...South Dakota v. Dole a U.S Supreme court case challenging the limitations that the constitution puts on the authority of the U.S congress when it uses its power to influence or persuade a individual state. This court case is a conflict between the individual state and the federal power over the state minimum drinking age. The main question of interest in South Dakota v. Dole is when congress wants to promote certain actions or put laws into the works should they be able to use their power to influence the state to adopt the law for example in this case states that did not raise the legal drinking age to 21 would 5 percent less money for their highways. The reason congress wanted the drinking age up was because of a incident involving 4 19...
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...drinking age. The 1984 National Minimum Drinking Age Act requires that States prohibit persons under 21 years of age from purchasing or publicly possessing alcoholic beverages as a condition of receiving State highway funds (“The 1984 National”). South Dakota, a state that permitted persons 19 years of age to purchase alcohol, challenged the law (“South Dakota v.”) In a 7-to-2 decision, the Court held that Congress, acting indirectly to encourage uniformity in states' drinking ages, was within constitutional bounds (“South Dakota v.”) Twenty-three years after raising the legal drinking age to 21, Vermont lawmakers are revisiting the issue, despite the threat of losing highway funding if they lower the age minimum (“Vermont Considers Lowering”). Typically, when states flirt...
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...when you said yes not that long ago? Talk to your teenagers and be honest with them! ~ Amy. RN ~ [pic] While some national surveys have documented a significant decline in the use of other drugs by high school seniors and college-age youths, there have been only small declines in the numbers reporting binge drinking. Teenagers and young adults drink alcoholic beverages at about the same rates they did 5 years ago. Binge drinking increases the risk for alcohol-related injury, especially for young people, who often combine alcohol with other high-risk activities, such as impaired driving. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the four leading injury-related causes of death among youths under the age of 20 are motor vehicle crashes, homicides, suicides, and drowning. Alcohol is involved in many of these deaths. Sexual encounters with their risks of pregnancy, STDs, and HIV exposure, as well as date rape and other violence, can and do occur more frequently while students are consuming large amounts of alcohol by binge drinking. Binge drinking, or the partying lifestyle of young people may be...
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...drugs, alcohol abuse, gang violence and the list goes on. There is one problem in our society that has been a thorn in our sides for years, which will never go away. The problem is our babies are having babies. Teen pregnancy has been a problem for quite some time now. This isn’t one of those problems that just came along, and took the country by storm, like the crack epidemic of the 1980’s. It has always been here! Back in the 1950’s and 60’s, in a typical middle class environment, there might have been a teen to pop-up pregnant here or there. But, for the lower class environment, those pregnancies happened frequently. Back in those days, teen pregnancy was highly frowned upon. Many times, the young girl that became pregnant would be viewed as a loose woman or used up. During those times, a young lady that makes a mistake of this magnitude would rarely recover, to play a descent role in society. A woman had to be strong to deal with the pressures being a young mother, and facing the possibility raising a child all alone. Back then, most men would not consider dating a woman if she bore a child as a teen. As the years progressed, our morals and integrity weakened in our society; in some cases, it made things better. If a person was to take deep look into our country, and the way it’s structured, you can see a pattern why teen pregnancy is a bigger problem in some cities, than others. Most of our countries mid-western states such as: Montana, Idaho, Nebraska, North Dakota, South...
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...Women who are pregnant or are having sexual intercourse without the proper protection are advised not to drink alcohol. Drinking while pregnant can cause many problems to the fetus, involving the heart, the face, the brain and organs; even worse, drinking while pregnant increases the risks of having a miscarriage or delivering a premature child. While pregnant the fetus is very vulnerable to many toxins, such as alcohol, and drugs, so when the mother drinks alcohol, so does the fetus, since blood carries alcohol in the fetus bloodstream. At five weeks the fetus begins to form the brain, which then starts to grow rapidly, this is a crucial time for mothers to nourish their bodies with many proteins and keep away from dangerous toxins. One of the most probable results of drinking while pregnant is the Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS). The Fetal Alcohol Syndrome has been linked to low I.Q. in children. Over the years there has been many studies to determine if a child’s I.Q. if affected by Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. Jones and Smith first introduced Fetal Alcohol Syndrome in the United States in 1973, Jones and Smith described FAS as a “distinctive set of facial anomalies in children whose mothers drank heavily during pregnancy, accompanied by prenatal and/or postnatal growth retardation and cognitive/behavioral problems” (Burden). Children who suffer from FAS commonly have face abnormalities, which may or may not include: flat mid-face, short nose, low nasal bridge, thin lips, short...
