...and Explicit Memory The brain's memory systems are divided into two types: implicit memory and explicit memory. The main difference between implicit and explicit memory is their relation to consciousness: explicit memory transport data to consciousness in the form of images or thoughts, while implicit memory mainly skips consciousness (Memory, 2009). Procedural memory is another type of implicit memory. Procedural memory allows individual to gain specific skills, like using a music instruments or learning how to play a sport. It works effectively without consciousness, and conscious awareness may hinder with its effectiveness, evidenced shows using a trick sometimes played on another golfers by asking them if they inhale or exhale before or while swinging. When the golfer tries to tell the difference it can cause the pattern of muscle activations to break up. Classical conditioning,...
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...How Alcohol Affects the Baby's Brain: The most common effect is permanent brain damage which leads to learning disabilities, behavior problems, memory deficits, attention deficit hyperactive disorder, and/or mental retardation.This is called "static encephalopathy" meaning brain damage that doesn't get any better and doesn't get any worse.There is way to reverse the damage. More subtle damage from occasional binge drinking can cause damage that is like buck shot - scattered holes in the brain that affect whatever area that was developing at the time, causing brain cells death, migration of cells to the wrong place, or tangles in the neurons with inaccurate connections. Regions of the brain most affected: .Corpus Callosum - processes information between right brain and left brain .Cerebellum - motor control .Basal Ganglia - processes memory .Hippocampus - learning and memory .Hypothalamus - controls appetite, emotions, temperature, and pain sensation .Frontal lobes - executive functions, impulse control, judgment The corpus callosum and the frontal lobes are affected by alcohol exposure in ways that are manifested in behavior that is perceived to be inappropriate and immature. The corpus callosum separates the right brain from the left brain and passes information from one brain to the other.The left brain controls rules, consequences, concrete ideas, practical details, and orderly sequences.The right brain controlsabstract thinking, emotions and feelings, creativity, and intuition...
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...Laurence-Probert Composition 1 Essay #2 cause and effect March 19, 2013 Situations Leading Up To Alcohol Abuse There are many people who like to drink beverages with alcohol. Many people drink for social purposes, and many drink to relax after a hard day of work. Moreover, the notion of alcoholic-based drinks has become an influence for many people of all ages around the world, and many abuse it. There are some people who believe that there is no cause for drinking. On the other hand, there are people who believe that there are many causes and many effects for drinking beverages that contain alcohol. One possible cause of alcohol abuse could be depression for one reason or another; however, the effects of alcohol abuse are liver damage, decrease of brain function, and the loss of a job. One effect of alcohol abuse is liver damage. Alcohol abuse causes cirrhosis of the liver, which shortens the life of a human being. Moreover, liver damage due to alcohol can lead to pain, suffering, and bitterness. For example, my best friend mother was an alcoholic; she abused it every day and all day at the age of forty, she was diagnosed with cirrhosis of her liver. Not only did she experience much pain, but she also spent the rest of her life angry and mad at everything and everyone. If it was not for her alcohol abuse, then she would have lived longer and possibly been happier. Alcohol abuse also causes severe damage in the neurons, so it causes alterations in the body movements, loss...
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...men and women are having unprotected sex while under the influence of alcohol; in some cases they acquire a sexually transmitted disease including herpes and Aids etc. * Violent crimes are being commended on university campuses, because of alcohol use. * Excessive drinking can result in memory loss and could be a gateway to drugs such as marijuana etc. Needs * Preventing alcohol abuse will reduce automobile crashes resulting in death within teens. * Preventing teen drinking will help kids with long lasting health issues that will occur if the teen drinks alcohol excessively. * Preventing alcohol abuse teens will most likely succeed in life. Our Proposed Ideas * Try to avoid bars and people that drink on a regular basis. * Acquire new friends that don’t drink alcohol. * Avoid people that try to peer pressure you to consume alcohol. Benefits * Preventing alcohol use will lower crime rate on campuses across the nation. * Preventing alcohol abuse will help student increase their study behaviors by attending more classes and focusing while in class. * Preventing alcohol abuse on campus will help universities control student deaths related to underage drinking. Implementation * Discuss with your young teens about what alcohol can do to you. * Give teens examples about the problems with underage drinking such as car wrecks, death and long term memory loss. * Example to the teen that there commenting a crime while drinking...
