...Introduction From its origin, HIV/AIDS has been defined as a sexually transmitted disease associated primarily with white homosexual men. In fact, African Americans are the racial/ethnic group that are mostly influenced by HIV/AIDs. According to the Center of Disease Control and Prevention, by the end of 2008, an estimated 240,627 blacks with and AIDs diagnosis has died in the United States (CDC, 2012). Contrary to the evident statistics affecting the African American population as a whole, there remains a small amount of research studies, dedicated towards HIV/AIDs healthcare promotion and prevention strategies specifically designed for the African American women. However, there is a large proportion of African American women affected by HIV/AIDs. In 2009, black women accounts for 30% of the new estimations of HIV infections among blacks. The rate for HIV infections as compared to other populations is 15 times more than white women, and three times as high for Latina women (CDC, 2012). This is confirmed by social media, primarily directed at African American males. In regards to the African American women, personal beliefs, cultural practices, and social norms act as a backdrop in determining the risk behavior of acquiring HIV/AIDs. This study serves to address the need for prevention strategies among single African American women of 18-22 years of age in college from the middle socioeconomic class. The subjects for the study are voluntary and motivated to learn with...
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...Running head: AIDS/HIV IN THE AFRICAN AMERICAN COMMUNITY MBA 530 Community Health Evaluation/Epidemiology Dr. Patricia Pierce Latoya Blain 06/17/2012 AIDS/HIV in the African American Community Of all the ethnic and racial groups of the United States of America, the African Americans are the ones who have been to a larger extent faced with the HIV/AIDS burden. Statistics show that more than two hundred and thirty thousand African Americans have already passed on as a result of AIDS- a figure which represents 40% of the total deaths in the U.S. Besides, it is estimated that those living with HIV in the U.S. are more than one million, half of whom are blacks (NASTAD, 2005). The probability of having been infected with HIV/AIDS among the African Americans is one on every 16 (for the black males) and 1 in every 30 people (for the black women). Washington D.C. has the highest prevalence of HIV infection, at three percent; with 75% of the infected people being African Americans. The National HIV/AIDS Strategy has reported that African Americans form the greatest proportion of the many cases of HIV/AIDS in the various transmission sorts, including among women, injection drug users, infants and heterosexual men (The White House, 2010). From the above statistics, one may, therefore, wonder African Americans as affected by AIDS in such a disproportionate manner. Historically, it was back in the early 1980s...
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...HIV Prevention in African American Women Introduction From its origin, HIV/AIDS has been defined as a sexually transmitted disease associated primarily with white homosexual men. In fact, African Americans are the racial/ethnic groups that are mostly influenced by HIV/AIDs. According to the Center of Disease Control and Prevention, by the end of 2008, an estimated 240,627 blacks with and AIDs diagnosis has died in the United States (CDC, 2012). Contrary to the evident statistics affecting the African American population as a whole, there remains a small amount of research studies, dedicated towards HIV/AIDs healthcare promotion and prevention strategies specifically designed for the African American women. However, there are a large proportion of African American women affected by HIV/AIDs. In 2009, black women accounts for 30% of the new estimations of HIV infections among blacks. The rate for HIV infections as compared to other populations is 15 times more than white women, and three times as high for Latina women (CDC, 2012). This is confirmed by social media, primarily directed at African American males. In regards to the African American women, personal beliefs, cultural practices, and social norms act as a backdrop in determining the risk behavior of acquiring HIV/AIDs. This study serves to address the need for prevention strategies among single African American women of 18-22 years of age in college from the middle socioeconomic class. The subjects for the study...
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...HIV in the African American Population HIV in the African American Population The year was 1981, and the first discovered cases of PCP, Pneumocystis Cabrini pneumonia was discovered in five young males who did not fit the norm for being diagnosed with this disease. In 1983, the isolation of a T lymph tropic retrovirus was found. In January 1983, the CDC reported a new disease which could be sexually transmitted both homosexually and heterosexual, passed from mother to infant, through blood and blood products. A note was made that the disease could also be passed from a negative host, who carried the disease asymptomatically. On February 7th, the world takes notice of the African American blacks and their relationship with the HIV/AIDS epidemic. In 2006, blacks composed approximately 12% of the United States population over the age of 13. Out of that reported number it was estimated that 46% of them are living with HIV/AIDS. 63% of those cases were from between male to male cases, with 83% new cases being from high risk heterosexual black females. The numbers from the CDC report it is an estimated 12.3 per 10,000 blacks that are currently affected yearly. Of all the ethnic and racial groups of the United States of America, the African Americans are the ones who have been to a larger extent faced with the HIV/AIDS burden. Statistics show that more than two hundred and thirty thousand African Americans have already passed on as a result of AIDS- a figure which represents...
