRAHIM KHOLILULLAH, DEPT OF AG.FINANCE, BAU MOB: 01718996557) Introduction Land is the father of wealth and labour is her mother. Land as wealth is scarce, finite, productive and decisive in determining individual’s economic status, social standing and political strength and in determining key to economic development as social justice. All these are more so true in an agrarian economy like Bangladesh. The importance of land and the concern for its uses associated with the ownership are built into people’s needs and aspirations Besides land there are also inland flood plains, streams, lakes, ponds, beel, haor-baor and other areas from very large to small that are partially or fully covered with water either seasonally or permanently in greater or lesser degree. Important characteristic of land is its immobility. A parcel of land remains where it is; it is the basis for establishing ownership. The great importance of land in determining human person’s economic and cultural progress is attributable largely to the diversification, relative scarcity, and localization of its resources. Arable farm land and the most useful minerals, especially, are not distributed evenly over the earth’s surface but are highly localized. A policy is a specific plan or settled course adopted and followed by a government, a group, an institution, or an individual to achieve desired ends. Land policies may be considered as major lines...
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...Research Suggests Farm Subsidies are the Reason Americans Pay Higher Food Prices, Higher Taxes, Ending Small-Scale Farming while Destroying our Ecosystem: Michael L Ashcraft Western Governors University Background: Over 70 years ago, The Roosevelt administration announced the onset of government farm subsidies as a temporary emergency measure to help farmers earn a certain level of income. Although there have been dramatic efficiency upgrades within the farming industry, little change has been changed made regarding how the government funds farm subsidies. The basic idea of how government subsidies function, the government spends hundreds of millions of dollars to raise farmers incomes by raising the price of certain farm commodities. This increase in price encourages farmers to produce these subsidized commodities in large amounts, while encouraging consumers to buy them in small amounts (Armey, R. K., 1990). The result of producing large amounts while purchased amounts are low creates a surplus. Once a surplus occurs the government spends hundreds of millions of dollars encouraging farmers to discontinue producing the certain commodities, essentially subsidizing farmers not to farm. This policy creates great inefficiency, under the farm law passed in 1985, the Department of Agriculture has paid dairy farmers to kill 1.6 million cows and take five-year vacations from farming. Regulations have been enforced that have led to the squandering...
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...|Q. No.1 |The establishment of panchayats, block samiti and zila parishad fulfils the need of the following principle | | |(a) |The principle of leadership |(b) |The principle of grass-root | | |(c) |The principle of democratic approach |(d) |The principle of whole family approach | |Q. No. 2 |Method Demonstration as an extension teaching method is classified under | | |(a) |Individual contact |(b) |Group contact | | |(c) |Mass contact |(d) |None | |Q. No. 3 |Large group when divided into smaller groups (units) for a short period of discussion is called | | |(a) |Brain storming |(b) |Buzz session | | |(c) |Conference |(d) |Workshop | |Q. No. 4 |The modified version of a panel discussion in which three or more resource persons discuss a specific topic is called | | ...
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...The Future of Food Production The process that food consumed in America goes through to make its way to our mouths is like a Rube Goldberg contraption. The seemingly straightforward process of growing, raising, harvesting, and slaughtering goes on every day, completely hidden from consumers. Very few Americans are aware of the highly complicated, mechanized, and convoluted journey that any given bite of food takes from its origins in nature (or some manipulated approximation of it) to its destination on our plates. Although some people criticize the state of our food system, it is clear that it grew to be the international machine that it is because of demand. More than 300 million Americans want lots of food, meat especially, and they want it cheap. So like every other production process in this country, our food system has been industrialized to produce maximum food calories for the American people at minimum cost. This industrialization of our food system has allowed for population increase and higher standards of living. But there are significant problems with the industrial food system. Caught up in a drive to maximize production and profit, the industrial food system has grown to an unsustainable size. As food production has become increasingly industrialized, concern for the environment and the animals we eat has taken a backseat to expansion. Specialization, rather than integration, has become Forman 2 the hallmark of America’s farms. Rather...
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...Arguments against FDI in Retail in India 1. Predatory Pricing With its incredibly deep pockets Wal-Mart will be able to sustain losses for many years till its immediate competition is wiped out. This is a normal predatory strategy used by large players to drive out small and dispersed competition. This entails job losses by the millions. 2. Labour Displacement Another factor is that it can only expand by destroying the traditional retail sector. Till such time we are in a position to create jobs on a large scale in manufacturing, it would make eminent sense that any policy that results in the elimination of jobs in the unorganised retail sector should be kept on hold. If we assume 40 mn adults in the retail sector, it would translate into around 160 million dependents using a 1:4 dependency ratio. Opening the retailing sector to FDI means dislocating millions from their occupation, and pushing a lot of families under the poverty line. Plus, one must not forget that the western concept of efficiency is maximizing output while minimizing the number of workers involved – which will only increase social tensions in a poor and yet developing country like India, where tens of millions are still seeking gainful employment. This dislocated and unemployed horde has to be accommodated somewhere else. Agriculture already employs nearly 60% of our total workforce, and is in dire need of shedding excess baggage. That leaves us with manufacturing as the only other alternative. With...
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...NAME: Fatmah Ibrahim CLASS: SS 3A SUBJECT: Economics Topic: The Effect of subsidy in Nigeria Economy THE EFFECTS OF SUBSIDY IN NIGERIA ECONOMY. DEFINATION A subsidy is an assistance paid to a business or economic sector. Most subsidies are made by the government to producers or distributed as subventions in an industry to prevent the decline of that industry (e.g., as a result of continuous unprofitable operations) or an increase in the prices of its products or simply to encourage it to hire more labor (as in the case of a wage subsidy). Examples are subsidies to encourage the sale of exports; subsidies on some foods to keep down the cost of living, especially in urban areas; and subsidies to encourage the expansion of farm production and achieve self-reliance in food production.[1] EFFECTS OF SUBSIDY REMOVAL In a country of power instability the removal of fuel subsidy has triggered double in the price of fuel . 1. increased price of fuel and other petroleum product 2. increase in transport fares 3. increased price of food products. The Lagos Chamber of Commerce and Industry (LCCI) has listed some of the adverse effects of the Federal Government's recent policy to deregulate the nation's downstream oil sector LCCI, in a statement, said the policy has led to fresh inflationary pressures resulting from sharp increases in transportation cost, high inflationary expectations across all sectors of the economy, and a devastating impact on the psyche of the common people...
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