...Ciara S. Lawrence April 17, 2011 Research Paper (Draft) Professor Jeffries Introduction: HIV/AIDS is an epidemic that has become widely spread in the United States which has become a major public health issue around the world. There are around 1.2 million people living with HIV/AIDS and 400,000 new cases every year.[] In the U.S. today women make up more than 300,000 of the 1.2 million people with HIV/AIDS.[] Being that AIDS is the leading cause of death in black people throughout the U.S.. Black people make up 13 percent of the population, but 65 percent of new HIV/AIDS cases. Whereas black women are still dispportionate infected for more than sixty-six percent of HIV/AIDS cases in the country with a rate of infection fifteen times higher than white women and four times higher than Latinas. Considering the aforementioned, it is not difficult to conclude that most of the new cases pinpoint a major disparity between black women and women of other races. Cultural environmental and other factors that exacerbate the problem are high numbers of black men going to prison, the effects of the black church and the lack of government resources. In my research paper, I will identify the causes of HIV/AIDS and suggest solutions to prevent the spread of this disease among black woman. According to Mayo Clinic the definition of Human immunodeficiency virus is a virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in which the immune system in the body begins to fail causing...
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...The Rising AIDS Epidemic amongst African American Females By Shameka L. Weathersby Department of Sociology Mississippi College The Abstract Our country is faced with so many challenges wars, financial meltdown, and the growing threat of the AIDS epidemic. More than 56,000 people in this country contract HIV every year. AIDS was once thought to be a white epidemic that accounted for a high percentage around the 1980’s until the late 1990’s. Today it is worst among African Americans who represent nearly half of all new HIV infections, including two-thirds of the new cases among women and 70 percent of the new cases among adolescents. In researching African American accounted for the greatest percentage for cases diagnosed among males (44%) and the majority of cases among females (68%) among the ages 20-40 years old. AIDS clearly has affected certain groups more than others have. This study of AIDS among black women has caused concern in attitudes, health awareness, and beliefs when expressed by the community level. In interviewing three women and the AIDS, association we found that education alone is not a solutions but the changing the ways of thinking can produce a better outcome. This paper describes the practical usefulness of qualitative research in HIV/AIDS prevention education. Introduction Over the past 20 years, we have heard of new diseases like Ebola virus, lime disease, chronic disease but among these new diseases, AIDS has become the most...
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...Running head: AIDS/HIV IN THE AFRICAN AMERICAN COMMUNITY MBA 530 Community Health Evaluation/Epidemiology Dr. Patricia Pierce Latoya Blain 06/17/2012 AIDS/HIV in the African American Community Of all the ethnic and racial groups of the United States of America, the African Americans are the ones who have been to a larger extent faced with the HIV/AIDS burden. Statistics show that more than two hundred and thirty thousand African Americans have already passed on as a result of AIDS- a figure which represents 40% of the total deaths in the U.S. Besides, it is estimated that those living with HIV in the U.S. are more than one million, half of whom are blacks (NASTAD, 2005). The probability of having been infected with HIV/AIDS among the African Americans is one on every 16 (for the black males) and 1 in every 30 people (for the black women). Washington D.C. has the highest prevalence of HIV infection, at three percent; with 75% of the infected people being African Americans. The National HIV/AIDS Strategy has reported that African Americans form the greatest proportion of the many cases of HIV/AIDS in the various transmission sorts, including among women, injection drug users, infants and heterosexual men (The White House, 2010). From the above statistics, one may, therefore, wonder African Americans as affected by AIDS in such a disproportionate manner. Historically, it was back in the early 1980s...
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...A note was made that the disease could also be passed from a negative host, who carried the disease asymptomatically. On February 7th, the world takes notice of the African American blacks and their relationship with the HIV/AIDS epidemic. In 2006, blacks composed approximately 12% of the United States population over the age of 13. Out of that reported number it was estimated that 46% of them are living with HIV/AIDS. 63% of those cases were from between male to male cases, with 83% new cases being from high risk heterosexual black females. The numbers from the CDC report it is an estimated 12.3 per 10,000 blacks that are currently affected yearly. Of all the ethnic and racial groups of the United States of America, the African Americans are the ones who have been to a larger extent faced with the HIV/AIDS burden. Statistics show that more than two hundred and thirty thousand African Americans have already passed on as a result of AIDS- a figure which represents 40% of the total deaths in the U.S. Besides, it is estimated that those living with HIV in the U.S. are more than one million, half of whom are blacks (NASTAD, 2005). The probability of having been infected with HIV/AIDS among the African Americans is one on every 16 (for the black males) and 1 in every 30 people (for the black women). Washington D.C. has the highest prevalence of HIV...