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...Identification Over the years, HIV has killed millions of people around the world. African Americans living in the United States represent one of the groups that are adversely affected by HIV. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) refers to a virus that attacks one’s immune system which represents the natural defense system of a human body. When this defense system becomes weak, the body becomes susceptible to various diseases and infections. The virus that attacks the immune system as well as the infection that affects the body as a result of the weak immune system is called HIV. In 2014 alone, 5,128 African American women were diagnosed with HIV compared to 1,483 white women and 1,350 Latino/Hispanic women in the USA (CDC, 2016). This study is going to investigate the problem of HIV among this vulnerable population. The study will also investigate the risk factors of HIV among this population. Finally, the study is going to discuss the nursing implications. Problems, Susceptibility, Exposures and Frequency An earlier report by Global-Campaign in 2006 indicated that of the total population of the United States, African Americans only account for 13 percent. However, African Americans account for more than half of all the new HIV cases in the U.S. especially the women, making them a vulnerable community (Ragsdale-Hearns, 2012). This high frequency rates among them is due to various problems and high exposures to HIV/AIDS. For instance, African American heavily inhabited areas in...
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...higher rate of HIV infection of African - American women In New York City there’s an alarming rate of African - American women at high risk of contracting HIV/AIDS. It’s unfortunate that amongst New York City unlimited diverse population, the African-American woman have steadily and continue to become affected with the HIV virus. Even though nowadays medication has shown improvement to treating HIV, more needed towards the prevention of becoming HIV-positive. Numerous factors must be addressed, and educational programs becoming readily available to the urban modern lifestyle’s that African American as well Women of all ethnicity partake. Change begins with acknowledgement and understandings. History of HIV/AIDS Over 33 million people around the world are infected with AIDS or Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. Of which over a million people are infected with AIDS in the United States. At first, AIDS in the United States was considered a white gay man’s disease. In fact, AIDS was once referred to as “The Gay Plague” (Shilts, 1987). However, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported in 2005 that women now make up 26 percent of all new HIV/AIDS diagnoses. African American women are infected at even higher rates than Women of other racial and ethnic groups. In 2005, close to 127,000 women were living with HIV/AIDS. Black women made up 64 percent of those women living with HIV/AIDS. In 2004, HIV was the leading cause of death for black women aged 25-34 ...
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...The Rising AIDS Epidemic amongst African American Females By Shameka L. Weathersby Department of Sociology Mississippi College The Abstract Our country is faced with so many challenges wars, financial meltdown, and the growing threat of the AIDS epidemic. More than 56,000 people in this country contract HIV every year. AIDS was once thought to be a white epidemic that accounted for a high percentage around the 1980’s until the late 1990’s. Today it is worst among African Americans who represent nearly half of all new HIV infections, including two-thirds of the new cases among women and 70 percent of the new cases among adolescents. In researching African American accounted for the greatest percentage for cases diagnosed among males (44%) and the majority of cases among females (68%) among the ages 20-40 years old. AIDS clearly has affected certain groups more than others have. This study of AIDS among black women has caused concern in attitudes, health awareness, and beliefs when expressed by the community level. In interviewing three women and the AIDS, association we found that education alone is not a solutions but the changing the ways of thinking can produce a better outcome. This paper describes the practical usefulness of qualitative research in HIV/AIDS prevention education. Introduction Over the past 20 years, we have heard of new diseases like Ebola virus, lime disease, chronic disease but among these new diseases, AIDS has become the most...
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...HIV/AIDS in the Deep South Melony C. Haynes Baptist College of Health Sciences Abstract This paper examined HIV/AIDS in the Southern Region specifically the Deep South. Fundamental Causes and Proximate Factors were examined to explain and understand the high cases of HIV/AIDS in the Deep South. Poverty, lack of access to health care, lack of education, and prison policies were the reasons examined to explain the high cases of HIV/AIDS in the south. Populations at higher risk and why they are at higher risk were examined. These populations were: drug users, prisoners, African Americans, and women who experience domestic violence. HIV/AIDS in the Deep South HIV/AIDS at one time was considered a death sentence. There was not much information about the disease, much less a cure for the disease. However, there have been many strides made over the years. More money, time, and resources have been provided for the research of the virus. The research has identified how the virus is contracted and spread, as well as how it affects an individual’s body. The research also identified prevention methods and the medication that can be taken to treat the disease. Since the first cases of the disease in the late seventies to current day, the life expectancies of individuals are improving. For example Irvin “Magic” Johnson a famous ex-basketball player announced twenty years ago he was HIV positive. Very few people expected him to live this long because at that time the...