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...Dementias by DAVID R. SPIEGEL, MD, and KHENG-JIM LIM, MD Drs. Spiegel and Lim are from the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia. Innov Clin Neurosci. 2011;8(6):15–19 ABSTRACT Korsakoff’s Syndrome is an amnestic disorder that involves both anterograde and retrograde amnesia. Traditionally associated with longstanding alcohol misuse, thiamine deficiency has been long posited in its pathogenesis, as has dienecephalic lesions. Yet, through this case report, we highlight similarities (and differences) with medial temporal lobe memory disorders and the role of frontal lobe dysfunction in its retrograde amnesia. INTRODUCTION Wernicke’s encephalopathy (WE) and Korsakoff syndrome (KS) are generally viewed as two distinct stages of the same illness called Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (WK syndrome). WE, the acute form of the disease, consists of a degenerative brain disorder due to a thiamine deficiency (Vitamin B1), which is the same pathological state that can potentially lead to KS. This disease is typically seen in patients with chronic alcohol abuse, malnutrition, and/or chronic vomiting. This case report will focus exclusively on the alcoholic presentation of this...
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...Pre-Employment/Treatment Plan Sample Name: DW DORS Counselor: TR Address: Columbia MD Employment: History: Student Date: Employment Goal: Warehouse Worker This type of plan can be written soon after an individual program. Information gleaned from initial observations of program participant, any medical/ psychological reports and evaluations as well as feedback from family and program staff. Staff : (list all the program staff that contributed to the Plan) Dean, we know you are very eager to go to work and make money. You are unhappy with the first Phase of the DORS Employment Program because you feel it is as you say, “holding you back”. We understand how this step toward work can feel pointless, after all, you and your parents’ report that you have no difficulty finding a job. Our concern is that you have difficulty keeping a job. Your DORS counselor sent you here to get the help you need to not only get a good job, but to also keep that job so you can reach your goal of being independent and living on your own. To prepare you to work successfully we are going to focus on building upon the skills and strengths you have and that will be welcomed by any employer. Just as importantly we will help you to fix or learn to work around the problems or barriers caused by your injury. We believe if you learn to use different ways or strategies of doing things, you can take what you will learn here into a job. Let us talk about the strengths and...
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...in their visual field. This is called inattentional blindness. This takes a significant amount of cognitive ability, and there are things that can make it even harder. Alcohol can impair cognitive functioning immensely, so when alcohol and driving are combined, it can be quite dangerous. Clifasefi, Takarangi and Bergman (2006) wanted to know if people under the influence of alcohol, or people who believe they are under the influence of alcohol, are more or less likely to notice these unexpected objects. The researchers expected that they would find that participants that actually received alcohol, not considering if they were told they had alcohol or a placebo, would find it hard to focus their attention outside of the requested task. They also expected the participants that received the placebo to notice the unexpected object an equal number of times, regardless of if they were told they had alcohol or the placebo. To test their hypotheses the researchers used a 2x2 balanced placebo design. They randomly assigned 47 adult participants, aged 21 to 35, to one of four conditions: told alcohol/ got alcohol, told alcohol/ got placebo, told placebo/ got alcohol, or told placebo/ got placebo. All of the participants were screened and then placed into groups of four or less by gender and taken to the Behavioral Alcohol Research Lab, which is made to look like a cocktail lounge. One participant from each group chose an envelope that revealed the group’s drinking condition, however, the...
