...Research Development Paper Robert Trostel PSY/335 February 2, 2015 Tiffany Cron Research Development Paper Amir Raz a brain researcher from the New York State Psychiatric Institute has shown through his finding that through hypnotic suggestion he is able to make some people undo automatic behaviors, such as understanding their native language. The method that he uses is the Stroop Color-Word Test. In this Test he shows each of the people taking this test a word with a different color font. The object of the test is for the person to read the color not the actual word. In this test he shows that people have a reflex to read the word rather than the different color font. The video attention and consciousness-unlearning through hypnosis talks about using hypnosis in order to affect the anterior cingulated cortex of the brain. The brain was monitored while people were taking these tests the anterior cingulated cortex was lit up during this test. Some of the participants in the test under hypnosis performed better on the test when they were had gone through hypnosis. These patients viewed the words as foreign, and screened only for color and therefore did much better on the given task since their view of the word did not interact with the color. Raz was trying to suggest that the part of the brain that he was testing was involved with conflict and resolving conflict which would lesson activity. People who did well on this test viewed the world much differently. Practical...
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...Alcoholism is a very difficult and burdening disease that affects many different people all over the world. Alcoholism is a disease that not only affects the person suffering but the immediate family of the alcoholic. “Alcoholism and drug addiction affects the whole family- young, teenage, or grown-up children; wives or husbands; brothers or sister; parents or other relatives and friends.” ("Family Disease"). In the memoir, The Glass Castle by Jeannette Walls, her siblings and mother’s daily lives, health, and personalities were greatly affected by Jeanette's father, Rex Walls alcoholism. Some specific effects of alcoholism on families are conflict between spouses, infidelity, domestic violence, economic hardships, isolation or divorce, jealousy...
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...Foundations of Psychology PSY/300 Nov. 2, 2015 University of Phoenix Foundations of Psychology What is psychology? Simply speaking it is the study of behavior and mind. Psychology is the exploration into the understanding of behaviors, thoughts and emotions. The word psychology is of Greek origin meaning ‘psyche’, or “the soul, mind, or personality of a person or group” ("Psyche." Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2015). Psychology has many different fields of study that include social behavior, human development, and cognitive procedures, just to name a few. One name that often comes to mind when the word psychology is mentioned is Sigmund Freud. Freud is often thought of as the most influential, as well as controversial, figure in the study of psychology. His theories and views set the standard for the understanding of the human mind and its functions. There are six major schools of thoughts in psychology; functionalism, psychoanalysis, behaviorism, humanistic psychology, cognitivism and Gestalt psychology. This paper will identify three of those schools and examine the basis of each. Functionalism The first psychological school of thought I want to explore is Functionalism. Functionalism is “a late 19th century to early 20th century American school of psychology concerned especially with how the mind functions to adapt the individual to the environment” ("Functionalism." Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 27 Oct...
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...prevalence of alcoholic drinking among high school students ALCOHOLISM “It discloses secrets; ratifies and confirms our hopes; thrusts the coward forth to battle; eases the anxious mind of its burthen; instructs in arts. Whom has not a cheerful glass made eloquent! Whom not quite free and easy from pinching poverty!” (Horace first century B.C.) Initially, I wanted to write this paper on substance related disorders. However, in reading the text I felt compelled to focus on the psycological effects and problems that are related to alcoholism. With the media we are all too aware of the widespread dilemma that alcohol contributes to our current age. I am amazed that there were indeed alcoholics as far back as 3000 years before christ! Despite the pleasure and relaxation that alcohol can bring to some, it can also destroy others self-wort and integrity. Alcohol affects virtually everyone, whether the individual is himself an alcoholic, is the family member of one, or has been the victim of an alcohol related crime. In spite of the dangers alcohol presents,it is still in countless social cirles. Alcohol penetraes all ages, educational, occupational, and socioeconomical boundaries. Each year it is estimated that ten percent of all deaths are related to alcohol abuse. Am astonishing fifty percent of all major automobile accidents, and murders are associated with alcohol. On and on the statistics point to the enormous dangers of alcohol, yet it is a legalized drug. As bleak as this...
