...of humanity. A broken pipeline spews waste from inside its rotten core. Animals no longer live here, people have fled from this land. The once spoils of harvest do not grow, instead the ground seeps tar. This is a tangible and real event that happens when pipelines break in communities and in environments. United States Government officials should ban laying pipelines on Native American reservations. The word sovereign means to “possess supreme or ultimate power” (dictonary.com). According to this definition, tribes located on reservations should be able to decide what they want. However, this is far from the case. The US Government wants to lay pipelines...
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...One thing that continued throughout history from the Trail of Tears was the attempt at land possession. The Native Americans were very worried that the United States would infringe upon their agreements and takeover their promised lands. According to Perdue and Green, various reasons accounted for Indian complaints, including the states that pushed for the intrusion of Indian lands and the defense against Indian retaliation to protect their homes. Georgia encourages their citizens to invade and inhabit the Native lands. This caused much controversy. These encouragements directly contravened the treaties that promised the rights to the land to the Natives (Perdue 24). One example of Indian-American conflict in Georgia was the infringement...
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...Pipeline Routes For Delivery Of US North Slope Natural Gas to Lower-48 Markets [pic] Economics 494 March 2, 2005 By: Etienne Snyman Pipeline Routes for Delivery of US North Slope Natural Gas to Lower-48 Markets Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Over-the-Top Route 1.2 Alaska Highway Route 2.0 Part 1 2.1.0 Economic Impacts of the Alaska Highway and “Over-The-Top” Routes on Various Stakeholders 2.1.1 Natural Gas Producers in Alaska 2.1.2 Natural Gas Producers in the Beaufort Sea-Mackenzie Delta 2.1.3 Mackenzie Valley Corridor Producers 2.1.4 Producers in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin 2.1.5 Producers in the Supply Regions of the Lower 48 US States 2.1.6 The Global Liquefied Natural Gas Sector 2.1.7: Natural Gas End-use Consumers 2.1.8: Pipeline Operating Companies 2.1.9: American Taxpayer Perspective of the Alaska Highway Route 2.1.10: Canadian Taxpayer Perspective of the Alaska Highway Route 2.1.11: American Taxpayer Perspective of the “Over-the-Top” Route 2.1.12: Canadian Taxpayer Perspective of the “Over-the-Top” Route 2.1.13: Aboriginal Interests 2.2.0: Potential Environmental Impacts of the Alaska Highway and the “Over-The-Top” Routes 2.2.1: Overview 2.2.2: Environmental Impacts According To The Yukon Conservation Society 2.2.3: Environmental Impacts...
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...In “Defining and redirecting a school-to-prison pipeline,” Johanna Wald and Daniel Losen discuss the phenomenon known to observers, advocates, and educators as the prison track, or the school-to-prison pipeline. This appallingly racist system funnels minority youth into the for-profit, industrialized prison system, which was designed to maintain the racial status quo, to replace slavery in all but name, and to cripple the minority vote to ensure its persistence. Recent trends in educational policy have made this school-to-prison pipeline a nigh-inevitable consequence for disenfranchised youth of color, despite the considerable evidence that American educational policy is terrible. American students lag behind their international peers in...
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...American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Pipelines Conference 2005, Houston, TX Longitudinal Mechanics of Buried Thermoplastic Pipe: Analysis of PVC Pipes of Various Joint Types Shah Rahman1, Reynold K. Watkins2 ABSTRACT The analysis of longitudinal deformations compared to performance limits of deformation in buried pipes is referred to as longitudinal mechanics. Principal causes of longitudinal stress and strain within a pipe system include changes in temperature, internal pressure or vacuum, and beam bending. The widespread use of thermoplastic pipes, namely polyvinyl chloride (PVC), in municipal applications throughout North America in the past four decades has made it necessary to re-visit the topic of longitudinal mechanics for pipes that incorporate various types of joining systems. Typical North American PVC pipe joints are either bell-and-spigot gasket-joint or welded (heat-fused Fusible PVC and solvent-cement joints). Analysis herein focuses on the three main causes of longitudinal stresses and strains in bell-and-spigot gasket joints and welded joints, and includes discussion of theoretical concepts such as the Poisson effect and the Reissner effect. Topics which have raised issues in the field such as ponding due to sags in a PVC gravity line and the occasional cracking of PVC pipe bells during or after installation are also discussed. Current industry and manufacturer recommendations of various design parameters are provided in conjunction with the analysis...