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...Table in content What is Foetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 How is FAS characterized in the community? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Describe how babies with FAS are affected? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . In your view what are the symptoms of long-term alcohol use? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . What kind of role has the South African context played in FAS? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . REFRENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . This assignment will research Foetal Alcohol Syndrome in light of the South African context. Attention will be given to understanding what FAS is; how is FAS characterized; the impact that alcohol has on brain development; and the effect that FAS has on a baby with the diagnosis. Furthermore, the role that the South African context plays in FAS will be explored. What is Foetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) The foetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a pattern of physical malformations observed in the offspring of women who drink alcohol during pregnancy. (By Abel, Ernest Psychological Bulletin, Vol 87(1), Jan 1980, 29-50.) ----1. Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a serious health problem that tragically affects its victims and their families, but that is completely preventable. Causing...
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...PSYCHOLOGY FINAL EXAMINATION ESSAY QUESTIONS GROUP 1 What issues give rise to the bipolar disorder? Bipolar disorder issued from lack of chemical and electrical elements in brain to function properly. It also occur in the presence of corresponding genes in patients DNA as a results of genes transmission from older generations. Bipolar disorder has 2 common poles known as Mania and Depression. How does this 2 poles differ from each other and how does this 2 poles correlate to each other? Mood Changes | -A long period of feeling "high," or an overly happy or outgoing mood -Extreme irritability | Behavioral Changes | -Talking very fast, jumping from one idea to another, having racing thoughts -Being easily distracted -Increasing activities, such as taking on new projects -Being overly restless -Sleeping little or not being tired -Having an unrealistic belief in one's abilities -Behaving impulsively and engaging in pleasurable, high-risk behaviours | | Depression | Mood Changes | -An overly long period of feeling sad or hopeless -Loss of interest in activities once enjoyed, including sex. | Behavioral Changes | -Feeling tired or "slowed down" -Having problems concentrating, remembering, and making decisions -Being restless or irritable -Changing eating, sleeping, or other habits -Thinking of death or suicide, or attempting suicide. | How does they correlate? Both involves disturbance in length of sleep. Both involves...
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...Solution-focus therapy focuses on resolving the problem and the belief that clients have the ability within themselves to bring about change. The cognitive-behavioral therapy is a different strategy used and the practice includes reinforcement, modeling, and conditioned responding. I also like programs like Alcohol Anonymous because the host and members are so supportive of each other and the members understand they have a problem. The members can accept their short-coming and be hopeful of being able to recover. It is important to understand that with a co-occurring disorder the most effective way for recover is to treatment both problems...
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...she appears to be suffering from hallucinations and possible seizures in the hospital. Mary states that she does not have an alcohol problem and that she will not go into a rehabilitation center. Mary presents here today with the following issues: 1. Totally in denial about her alcoholism. 2. Past due on rent, lives in a small one-room apartment with two cats. 3. Begs and steals to get money for her next drink, not really worrying about rent. 4. Eventually she gets kicked out of her apartment and is living on the streets. Mary ends up going into the treatment center mainly because she needs a place to live and to get off the street, she is in denial of her alcoholism, states she has no job no one wants her, she has very low self-esteem. In the first group session, Mary states she could never imagine not taking another drink. Mary seems codependent, flirts with Patrick (who she calls Patty (which is her uncles name)), covers for Paul the motorcycle guy when he’s doing drugs in the room. She starts gambling with Paul in the room that they share at the Rehab center, which is unethical. Eventually Mary listens and gets to know the other people and learns their stories and sees that maybe she can do this too. Mary gets to start working as she’s doing so well in the treatment center. At the place she’s working at, she finds alcohol in the cabinets. She ends up having flashbacks, drinks and leaves her job. After leaving job drunk she goes out looking for...
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...Abstract The human brain is perhaps the most complex of organs, boasting between 50-100 billion nerve cells or neurons that constantly interact with each other. These neurons carry messages through electrochemical processes; meaning, chemicals in our body (charged sodium, potassium and chloride ions) moves in and out of these cells and establish an electrical current. On-going psychological research is therefore so critical to understating brain function to understand human behaviour and to obtain methods to help negative behaviour. Discuss why on-going psychological research is so critical to understanding brain functioning On – going psychological research is critical in the understating brain function because our brain controls our body temperature, blood pressure, heart rate and breathing. Our brain handles our physical movement when walking, talking, standing or sitting. The brain is so crucial because it controls all our senses (seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting and touching). It even lets us think, dream, reason and experience emotions. Psychological research is critical because they know that our body affect our behaviour, cognition, perception etc. Different moods and certain reactions that we do governed by certain neurotransmitters that depends on the brain so that it will be of use. They know that the brain is the command centre of our whole body so whatever its state or nature is very important to understanding behaviour and mental processes. Longstanding...