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...Conceptualizing Addiction Conceptualizing Addiction McNeece and DiNitto (2010) agree that defining addiction is not an easy task. Jaffe (1980) defines addiction as "a behavioral pattern of drug use, characterized by overwhelming involvement with the use of a drug (compulsive use), the securing of its supply and a high tendency to relapse after withdrawal. In addition, it is characterized by craving, withdrawal and tolerance." Schuckit (1992, p. 182) believes addiction involves the “continued, self-administered use of a substance despite substance-related problems, and it results in tolerance for the substance, withdrawal from the substance, and compulsive drug-taking behavior due to cravings.” The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-V), combined the DSM-IV categories of Substance Abuse and Substance Dependence into a single category of Substance Use Disorder (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013). The DSM-V covers 11 criteria for Substance Use Disorder: 1) taking the substance in larger amounts or for longer than the you meant to; 2) wanting to cut down or stop using the substance but not managing to; 3) spending a lot of time getting, using, or recovering from use of the substance; 4) cravings and urges to use the substance; 5) not managing to do what you should at work, home or school, because of substance use; 6) continuing to use, even when it causes problems in relationships; 7) giving up important social, occupational or recreational...
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...MODELS OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIOUR To read up on models of addictive behaviour, refer to pages 609–618 of Eysenck’s A2 Level Psychology. Ask yourself * Is there a biological basis to addictive behaviour? * Can somebody learn to be an addict? * How might explanations of addiction differ for different addictions? What you need to know MODELS OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIOUR | EXPLANATIONS OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIOUR | * Biological, behavioural (learning), and cognitive models of addictive behaviour | * Biological, behavioural (learning), and cognitive explanations for initiation, maintenance, and relapse * Specific explanations of particular addictions including smoking and gambling | MODELS OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIOUR The models of addictive behaviour attempt to explain the causes and thereby offer insights into how an addiction develops. The assumptions as to the causes of addiction also affect the approach taken to treatment. Biological model of addictive behaviour According to this model, the main causes of addictive behaviour are biological factors within the individual, for example, a neurochemical imbalance or a genetic predisposition towards addictive behaviour. Thus, the vulnerability to develop an addiction may be inherited and family studies are used to support this explanation. Thus approach assumes that addiction has physical causes and can therefore only be cured through medicine. Behavioural (learning) model of addictive behaviour This model is...
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...multitude of references to alcohol. Hemingway once described it as a “book about a few drunks” (qtd. in Dardis 163). Matt Djos, author of “Alcoholism in Ernest Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises: A Wine and Roses Perspective on the Lost Generation” and English professor at Mesa State College in Colorado, goes as far as to describe the novel as a “description of the alcoholic mentality” (64). The copious amounts of alcohol consumed by the characters of the novel can presumably be attributed to boredom. As the official biographer of Hemingway Carlos Baker puts it, the characters are “floundering in an emulsion of ennui and alcohol” (Baker 90); he suggests that the characters actions are fueled merely by boredom and an unhealthy consumption of alcohol. However, the hedonistic over-consumption of alcohol by Hemingway’s characters cannot be blamed on boredom alone; there are millions of people on this planet that suffer from boredom every so often, and yet they do not all keep themselves occupied by drinking to excess. Regardless of the reasons, “the drinking behavior in The Sun Also Rises was pronounced and addictive” (Djos 65). As the characters develop, it becomes clear that Hemingway designed the characters of The Sun Also Rises with past lives and personality traits that predispose them to alcoholism. Before determining the reasons behind the alcoholism of Hemingway’s characters, the characters must first be proven as alcoholics. It would be foolish to try to figure out why they are alcoholics...
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...Jones, pg. 228). People can also become addicted to “marijuana and other psychoactive substances” (Nugent & Jones, pg. 228). When drugs are abused it can result in a person becoming impaired and dependent” (Nugent & Jones, pg. 228). People who are dependent are at a “higher risk for violence, suicide, mental illness and accidents” (Nugent & Jones, pg. 223). Theories There are several theories that address why people become dependent on drugs. The disease theory suggests that “alcoholism is a chronic relapsing disease” (Lawrence, pg. 3). E.M Jellinek “defined alcoholism as a disease in 1960” (Nugent & Jones, pg. 215). He proposed that it was due to “genetic or physiological factors that made the person more likely to suffer from alcohol dependence” (Nugent & Jones, pg. 215). Cognitive behavior theorists felt that alcoholism was due to “pathological personality traits established in early childhood” (Nugent & Jones, pg. 215). Sociocultural theorist felt that sociocultural influences addictive behaviors and influences a person depending on the culture and environment they grow up in” (Nugent & Jones, pg. 216). Finally...