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...Hall HIV AIDS in Southeastern U.S United States Statistics show that the AIDS epidemic began in 1981. Since then 1.7 million Americans have been infected with HIV. A number of 583,298 U.S. citizens have died due to AIDS-related causes. 1.1 million Americans are living with HIV and don’t even know it. An estimated 21% of people living with HIV are undiagnosed. AIDS spread so fast that every 9.5 minutes; someone in the U.S. is infected with HIV. The leading cause of the spreading disease is said to be gay and bisexual men. Gay and bisexual men continue to spread the HIV infection. They are accounted for an estimated 53% of new HIV infections. Also, African-Americans and Latinos are affected by HIV and AIDS as well. However, Blacks are accounted for 45% of new HIV infections in 2006. There is 47% of Black living with the disease and they make up only 12% of the U.S. population. Latinos account for 17% of new infections. They comprise 15% of the U.S. population. Whites represent 35% of new infections and account for 66% of the total population (HIV/AIDS Facts). The AIDS case rate for African Americans is more than 9 times that of whites. Also the HIV rate is 7 times greater among blacks than whites. Survival after an AIDS diagnosis is lower for blacks than any other racial/ethnic group. The largest share of any age group is young adults and teens between 13 and 29 that represent 34% of new HIV infections. Black teens that become affected represent 68% of reported AIDS cases among...
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...examining the various maps on page 11 of our text, it’s clear that the HIV/AIDS spread has been more prevalent in urban areas of Ohio (Cleveland, Toledo, Columbus, CIncinnati). These urban areas act as the core-periphery for various regions of Ohio, and the rural areas see weaker cultural attributes as we move further away from the central points of these regions. The city of Columbus boosts a large population of 298,165 and is a college town (http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/39/3915000.html.). Columbus also is home to many corporations, such as JP Morgan Chase, Huntington Bank, Victoria’s Secret, Abercrombie & Fitch. There also appears a lack of educated workers to meet the city’s high demand for engineers (http://www.forbes.com/sites/erincarlyle/2014/09/18/forbes-opportunity-cities-19-places-where-it-may-be-easier-to-make-your-mark/.). Other urban cities with large numbers of HIV/AIDs case include: Dayton (2014 estimated population: 141,003), Cleveland (389,521), and Toledo (281,031), CIncinnati (298,165) (www.census.gov.). When I examined the figures related to poverty, I discovered the U.S. has 14.5%, while those in poverty in CIncinnati are 30.4%, Toledo 27.2%, and Cleveland 35.4%. I also noticed higher rates of African-Americans in these cities compared to the U.S. figure of 13.2%. Cincinnati has an African-American population of 44.8%, Toledo 27.2%, Cleveland at 53.3%. To understand how the higher HIV/AIDs rate correspond to poverty, race and other factors, I had to look...
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...HIV/AIDS Affect on the African American Community Nicole Donald Capella University HIV/AIDS Affect on the African American Community HIV/AIDS is prevalent in the African American community. African Americans are among the highest risk group for contracting HIV/AIDS. HIV/AIDS has been an issue in the African-American community for a number of years. This learner will provide a general overview on the ethnic population under study but will have a particular focus on black heterosexual men for the purpose contributing to the much lacking knowledge base on this particular population subset. Problem Statement The topic of HIV/AIDS is relevant to mental health counseling because this disease can have a devastating effect on the psyche of any human being suffering with this illness. Many minority teens and adults have a passive attitude when it comes to HIV/AIDS, and when confronted with the issue, they need to have access to the proper channels for information and support. Over 33 million people worldwide are living with HIV infection, and approximately 56,000 new HIV infections are reported every year in the United States alone (Kamen, et al., 2012). Black heterosexual men (BHM) are seldom mentioned in HIV prevention research, policy, and interventions, despite evidence that heterosexual contact is becoming the leading exposure category for BHM (Bowleg & Raj, 2012). It is important to identify the risk factors and treatments available for African Americans with HIV/AIDS...