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... This intoxicated state proves harmful when a user tries to operate a motor vehicle or perform other tasks. When high, one tends to ignore daily responsibilities, such as going to work or tending to family and friends, and instead becomes a vagabond with an aimless future focused on simply getting high. Smoking marijuana over a long period of time can lead to the development of emphysema, chronic asthma & bronchitis and even cancers of the lung & windpipe in the rarest of circumstances. Neurological and cardiovascular effects have been reported as well in strong users such as shortterm memory loss and the possibility of heart disease. And for casual users, the propensity to frequently smoke exists since the high is a feeling that can’t be replicated outside the drug due to the high concentration of THC, the main addictive property in marijuana. Marijuana abuse can cause brain damage, such as shortterm memory loss and the inability to perform motor functions, for an extended period of time, perhaps irreparably. It is not heroin, crack cocaine or methamphetamine but pop culture references portray the results of marijuana use albeit to the extreme. There are no conclusive studies to prove these effects due to the time that marijuana has been in the mainstream but we simply need to know more before society can make an informed decision on the fate of this substance. There are several reasons why marijuana should not be legalized. The foremost of these is that marijuana causes longterm and shortterm brain damage...
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...specialty services to the posttraumatic stress clinical team for experiencing traumatic symptoms over the duration of 1.5 years. The patient reported that her primary combat duties included driving fuel tankers in a convoy from base to base and performing guard duties to secure the perimeter of the base. In the context of that duty she reported being exposed to multiple life-threatening situations, witnessing dead and mutilated bodies, a near plane crash, daily mortar attacks on the base, making many split-second life-or-death decisions, and the loss of one of her soldiers. After returning to the United States she began to experience at least five distinct intrusive memories and nightmares from these combat experiences. She engaged in avoidance through attempted thought suppression, conversation redirecting, and alcohol abuse. She avoided crowds and social situations and began to fail out of college because she felt unable to focus on her academic duties as a result of her symptoms. She expressed severe nightmares/tremors and had an eradicated sleep schedule. She wakes up numerous times throughout the night and on some nights avoids sleeping completely. On presentation to the posttraumatic stress clinical team, she was diagnosed with PTSD. In addition to her other symptoms, the patient reported engaging in compulsive checking behaviors. She reported checking her front door lock 5 to 10 times a day and peering out of her windows on a constant for...
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...observing the effects of alcohol on the growing fetus. Firstly, the issue will be to identify ways in which consumption of alcohol affects pre and postnatal conception. Barnes and Bradley (1990) assert consumption of alcohol during pregnancy may have serious consequences for the fetus. Furthermore, the importance of current health initiatives relating to fetal alcohol syndrome will be addressed, including preventable measures. In addition, throughout the assignment, one will abbreviate Fetal Alcohol Syndrome/Effects to FAS/E Barnes and Bradley (1990) emphasise alcohol travels through the blood stream to affect the sperm, egg and fetus. Professor Kaufman 1988 (in Barnes and Bradley 1991,p.98) suggests “no alcohol in the preconception preparation stage for both partners”, and during pregnancy for the women. Similarly, Stroebe (2000) stipulate women should not drink alcohol for the duration of pregnancy because of the risk of birth defects termed fetal alcohol syndrome. Moreover, Beattie 1981 (in Booth and Williams 1985, p75) highlight social and constant heavy drinking especially in the first trimester of pregnancy can damage the normal growth of the fetus. In support of this Zieman (2004) assert drinking during the first trimester is the most serious, and babies exposed to alcohol at this most crucial time often have small brains and physical problems, what's more these babies can develop severe learning difficulties. Zieman (2004) additionally suggest alcohol crosses the placenta...
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