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...DRUG ADDICTION DURING HIS PLAYING DAYS AND BELIEVES THAT HE COULD HAVE ACHIEVED MORE IF HE WEREN’T AN ADDICT. MARADONA, WHO WAS PART OF ARGENTINA’S WORLD CUP WINNING TEAM IN 1986, ADMITTED HE FEELS MUCH OLDER THAN HIS 53 YEARS DUE TO HIS FORMER LIFESTYLE. HE BEGAN USING COCAINE IN THE MID-1980S AND WAS ADDICTED UNTIL 2004, IN ADDITION TO SUFFERING FROM ALCOHOLISM. DURING THAT TIME, HE HAD SEVERAL VERY PUBLIC HOSPITAL STINTS DUE TO HIS HEALTH FAILING FROM FREQUENT DRUG USE. HE OVERDOSED IN 2000 AND 2004, AND WAS ADMITTED TO A HOSPITAL IN 2007 FOR HEPATITIS AND THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ABUSE. MARADONA ALSO UNDERWENT GASTRIC BYPASS SURGERY IN 2005. COCAINE ADDICTION COCAINE IS A POWERFUL AND ADDICTIVE DRUG, CLASSIFIED BY THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AS A HIGH ABUSE, HIGH DEPENDENCY RISK STIMULANT. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF COCAINE ABUSE VARY BASED ON THE METHOD OF INGESTION. COMMON SIGNS OF SNORTING COCAINE, THE MOST POPULAR METHOD OF INGESTION, INCLUDE: LOSS OF THE SENSE OF SMELL NOSEBLEEDS DIFFICULTY SWALLOWING HOARSENESS A CHRONICALLY RUNNY NOSE COCAINE ADDICTION MAY ALSO PRODUCE NOTICEABLE BEHAVIORAL OR PERSONALITY CHANGES, WHICH ARE OFTEN SIGNS OF INCREASES IN THE AMOUNT OR FREQUENCY OF USE: IRRITABILITY RESTLESSNESS ANXIETY PARANOIA THOSE WHO SUFFER FROM COCAINE ABUSE AND ADDICTION CAN EXPERIENCE A CONDITION KNOWN AS SEVERE PARANOIA, WHICH IS A TEMPORARY STATE OF EXTREME PARANOID PSYCHOSIS. COMMON SERIOUS HEALTH PROBLEMS RESULTING FROM COCAINE DEPENDENCY...
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...many different causes and effects of addiction. Understanding the causes and effects of addiction can lead to treatment and or cures for them. Some people believe that nature; which refers to heredity, or the influence of inherited characteristics causes addiction. (Ciccarelli and Meyer, 2006). My theory is that nurture; which refers to the influence of the environment, plays a part in it as well. Often times it’s difficult to spot an addict. Some of the signs of being an addict are; mood, body language, and appearance. The mood of an addict can go from mean and angry, if they need a drink or drugs to calm their nerves, or they can be upbeat and very happy, if they are high on drugs or alcohol. Sometimes depending on the type of personality of the addict, they can become very depressed, even when they are high. The body language of someone that is high on drugs or alcohol is often apparent in their eyes, they are often vacant and void of the presence. Often times the eyes communicate an emptiness, loneliness or despair, such as in someone that is depressed. Sometime the pupils of the eyes are dilated, and the person can’t stay focused. (Answers.Yahoo.Com) The appearance of an addict can be an indication that they are using. They will often let their hair grow long and not comb it, or they are just unkempt looking overall. Sometimes they won’t bathe for several days. They often show a lack of enthusiasm for their appearance or life in general. If a person is on drugs such...
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...Addiction Addiction is a physical, psychological and physiological state that is as a result of dependence on substances that are psychoactive. These substances are known to cross the barrier between blood and brain when they are taken into the body either through smoking, drinking, injection or any other means that may cause their entry into the body. These substances work by altering the normal functioning of the brain and results in what is often called 'getting high' (Heyman, 2009). The addiction develops when an individual cannot stay for prolonged periods of time without relying on the psychoactive substance that they are addicted to. An addiction may also include habits or behavior patterns that with time become ingrained in our day to day lives and which an individual eventually finds out that they cannot live without indulging in their particular habit or behavior. Though the involvement in the activity or substance is initially a means to seek bliss and enjoyment, after a while, the individual will need to engage in the substance or activity to feel that he or she is normal. Experts in psychology have identified addiction in many forms, but all of them highlight the unusual psycho-dependency on substances and activities. These include; gambling, eating, sex and/or pornography, the internet, work, watching TV, shopping and many more. The main forms of addiction discussed widely though involve excessive drinking, excessive gambling, drug use, eating and sexuality (Orford...