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...Report Results Rolanda Redman HCS/438 July 12, 2015 Sil Di Gregorio Analysis of Newspaper Research Report Results The Chicago Tribune published an article educating readers on the perils of children riding in vehicles of inebriated drivers. The study confirmed that driving under the influence (DUI) related deaths among children reveals the children were riding in the vehicle of the inebriated driver. This recklessness needs to stop before another child pays the consequences of an irresponsible individual. Gregory & Ziezulewicz, (2014) report from 2001 to 2010, 2,344 children under age 15 were killed in crashes involving at least one alcohol-impaired driver. Illinois recorded 42 of those deaths during that time, holds one of the lower rates of child passengers killed in crashes involving impaired drivers. South Dakota had the highest rate. New Jersey, New York and Massachusetts registered the lowest rates. The report reveals of those 2,344 deaths, 1,515 of the children were with impaired drivers. Most of the drivers survived the crashes, while the unrestrained children died. In this writer’s opinion, this article used descriptive statistics to get the point across to the readers. This writer’s thinks the authors of the article are trying to use these statistics as a tragic example of the recklessness of the driver. The authors cited their references but the reader would have to do research to see if the numbers are actually accurate. The article did make...
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...behaviour is considered to be out of the norm. Substance abuse has vast becoming an epidemic in today’s society and it is considered as a social problem. Substance abuse is one thing but to see pregnant women abusing these endangering substances is another issue. People use drugs for many different reasons but for a pregnant woman to use drugs she may be mentally ill or depressed. Substance abuse may not have a serious or long-lasting effect on you but the same is not always true for a foetus. Mothers that abuse substances give birth to "drug babies." These children have serious developmental problems. Researches show that using substances legal or illegal during pregnancy has a direct impact on the foetus, whether smoking, consumption of alcohol, or ingesting caffeine. If you use marijuana or cocaine, your foetus also feels the impact of these dangerous drugs. If you are addicted to heroin, you are risking the health of your unborn baby. The use of drugs during pregnancy also increases the chance of birth defects, premature babies, underweight babies, and stillborn births. Consumption of illegal substances is...
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...hippie guy and girl with the tight bellbottom jeans, the scarf tied around their forehead, the purple round sunglasses and holding up a piece sign while driving the VW van with the Grateful Dead stickers on the windows. Some think of marijuana as a relief to the pain and discomfort they are experiencing, others just like the effect of slowing down the animosity of life and relaxing. However, if we look at the big picture we can see that marijuana being legal could help the economy, be medically beneficial, is safer than alcohol, and it would help all walks of life in one way or another. The legalization of marijuana could be very economically beneficial according to a study done by an economics professor at Harvard University named Jeffery Miron. Professor Miron says the government would save about $7.7 billion a year by the policing and prosecution being cut if marijuana was legalized in the U.S. The study also states that if the taxing of tobacco and alcohol was similarly used on marijuana, another $6.2 billion would be attained. In 2008 another study was done. In Texas $46.1 million was spent by state prisons only supervising marijuana prosecuted inmates. In California marijuana enforcement was estimated to be over $146 million. Some prisons now are facing overcrowding. Think of the amount of money that would be saved and some of the space that would be freed up in the Department of Corrections facilities. With the savings from the policing and prosecution being diminished...