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...Hall HIV AIDS in Southeastern U.S United States Statistics show that the AIDS epidemic began in 1981. Since then 1.7 million Americans have been infected with HIV. A number of 583,298 U.S. citizens have died due to AIDS-related causes. 1.1 million Americans are living with HIV and don’t even know it. An estimated 21% of people living with HIV are undiagnosed. AIDS spread so fast that every 9.5 minutes; someone in the U.S. is infected with HIV. The leading cause of the spreading disease is said to be gay and bisexual men. Gay and bisexual men continue to spread the HIV infection. They are accounted for an estimated 53% of new HIV infections. Also, African-Americans and Latinos are affected by HIV and AIDS as well. However, Blacks are accounted for 45% of new HIV infections in 2006. There is 47% of Black living with the disease and they make up only 12% of the U.S. population. Latinos account for 17% of new infections. They comprise 15% of the U.S. population. Whites represent 35% of new infections and account for 66% of the total population (HIV/AIDS Facts). The AIDS case rate for African Americans is more than 9 times that of whites. Also the HIV rate is 7 times greater among blacks than whites. Survival after an AIDS diagnosis is lower for blacks than any other racial/ethnic group. The largest share of any age group is young adults and teens between 13 and 29 that represent 34% of new HIV infections. Black teens that become affected represent 68% of reported AIDS cases among...
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...Introduction From its origin, HIV/AIDS has been defined as a sexually transmitted disease associated primarily with white homosexual men. In fact, African Americans are the racial/ethnic group that are mostly influenced by HIV/AIDs. According to the Center of Disease Control and Prevention, by the end of 2008, an estimated 240,627 blacks with and AIDs diagnosis has died in the United States (CDC, 2012). Contrary to the evident statistics affecting the African American population as a whole, there remains a small amount of research studies, dedicated towards HIV/AIDs healthcare promotion and prevention strategies specifically designed for the African American women. However, there is a large proportion of African American women affected by HIV/AIDs. In 2009, black women accounts for 30% of the new estimations of HIV infections among blacks. The rate for HIV infections as compared to other populations is 15 times more than white women, and three times as high for Latina women (CDC, 2012). This is confirmed by social media, primarily directed at African American males. In regards to the African American women, personal beliefs, cultural practices, and social norms act as a backdrop in determining the risk behavior of acquiring HIV/AIDs. This study serves to address the need for prevention strategies among single African American women of 18-22 years of age in college from the middle socioeconomic class. The subjects for the study are voluntary and motivated to learn with...
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...HIV Prevention in African American Women Introduction From its origin, HIV/AIDS has been defined as a sexually transmitted disease associated primarily with white homosexual men. In fact, African Americans are the racial/ethnic groups that are mostly influenced by HIV/AIDs. According to the Center of Disease Control and Prevention, by the end of 2008, an estimated 240,627 blacks with and AIDs diagnosis has died in the United States (CDC, 2012). Contrary to the evident statistics affecting the African American population as a whole, there remains a small amount of research studies, dedicated towards HIV/AIDs healthcare promotion and prevention strategies specifically designed for the African American women. However, there are a large proportion of African American women affected by HIV/AIDs. In 2009, black women accounts for 30% of the new estimations of HIV infections among blacks. The rate for HIV infections as compared to other populations is 15 times more than white women, and three times as high for Latina women (CDC, 2012). This is confirmed by social media, primarily directed at African American males. In regards to the African American women, personal beliefs, cultural practices, and social norms act as a backdrop in determining the risk behavior of acquiring HIV/AIDs. This study serves to address the need for prevention strategies among single African American women of 18-22 years of age in college from the middle socioeconomic class. The subjects for the study...
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...- American women In New York City there’s an alarming rate of African - American women at high risk of contracting HIV/AIDS. It’s unfortunate that amongst New York City unlimited diverse population, the African-American woman have steadily and continue to become affected with the HIV virus. Even though nowadays medication has shown improvement to treating HIV, more needed towards the prevention of becoming HIV-positive. Numerous factors must be addressed, and educational programs becoming readily available to the urban modern lifestyle’s that African American as well Women of all ethnicity partake. Change begins with acknowledgement and understandings. History of HIV/AIDS Over 33 million people around the world are infected with AIDS or Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. Of which over a million people are infected with AIDS in the United States. At first, AIDS in the United States was considered a white gay man’s disease. In fact, AIDS was once referred to as “The Gay Plague” (Shilts, 1987). However, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported in 2005 that women now make up 26 percent of all new HIV/AIDS diagnoses. African American women are infected at even higher rates than Women of other racial and ethnic groups. In 2005, close to 127,000 women were living with HIV/AIDS. Black women made up 64 percent of those women living with HIV/AIDS. In 2004, HIV was the leading cause of death for black women aged 25-34 These statistics of AIDS among African...