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...Peprase, PhD., RN. “HIV Knowledge, Perceived Seriousness and Susceptibility, and Risk Behaviors of Older African Americans” Journal of Multicultural Nursing and Health Johnson 3 Age presents a unique challenge for health care providers in that some relatively newer diseases may not be perceived the same in the elderly as it is in the younger population in general. The study produced by Frances Jackson et al. sheds an illuminating light on the perceptions of elderly African Americans as it relates to HIV/Aids. The District of Columbia has one of the highest HIV infection rates in the country and as nurses, we must continue to try to educate our citizens some of the lingering misconceptions about the disease. Indeed, knowledge in this instance, can be life saving. The study by Jackson et al. illustrates the enormity of the task at hand. The survey group included 155 useful responses to the 500 questionnaires mailed. The questionnaire was based on four themes: knowledge, seriousness, susceptibility and risk behaviors. According to Jackson, “older African Americans generally have a high level of knowledge about HIV but still believe that HIV can be acquired through casual contact and have other misinformation regarding transmission. Older African Americans believe that HIV/Aids is a serious disease but do not feel personally susceptible to acquiring it. There is widespread reluctance among African American men and women to using condoms. Despite...
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...Diversity Concerns in Public Health Name: Institution: Date: Diversity Overview Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust (2010) defines Diversity in relation to public health as the term that describes the virtual uniqueness of each person or people group. The uniqueness that exists among the diverse people groups includes their skills, experiences, culture, interests, values and their ambitions. Each of these groups is rich with enormous possibilities. One of the Public Health provider’s professional responsibility is to learn and understand the diversity and cultural differences that exists in there area of operation and beyond, in order to address the health needs of these groups effectively (Woodward, 2010). One of the key agendas of the public health sectors in any country is to provide health care interventions that make a positive difference to the people and in a way that respects and values diversity of those people (UK DoH, 2004). The government has a responsibility to ensure that the rights of the different people groups are protected in the law, so that all the citizens in the society, especially the vulnerable groups are protected from discrimination (Woodward, 2010). It is important for Public Health Professionals to recognize that it is expected for them to provide care for members of the society who are from diverse backgrounds. This paper provides a discussion on the diversity concerns of public health. In discussing this topic, the paper looks at different...
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...inflammatory response to HIV and AIDS, describe the disease, how it is transmitted, and the environment factors that may make someone vulnerable to it. Additionally, this paper will identify standards and alternative treatments to HIV and AIDS, the methods used to control the spread of the disease and the consequences of not controlling it. Finally, this paper will include community health promotion and wellness strategies to help prevent the disease. AIDS was first noted in the early 1980s among men with multiple sexual contact with other men and drug users who shared hypodermic needles (Zelman, Raymond, Holdaway, & Mulvilhil. 2010). Since first note in the early 1980s HIV and AIDS have not been exclusive to men but have infected women as well. AIDS is now known as one of the top causes of death in women. HIV is the fourth leading cause of death among women today. HIV is growing among minorities and is the largest in African-American males, with a rate of 6% rate of an African-American male having the disease, and it is also higher with Hispanics more than Caucasians (Zelman, Raymond, Holdaway, & Mulvilhil. 2010). Subsequently, HIV and AIDS is not the same thing. According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC) AIDS is the full blown disease, while HIV is the virus that causes AIDS. First, Human immunodeficiency virus or HIV is the virus that causes AIDS. HIV transmission can occur with unprotected sex or with needle sharing (WebMD. 2012). AIDS is most common in...
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...Preventing and Adapting to HIV/AIDS Issues and Answers Willo Pequegnat National Institute of Mental Health José Szapocznik University of Miami A lthough the role of families in caring for its sick members is as old as hu mankind, only and health professionals,in recent years have researchers, family practitioners recognized the important role of the family in disease pre vention and health promotion (Anderson & Bury, 1988 ; Cohen & Wills, 1985; Kazak, 1989) . With enhanced treatments, HIV infection is now becoming a long-term chronic illness affecting hundreds of thousands of families . As a seri ous chronic illness, HIV infection is creating pressure o n health care and social and mental health service providers to design comprehensive systems for fami lies . For each of the more than 688,200 persons in the United States with AIDS, there are parents, siblings, aunts and uncles, and friends and partners in the fam ily constellation who are affected (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 1998b) . The family is de facto and often de jure caretakers when one of its members is ill or in trouble (Pequegnat & Bray, 1997). AUTHORS' NOTE: The second author was partially supported in writing this chapter by NIMH Grant R37 MH55796 . Requests for further information on this chapter should be sent to Dr. Willo Pequegnat, Associate Director, Primary Prevention, Translational, and International Research, Center for Mental Health Research on AIDS, National Institute...
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