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...illegal. The use for medical purposes has also come to scrutiny as well. The majority of Americans choose the same issues as the most threatening to the nation. Invariably among these one will see “drugs” as a major concern of most Americans. There is speculation that this is due to a perceived association between drugs and crime (Inciardi, 1999). A good deal of the argument over government policy towards drugs centers on the least unhealthy and most socially accepted of the illegal drugs, marijuana. Marijuana, scientifically known as Tetra-hydro-cannabinol (THC), belongs to its own group among other legal and illegal drugs. It is neither a narcotic, such as heroin, nor a stimulant, such as caffeine or tobacco, nor a depressant, such as alcohol. The cannabis plant is thought to have grown originally in Asia, though it was also discovered upon the settling of North America. Its leaves, when smoked, instigate physiological reactions. When the active chemical in cannabis, THC, enters the bloodstream through the lungs and reaches the brain, it triggers the release of dopamine, a...
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...(25-50 words). Show where hydraulic fracturing is currently underway in the United States; in Europe; and in South America. (25-50 words) With the rising needs of fuel shale gas has become very important energy source to the United States. “Hydraulic fracturing refers to the procedure of cracking fractures in rocks and rock formations by injecting a mixture of sand and water into the cracks to force underground to open further. The larger fissures allow more oil and gas to flow out of the formation and into the well bore, from where it can be extracted. Hydraulic fracturing has resulted in many oil and gas wells attaining a state of economic viability, due to the level of extraction that can be reached.” http://www.investopedia.com/terms/h/hydraulic-fracturing.asp Oil actually refers to any viscous liquid that is not soluble in either water or alcohol. Natural gas is lightweight, colorless, odorless substance that is made up of primarily methane. Oil comes from the ground created over millions of years of pressure being exerted on organic substances. Natural gas can be found underground often in associated oil fields. http://www.differencebetween.net/object/difference-between-oil-and-natural-gas/ Places where hydraulic fracturing is currently in progress is Australia, Bulgaria, Canada, China, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Netherlands, Poland, South Africa, United Kingdom, and in the U.S.; Texas, Vermont, Pennsylvania, New York, Kentucky, West Virginia...
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...Final Essay Assignment - Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Who has the rights? Sheila Bird COR3100 Critical Thinking and Writing (Section 2) John F. Kennedy University Summer 2014 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Who Has The Rights? Who has the rights when an unborn child is involved, mother or child? Can an unborn child be protected from his/her mother? Fetal Alcohol Syndrome [FAS] raises these questions that so far, have not been addressed. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is considered to be the most serious consequence of a mother drinking alcohol during pregnancy and is considered the #1 cause of mental retardation in the United States, and it is one that is entirely preventable. FAS was first reported in France in 1968 and noticed/discussed in the United States by Jones and Smith in 1973. Jones and Smith would identify distinctive facial features in children who were exposed to alcohol during pregnancy. Some of these facial features are: short eyelid openings, flat midface, thin upper lip and a flat or smooth grove between nose and upper lip. The children can also show growth retardation and significant cognitive and/or behavioral problems/issues. In the United States, FAS/Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder [FASD] occurs in about 10 per 1,000 live births or 40,000 babies per year. FAS is a lifelong condition that is not curable and has serious lifelong consequences. Unfortunately, there is no known limit on the amount of alcohol a mother can safely consume, that will not cause...
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...The article focuses about the circumstance living of the Indian in the Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota. The Indians have many disadvantages over a lot of things such as demographic, health care, educations, employment, and housing. The author creates a list of information that compares between the Indians and American. The main arguments in this article are the life of the Indians are lacking in so many ways which we cannot even imagine that they are a part of United States. The evidence that supports the author’s thesis is “Many Reservation residents live without health care due to vast travel distances involved in accessing that care. Additional factors include under-funded, under-staffed medical facilities and outdated or non-existent medical equipment”. The facts state that the average life expectancy on the Reservation is 45 years old while it is 77.5 year of age life expectancy average found in the United States as a whole. Not only health care is lack, housing condition is even worse than a ghetto. Evidently, over 33% of the Reservation homes lack basic water and sewage systems as well as electricity. In a house of two or three bedrooms, the reports find out more than fifteen people is living under the same roof. Moreover, Alcoholism affects eight out of ten families on the Reservation. The death rate from alcohol-related problems on the Reservation is much higher than the remaining US population. The goal of this source is to educate readers about the life...
