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Laboratory Report
Introduction
This experiment aimed at finding the concentration of aluminum III oxide in water. The procedures experimented on both treated and natural water. We drafted a standard curve of absorption set at 535 nanometers. This was a very important procedure has significant importance both to the subject studied and health, in general. Through this experiment, we are capable of coming up with special water treatment procedures that help remove the harmful impacts of aluminum oxide from water. This product is very harmful as it leads to the formation of acid rains that destroy crops besides poisoning animals.
Background information
The problem of acid rain has been a problem for quite some time now as it raises challenges of spoiling both structures and killing living organisms. Acid rains corrode structures, which are expensive to repair and maintain. They also cause scorching effects amongst crops and poison animals and human beings. The fact that the low concentration of the compound leads to tragic impacts is enough to show that the chemical is very powerful and has serious impacts when consumed. By occurrence, Aluminum occurs naturally in minerals such as mica silicates (white), muscovite, and kaolin. The impacts of acid rains on the H3O+ are in accordance with the following equation.

If not in combined forms with minerals, aluminum can reach the water by first reacting with the atmospheric oxygen to form aluminum III oxide which the dissolves I water to form the acid rain. It can also react with water directly to transfer its chemical properties into the water. When undergoing a reaction with oxygen, the protective coating that protects the metal has to come off to allow the reaction to occur. Upon the removal of the coating, aluminum undergoes a chemical reaction with oxygen to produce aluminum trioxide compound according to the following equations. Due to the differences in number of valence electrons in each of the reacting elements (aluminum and oxygen). We need four moles of aluminum to react with 3 moles of oxygen to produce two moles of the compound.
4Al(s) + 3O2 (l) → 2Al2O3(s)
The above compound can then affect rainwater leading to the formation of acid rain. Although aluminum oxide behaves as both an acid and a base, this experiment focuses on the acidic properties, which are of more concern in life than the alkaline properties. An alternative form in which aluminum can attack rainwater is when it first reacts with halogens to form compounds that in turn affect water. The most common halogens that react with the compound to form ionic compounds are chlorine, bromine, and iodine, which react with the metal to form chlorides, bromides and iodides in accordance with the following equations;
Chlorine -2Al(s) + 3Cl2(l) → 2AlCl3(s)
Bromine -2Al(s) + 3Br2 (l) → Al2Br6(s)
Iodine -2Al(s) + 3I2 (l) → Al2I6(s)

Experimental
Sampling a water source
An appropriate stream was selected for sampling of the water to be used in the experiment. The samples were taken from regions towards the center of the stream. Care was taken motto go for samples from stagnant waters.
Obtaining the data to prepare a standard aluminum curve
20ml of buffer solution, 2ml of ascorbic acid solution and 2ml of sulfuric acid (0.01M) were all measured using a graduated measuring cylinder. And 10ml of ECR pipetted into a flask where the above 3 solutions were placed. To determine the percentage transmission of the black solution, a cuvette was filled with the solution before using it to set the instrument to 100 percent transmittance of 535nm. Standard solutions 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 were prepared as 2ml, 4ml, 6ml, 8ml, and 10ml. The final activity in this part of the procedure was the determination of the percentage transmittance of the standard aluminum III oxide solutions.
Determining the percentage of aluminum III oxide in the water sample
The first step here involved the preparation of the water sample which involved the combination of 10ml of the buffer solution, 1ml of ascorbic acid solution, 1ml of 0.01M sulphuric acid. The solution was then mixed with 5ml of ECR into a flask and mixed thoroughly. The percentage of transmittance of the solution was then determined using the blank solution at 535nm.
Determining the concentration of aluminum oxide in natural water
The first step was the preparation of the water sample. The preparation of the natural water used the same steps used in preparing the blank solution except that no EDTA was added. 1ml ascorbic acid, 10ml buffer solution and 1ml of the sulphuric acid were added to a flask then mixed with 5ml of ECR. The percentage of transmittance was then determined at 535nm. The results were recorded on data sheet.
Determining the concentration of aluminum III oxide in treated water
The above steps were repeated, but this time, treated water was used.
Results
Table 1
S number
Volume of standard (ml)
Concentration of standard (mg/l) absorption 1
0.5
0.05
.208
2
1
0.1
.216
3
2
0.2
.134
4
3
0.3
.351
5
4
0.4
.398
6
0
-
.327

Graph 1

Discussions
The experiment was a complete success because the procedures were in accordance with the documented requirements. Aluminum oxide in water has very serious biological impacts. The impacts of this compound are so sensitive that very little concentrations could lead to intense impacts. For instance, concentrations as low as 0.2 milligrams per liter lowers the PH of water up to 4.4, which has the impact of greatly lowering the growth of fish. Even lower concentrations than this level can lead to tragic deaths of salmon fish in the lakes.