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...| Disparity of Healthcare for AIDS/HIV Patients | Lana Iris English 12312/15/14 | Disparity of Healthcare with Patients with AIDS/HIV For the last thirty years AIDS/HIV has been a controversial topic, but more recently, the disease itself has not been controversial but the disparity in receiving proper care both in prevention modalities and active treatment for the disease. While the Obama administration has taken steps toward the elimination of these disparities through the National HIV/AIDS Strategy and Implementation Plan, there is still much work to be done. This brief highlights underexplored explanations for these disparities and outlines possible solutions to begin addressing them. Oftentimes, popular culture has offered unfortunately erroneous explanations for the stark racial disparate impact of HIV/ AIDS. The mass media, for example, has suggested that black men “on the down low” infect black women by secretly sleeping with male partners, acting as a bisexual “bridge” between gay and straight communities. But public health scholars have found little support for this theory. Many may assume that black people suffer from greater HIV prevalence because they are considered less sexually responsible than whites. Yet several studies have shown that black women and black men who have sex with men—the two groups most severely impacted by HIV/AIDS—have similar numbers of sexual partners and use condoms as often as their white counterparts. Thus, behavioral risk factors...
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...part of many women’s experience The health care and health status of women - Biases against women - Women have often been neglected in medicine and in medical research - Gender stereotypes are common in medicine - Medical care provided to women is often irresponsible or inadequate - Physician-patient communication patterns often make women feel relatively powerless Intersectionality and women’s health - Ethnicity - Social Class - Country The Health Care and Health Status of Women - Gender Comparisons in Life Expectancy - Mortality - Gender gap in life expectancy - Why do women live longer? - biological factors - social factors - health care - Gender Comparisons in Overall Health - Morbidity - Longevity - Rape & Abuse - Economic factors - How social class influences US women’s health - Morbidity & Mortality - Quality of Health Care - Health Insurance - Environmental Factors - Poverty - Psychological Factors - Health issues for women in developing countries - Women & girls less likely to receive medical care - Inadequate nutrition and health care (dying during pregnancy of childbirth) - Cardiovascular disease, breast cancer, and other specific health problems - Cardiovascular disease - Major cause of death of US women - Gender and ethnic differences in heart disease - Women may experience different symptoms than men - Women less likely than men to receive diagnostic testing or treatment -...
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...In Africa there is a large portion of the population that is greatly affected by acquired immune deficiency syndrome also known as AIDS. This is the final stage of HIV which causes severe damage to the immune system. People who have AIDS are more likely to get infections and tumors that wouldn’t affect people with working immune systems. The spreading of the disease is hard to control because anyone who comes in contact with any bodily fluid of an infected person will most likely end up getting it as well. “About 22.5 million people in Africa have been infected by AIDS as of 2007”. The adult rate of infection worldwide is 1% while in Africa it is about 6.1%. The severity of the epidemic is largely caused by the “poverty, lack of female empowerment, and high rates of male worker migration”. One of the worst parts about the AIDS epidemic in africa is that the national health systems are ill equipped for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, which means that in all honesty the people are basically hopeless. Anything that they can do medically costs way more than the normal African has. In Europe from 1348 to 1350 there was an outbreak of the Yersinia pestis bacterium. This disease was also known as the black plague. It caused the deaths of 30 to 60 percent of europes population. More than 350 million people died from this epidemic. The European population took 150 years to recover from the high amount of death. The original carriers of the plague were the rats that were...