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...The US government is building an oil pipeline in North Dakota that will transport crude oil from North Dakota all the way to Illinois. The construction is causing controversy with a Native American tribe. The pipeline will have many benefits for the US but also has disadvantages. The oil pipeline will have multiple advantages. According to the text, 570,000 barrels of crude oil will be transported everyday. This will decrease American's dependency on foreign oil imports. Also the pipeline will create 12,000 jobs while under construction. The pipe will allow oil to reach major refining markets in a,"...more direct, cost-effective, safer, and responsible manner." Lastly the pipeline will reduce the use of rail and truck transportation of crude oil. Although there is multiple benefits to the pipeline, there is a lot of opposition and controversy from local land owners and Native Americans. Also it is not uncommon for an oil pipeline to have issues. The text says," It's not a...
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...The highly controversial, and much disputed issues surrounding the Keystone XL crude oil pipeline project have been under the scrutiny of American politics in recent months. A debate has ensued around national calls for the construction of infrastructure that would transport a crude oil alternative from Canada to the United States, and has rapidly gained increased exposure. This exposure can be attributed to a number of factors, but in large part rising gasoline prices and political pressures are the driving factors. Increased demand for more reliable and stable supplies of crude oil in the United States has been driven by an ailing supply of traditional heavy oil. TransCanada Corporation is a Canadian based energy company which develops and operates energy infrastructure throughout North America. The corporation finds itself at the focal point of the oil sands debate. The transnational corporation has applied for a permit to carry out a $7 billion project by the name of Keystone XL, which would allow TransCanada to construct and manage an oil transport pipeline between the United States-Canada border. The pipeline would transport crude oil produced from oil sands in Canada to oil refineries in the Texas Gulf Coast. Since the pipeline would cross international borders, the project requires the approval of the State Department in accord with Executive Order 13337. It is over this crucial point that much of the discussion has been centered. Time Magazine has dubbed oil sands “Canada’s...
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...ALL-AMERICAN PIPELINE CASE WRITE-UP EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The business nature of the project—pipelines—affected many of our assumptions and approaches to our calculations for our ultimate decision. The case provided two sets of cost estimates from an outside consultant and from Goodyear after hiring a general contractor. We utilized both sets of costs that directed us to the same decision that Goodyear should not go ahead with the Pipeline Project. Once we obtained the UFCF, the terminal value was calculated in three different ways, treating the pipeline as an asset on our books, finding the value of project if cash flows are received for perpetuity an finding the annuity value of cash flows for 30 years by assuming that after 1992 cash flows go on for 30 years. We did this to show a sensitivity analysis, but from our results we observed that values calculated from all the three methods were almost the same. We calculated the WACC using the return on assets derived by unlevering the equity beta of Celeron, which was comparable to the project at hand since Celeron was in the business of operating natural gas pipelines and processing facilities. To ensure a thorough discussion, we did a sensitivity analysis by calculating the WACC using a range of different capital structures namely Goodyear’s and Celeron’s current debt to market value of equity, debt to book value of equity, and 100% equity structure. However, our analysis showed that the capital structure did not have a significant...
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...Parth Vyas Econ- 312 Enron bankruptcy Enron Corporation was an American energy company based in Houston, Texas, United States. His company was formed in 1986 through the merger of two natural gas pipeline firms, Houston Natural Gas. Enron started out as a natural gas company put together by Kenneth Lay. Enron's natural gas pipeline brought the company much success. Supplying natural gas was a lucrative business. Enron senior management falsified accounting records to make it look like they made a lot more money than they actually made. Stock prices don't continue to rise unless Net Income is increasing every quarter and every year. Enron did a fraud in stocks. Enron established to shield itself from mark-to-market losses in its growing equity investment business. Enron and all publically traded companies are required to report on their finances to the public and to the Securities and Exchange Commission who regulates financial reporting over publically traded companies. The problem for Enron was that after some successes the traders began to have some financial failures and Enron was no longer really making a profit. The market traders, who were effectively just high-stakes gamblers, were no source of profits but instead a major source of loss themselves. People formerly involved with the company, such as creditors, auditors, the SEC and accounting regulators, it’s a nightmare for them. Enron essentially failed because the executives did not want to admit defeat. They had...
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...Harvard Business School 9-292-040 September 13, 1991 The All American Pipeline In late 1984, The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company faced the likely prospect that within several months it would receive some of the crucial permits it needed to begin construction on the All American Pipeline, which was projected to be the longest crude oil pipeline in the United States. Goodyear needed to place orders with pipe manufacturers immediately so it could begin construction as soon as the permits were granted, and meet the company's goal of starting operations in the first quarter of 1987. These orders would represent the first significant sum of money committed to the project, which was larger than any other in Goodyear's 86-year history. The pipeline was projected to cost as much as $2 billion, with pipe representing the project's single largest component. The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company Goodyear was the largest tire producer in the world. In 1983 the company had revenues of $9.7 billion and net income of $305 million. See Exhibits 1 and 2 for Goodyear's income statements and balance sheets. Tires and related transportation products accounted for 75% of both revenue and assets and approximately 70% of operating income. Goodyear held 22% of the worldwide market in tires, followed by Michelin with 18%, and Firestone with 10%. However, Goodyear's market position varied widely geographically. In North America the company held the lead with a 29% share, followed...