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...Index * Food * Movies * Music * Travel * Fashion * Shopping * Money * Games * ------------------------------------------------- Home * ------------------------------------------------- Puzzles * ------------------------------------------------- Fitness * ------------------------------------------------- Illusions * ------------------------------------------------- Personality * ------------------------------------------------- Paranormal * ------------------------------------------------- Linguistics * ------------------------------------------------- Software * ------------------------------------------------- Health * ------------------------------------------------- Stop Smoking * ------------------------------------------------- Cholesterol * ------------------------------------------------- Hygiene * ------------------------------------------------- CR Calculator * ------------------------------------------------- Calorie Restriction * ------------------------------------------------- Nutritional Data * ------------------------------------------------- Drug Rehab Rehabilitation from Drug Addiction Drug addiction is a growing epidemic in the United States. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) reported that 7.9 percent of persons 12 years of age and older used illicit drugs during the month preceding a study in 2004. Children get exposed to drugs and drug use in...
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...Eating, Substance Abuse, Sex/Gender/Sexual, Impulse-Control, and Personality Disorder Normal behavior is accepted world-wide, but when people show abnormal behavior, it is accepted by the few that may understand why this is their behavior. Abnormal behavior that disrupts an individual’s life on a daily basis can be caused by several disorders. These disorders can very complex at times and some are more devastating to the mind and body than others. In this paper, the biological, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral components of eating, substance abuse, sex/gender/sexual, impulse-control, and personality disorders will be analyzed. Biological Eating Disorder Genetics and abnormalities in hormones, neurotransmitters, and brain structures are focused on to explain how eating disorders are developed. Studies have shown that identical twins are more likely to have anorexia and bulimia than fraternal twins. However, other studies show that eating disorder symptoms can be greatly influenced by nongenetic factors, such as obsessive-compulsive anxiety disorder and depression. Eating disorders are seen as an extension of obsessive-compulsive anxiety disorder by some clinicians because people may develop the compulsive need for dieting, exercising, or purging as a result of obsessional thoughts about being overweight (Hansell & Damour, 2008). As for hormonal abnormalities, two hormones (leptin and ghrelin) have been the main focus in recent research. Leptin is a hormone...
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...Addiction: The Disease HS 101: Addiction Pharmacology & Physiology Instructor: Wanda Urban November 23, 2013 I have often wondered why I turned out the way I did, an addict. I wonder if circumstances in my life influenced or contributed to that first time I decided to alter my state with a drug. Honestly, I don’t think it did. I had a normal childhood, in a loving family. We did not have a lot of money, but we had enough. We ate dinner together every night, we went camping in the summer, and took frequent family vacations. Even though there were no traumatic events to blame, I became an addict. But, I am not alone. A quick Google search will tell you that in 2002 there were an estimated 22 million Americans dependent on or abusing drugs, alcohol or both. That was a staggering number then, and is likely much higher now. Every day the news is full of the ramifications of addiction like drug overdoses, alcohol related accidents, and even death. I wonder how many of the people involved in these situations became addicts because of choice or if they were predisposed to the disease of addiction? There is much debate on whether addiction is a choice or a disease. Hundreds of books, journals and articles have been written on the topic and yet, the verdict is still out. Even in my own family there are conflicting points of view. At the dinner table one person argues it is definitely a choice, another says it is a disease, and yet another says it may very well be a disease...
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...Alcoholism and Its Effect on Your Life Alcohol is very common in today’s society. Many people drink beer, wine, or liquor. Most people can drink socially with few or no problems. Then there are those people that abuse or are dependent upon alcohol. Alcoholism is the common term for these two disorders and is the extreme dependence on excessive amounts of alcohol. People may use alcohol to help anxiety, unhappiness, loneliness, or other personal problems. There are many risks associated with alcohol use and excessive consumption of alcohol affects your brain, your behavior, and your overall general health. Research over the years has improved and much progress has been made in the treatment of alcohol use disorders. Article 1. Genetic research: who is at risk for alcoholism? John C. Crabbe, Howard J. Edenberg and Tatiana Foroud. There are a number of factors that work together to cause a person to become an alcoholic. Recent genetic studies have shown that close relatives of alcoholics were more likely to become alcoholics themselves. The risk holds true even for children who were adopted away from their biological families at birth and raised in a non-alcoholic family, with no knowledge of their biological family’s difficulties with alcohol. Additional research is presently being done to determine if genetic factors could account for differences in alcohol metabolism that may increase the risk of an individual becoming an alcoholic. Other factors may...
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