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...organization, how it influenced policies and the problems experienced while implementing the policies. The effects of these social policies on Human Services delivery will also be addressed. This paper will take the reader through the history and positive outcomes of MADD. Mothers against Drunk Driving started as a grass roots citizen activist group and were founded in 1980 (Learn More, n.d.). The founder of MADD, Candice Lightner, created this organization after a drunken hit-and-run driver killed her 13-year-old daughter, Cari, at Sunset and New York Avenues in Fair Oaks, California (Friedrich, 1985). Lightner banded with other mothers who proposed in their hearts to make a stand against factors causing the tragedies associated with alcohol. The overall mission of Mothers Against Drunk Driving is to: stop drunk driving, support the victims of this violent crime and prevent underage drinking (MADD). MADD is very big on educating the public on the dangers and results of drunk driving. They are also huge on advocacy and providing assistance to victims and their loved ones. In the early 1980s, MADD got the attention of New Jersey Senator Frank R. Lautenberg. Senator Lautenberg did not like the fact that youth in New Jersey would travel into New York to purchase alcoholic beverages, in order to avoid New Jersey's law restricting consumption to those 21 years old and over (MADD Online, 2004). The group had its greatest victory in 1984 with the imposition of National Minimum Drinking...
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...The Systematic Obliteration of the Constitutional Republic The power of the US federal government, relative to the power of the states, has increased since the ratification of the Constitution in 1791. Describe how the provisions within the Constitution pertaining to the ‘power to tax and spend’ (Art.1, sec.8, pt.1) and the ‘commerce clause’ (Art.1, sec.8, pt.3) have been used over time to expand federal power and thus the power of the President. “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness” (Declaration of Independence, n.d.). Taken adapted from the scholar John Locke’s “Life Liberty and Estate” in his text the ‘Second Treatise of Government’, (Locke, J. 2005) and incorporated into the United States declaration of independence. Much has been said on the influence of Locke, on Thomas Jefferson during the drafting of the United States declaration of independence, such as was argued by McKay, (2005 pp. 44) . However, where Locke emphasized the importance of procuring and maintaining a limited government, it appears his influences on the political foundation of the United States drew to a halt here. As we are now bearing witness, to one of the most rapidly expanding government institutions in western liberal democracy. In this essay, I intend to discuss how the expansion of federal government power has increased...
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...fetal alcohol syndrome ( FAS) , alcohol-related birth defects ( ARBD) , and alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorders (ARND) . The three main types of research methods used in these studies are passive surveillance, clinic-based studies, and active case ascertainment. This article describes each of these methods, including their strengths and weaknesses, and summarizes the estimated prevalence of FAS produced by each of these approaches. The maternal risk factors associated with FAS and other alcohol-related anomalies include advanced maternal age, low socioeconomic status, frequent binge drinking, family and friends with drinking problems, and poor social and psychological indicators. Overall, the available literature points to a prevalence rate of FAS of 0.5 to 2 cases per 1,000 births in the United States during the 1980s and 1990s. KEY WORDS: fetal alcohol syndrome; prevalence; epidemiological indicators; alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder; birth defects; statistical estimation; data collection; clinical aspects; population dynamics; risk factors; research in practice; research quality Establishing the prevalence 1 (1 See the sidebar on page 160 for the definition of prevalence as it is used in this article.) and other epidemiological characteristics of fetal alcohol syndrome ( FAS) , alcohol-related birth defects ( ARBD) , and alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder ( ARND) 2 (2 FAS is a set of birth defects caused by maternal consumption of alcohol during...
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