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...Harvard Business School 9-292-040 September 13, 1991 The All American Pipeline In late 1984, The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company faced the likely prospect that within several months it would receive some of the crucial permits it needed to begin construction on the All American Pipeline, which was projected to be the longest crude oil pipeline in the United States. Goodyear needed to place orders with pipe manufacturers immediately so it could begin construction as soon as the permits were granted, and meet the company's goal of starting operations in the first quarter of 1987. These orders would represent the first significant sum of money committed to the project, which was larger than any other in Goodyear's 86-year history. The pipeline was projected to cost as much as $2 billion, with pipe representing the project's single largest component. The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company Goodyear was the largest tire producer in the world. In 1983 the company had revenues of $9.7 billion and net income of $305 million. See Exhibits 1 and 2 for Goodyear's income statements and balance sheets. Tires and related transportation products accounted for 75% of both revenue and assets and approximately 70% of operating income. Goodyear held 22% of the worldwide market in tires, followed by Michelin with 18%, and Firestone with 10%. However, Goodyear's market position varied widely geographically. In North America the company held the lead with a 29% share, followed by Firestone...
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...Gonsoulin, S., Zablocki, M., & Leone, P. E. (2012). Safe Schools, Staff Development, and the School-to-Prison Pipeline. Teacher Education and Special Education,35(4), 309-319. doi:10.1177/0888406412453470 This article discusses the best practices in school staff development in an attempt to change school management and discipline practices. It explains that changing school culture and replacing it with systems that supports youth development and minimizing punitive, ineffective responses to behavior problems in challenging, but not impossible. Also, the article touches base on areas discussing: The importance of providing effective staff development, professional learning communities, the Denver plan: a model for three-tiered staff development,...
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...For the past 4 years, the residents of Flint, Michigan have been forced to bath and drink water poisoned with enough lead to be considered toxic waste. Chester, a town in southeast Pennsylvania, home to over 30,000 residents is also home to some of the country’s largest waste collection facilities. High violence and cancer rates have plagued Niger Delta, Nigeria since its oil-rich region was discovered by oil companies. Despite all these cases being in different areas of the United States and the world, they all have one attribute in common. All these communities are of low socio-economic status that who’s residents are predominantly people of color. The link between extreme pollution, toxic waste, lack of proper utilities such as clean water, and exclusion in the decision-making in regard to the use of natural resources and race make up environmental racism. When researching a subject such as this, the primary points to analyze are the origins of the environmental racism, both domestic and international examples, and the intent behind the corporations that poison these specific communities. These points are of particular relevance because they provide context. Next, it shows that environmental racism is a global phenomenon. Lastly, and most importantly, exploring intent will give context to whether the use of the word racism is valid....
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...The School to Prison Pipeline: The Criminalization of American Students The School to Prison Pipeline: The Criminalization of American Students Kimberly N. Wright Western Governors University Introduction Your permanent record! The thing that was held over most of our heads when we were in school. Your teacher or maybe your parents threatened that your bad behavior was going to end up on your “permanent record” and ruin your life. We shrugged them off, thought they were being dramatic or crazy and didn’t think much of it. Unfortunately for some students, the School to Prison Pipeline is making the threat of a bad permanent record all too real, as well as the consequences behind it. What is happening? Research suggests that The School to Prison Pipeline is damaging to students because it disproportionately affects poor, minority, and special needs students and is supported by unfairly applied disciplinary policies like “zero tolerance” and the standardized testing requirements backed by the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. The School to Prison Pipeline, or Cradle to Prison Pipeline as some may refer to it as is the set of rules and policies that are currently funneling school children into the juvenile and criminal court systems. While order is needed in classrooms, the School to Prison Pipeline is a disservice to students and society given that these policies heavily impact special needs, minority, and poor students. With the...
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...When our forefathers crafted the constitution, they intended our government to preserve safety, to ensure liberty, and to promote peace. However, as Thoreau stated in Civil Disobedience, “most governments are usually, and all governments are sometimes inexpedient.” Government, and the democratic system, is not always the most effective way to ensure justice to all. Peaceful resistance to laws positively impacts a free society because it gives a voice to the minority, provides the people with an ultimate check on government, and allows for a morality based society. In a democratic country, the majority wields the bulk of the political power. Since democracy literally means rule of the many, the largest group controls the system. According to...
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