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...epidemic began in the early 1980’s, 306,885 MSM diagnosed with AIDS have died, 5.302 of the individuals accounted for in 2011. Women account for 84% of new HIV infections as a result of heterosexual sex, with a mortality rate of 3,516 in 2011 and 89,683 since the epidemic began. Overall, the percentage of newly infected women has significantly decreased by 21%, going from 12,000 to 9,500 women. The other 16% of new infections in women occur as a result of injection drug use, with an estimated mortality rate of 3,723 in 2011. In both newly diagnosed men and women combined, blacks/African Americans account for 44% of cases, with an estimated 1 in 16 black men and 1 in 32 black women acquiring the disease at some point in their lifetime. Hispanics/Latinos also make up a high percentage of newly infected individuals with an estimated 20% of cases reported in 2011. In comparison to white males and females, Latino males are 2.9 times more likely to acquire the virus and Latinas 4.2 times more likely. In 2011, 2,310 Hispanics/Latinos died as a result of AIDS, with an overall 99,281 recorded deaths since the epidemic began (aids.gov, “HIV In The United States: At A Glance”, 2014). Since the first cases of HIV were reported in 1981, 39 million people have died of AIDS-related causes, resulting in HIV being the world’s leading infectious killer. Globally, 35 million individuals worldwide are currently living with HIV/AIDS, 3.2 million noted to be less than 15 years of age. 2.1 million...
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...Channel and Pricing Strategies Morilyn Cornett, Lori Winteresteen MKT / 571 April 28, 2010 Lauren Gerichs Channel and Pricing Strategies Introduction Our company, LMA, Inc., introduced earlier for our home country and product offering, South Africa and organic black hair care products; launched to improve the totality of hair care among the citizens of the South African country. The company’s advent of hair care products in this country was based on the needs and wants of a country deprived of fully understanding the influence special hair aids would have on their particular hair types. In this paper, LMA will launch a modified section of our product that will include a wider audience, (located in a different country) and additional hair aids. This paper will also discuss channel and pricing strategies for our international and domestic product launch; justify our chose domestic market, its sustainability and the factors involved that influenced our selection. Next, LMA will select an appropriate channel strategy and justify the selection and will include a pricing strategy for entering both the domestic and international markets. Following, will be an evaluation of the implications of changing environmental factors on organizational choices for our selected country and international market, addressing government, economic, innovation and technology, and social and demographic functionalities. Country Selection and Justification For LMA’s second product offering...
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...assess the extent of progress toward meeting the targets of Healthy People 2010 objectives and eliminating disparities. Methods: All diagnoses of AIDS during 2000 –2009 among people aged Ն13 years in the 50 states and District of Columbia, reported to national HIV surveillance through June 2010, together with census population data were used in this analysis (conducted in March 2011). This study assesses the trend in racial/ethnic disparities in rates of AIDS diagnoses both between particular groups using rate difference (RD) and rate ratio (RR) and across the entire range of racial/ethnic subgroups using three summary measures of disparity: between-group variance (BGV); Theil index (TI); and mean log deviation (MLD). Results: The overall racial/ethnic disparity, black–white disparity, and Hispanic–white disparity in rates of AIDS diagnoses decreased for those aged 25– 64 years from 2000 to 2009. The black–white and Hispanic–white disparity in rates of AIDS diagnoses also decreased among men aged Ն65 years; however, the black–white disparity increased among young men aged 13–24 years (BGV: pϽ0.001, black–white RD: pϽ0.01) from 2000 to 2009. Conclusions: Findings indicate overall decreases in racial/ethnic disparities in AIDS diagnoses except in young men, particularly young black men aged 13–24 years where the burden of AIDS is increasing. HIV testing, prevention, treatment and policy-making should be a priority for this group. (Am J Prev Med 2012;43(5):461–466) Published...
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...Jennifer McKinnon HIV/AIDS Disease University of Phoenix HCS 245 Professor Tynan Weed June 2, 2013 Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome also known as AIDS is the final stage of the disease known as Human Immunodeficiency virus. To understand AIDS we first need to discuss HIV. HIV compromises the body’s ability to fight off infections, bacteria and other harmful microorganisms that attack ones immune system, this is usually what causes AIDS. After the body’s immune system is compromised the ability to naturally fight off these things is weakened and the likelihood that it will be attacked is dramatically increased. As the body is defending what it can the possibility of certain types of cancer is also raised. The HIV and/or AIDS disease can go undetected with no signs or symptoms for up to ten years. Scientists believe that the disease came from a chimpanzee and humans acquired it or became infected with it when they would hunt and eat these animals. Some of the factors that put African American women at a more vulnerable state in being infected with HIV and/or AIDS are barriers to testing and treatment, including poverty, limited access to healthcare or prevention education. Studies have shown the direct link of poverty in African American women to be consistent higher HIV and/or AIDS infection rate. The environmental factors that make African American women more vulnerable to HIV and/or AIDS are poverty with limited education. The consequences of not a having primary...
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