...Treating Alzheimer’s Disease Name Institution Table of Contents Abstract 3 Summary 4 Introduction 5 Present Therapeutic Regimens for Alzheimer’s disease 5 Methods 7 Search Strategy 7 Exclusion/ Inclusion Criteria 8 Relevant Information 8 Results 9 Discussion of Results 12 Epidemiological information linking type 2 diabetes to AD 16 Insulin-signaling abnormalities in Alzheimer disease affected brain 17 Diabetes drugs in treatment for AD 19 Treatments regimens for type 2 diabetes Mellitus and their potential in treating AD 23 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs). 23 Metformin. 23 Amylin and Leptin analogs. 24 Findings 26 Interpretation of Results 26 Limitations 28 Future Research 29 Conclusion 31 References 32 Abstract Type 2 diabetic drugs could serve as potential in the treating Alzheimer’s disease. AD is a dementia defined by partial or total loss of memory. The risk of development of AD increases with age. Different therapeutic approaches have been employed when it comes to treatment of AD. Results of indicate that diabetic drugs are effective in treating Alzheimer ’s disease. Despite efforts directed at treatment of the condition, the results have not been satisfactory. This could be attributed to the early or late onset of AD pathogenesis while at the same time being underpinned by various mechanisms. There is evidence suggesting the effectiveness of type 2 diabetic drugs in treatment of AD. Research has focused on understanding the possibility of using Type 2 diabetic...
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...Targeting Insulin Signaling in Treating Alzheimer’s Disease Name Institution Table of Contents Abstract 3 Summary 4 Introduction 5 Present Therapeutic Regimens for Alzheimer’s disease 5 Methods 7 Search Strategy 7 Exclusion/ Inclusion Criteria 8 Relevant Information 8 Results 9 Discussion of Results 12 Epidemiological information linking type 2 diabetes to AD 16 Insulin-signaling abnormalities in Alzheimer disease affected brain 17 Diabetes drugs in treatment for AD 19 Treatments regimens for type 2 diabetes Mellitus and their potential in treating AD 23 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs). 23 Metformin. 23 Amylin and Leptin analogs. 24 Findings 26 Interpretation of Results 26 Limitations 28 Future Research 29 Conclusion 31 References 32 Abstract Type 2 diabetic drugs could serve as potential in the treating Alzheimer’s disease. AD is a dementia defined by partial or total loss of memory. The risk of development of AD increases with age. Different therapeutic approaches have been employed when it comes to treatment of AD. Results of indicate that diabetic drugs are effective in treating Alzheimer ’s disease. Despite efforts directed at treatment of the condition, the results have not been satisfactory. This could be attributed to the early or late onset of AD pathogenesis while at the same time being underpinned by various mechanisms. There is evidence suggesting the effectiveness of type 2 diabetic drugs in treatment of AD. Research has focused on...
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...Nursing care plans for Diabetes Mellitus Submitted by lifenurses on Monday, 4 January 2010 2 Comments Nursing care plans for Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetes mellitus is a disorder in which the level of blood glucose is persistently raised above the normal range. Diabetes mellitus is a syndrome with disordered metabolism and inappropriate hyperglycemia due to either a deficiency of insulin secretion or to a combination of insulin resistance and inadequate insulin secretion to compensate. Diabetes mellitus occurs in two primary forms: type 1, characterized by absolute insufficiency, and the more prevalent type 2, characterized by insulin resistance with varying degrees of insulin secretory defects. Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by elevated levels of glucose in the blood (hyperglycemia) resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both (ADA], Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus, 2003. Causes for Diabetes Mellitus The cause of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes remains unknown, although genetic factors may play a role. Diabetes mellitus results from insulin deficiency or resistance. Insulin transports glucose into the cell for use as energy and storage as glycogen. It also stimulates protein synthesis and free fatty acid storage. Insulin deficiency or resistance compromises the body tissues’ access to essential nutrients for fuel and storage. The resulting hyperglycemia can damage many of the...
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...blood transfusion, and contaminated hypodermic needles. Both the virus and the disease are often referred to together as HIV/AIDS. People with HIV have what is called HIV infection. As a result, some will then develop AIDS. The development of numerous opportunistic infections in an AIDS patient can ultimately lead to death. 2. Measles Measles is a highly infectious illness caused by a virus. The virus lives in the mucus of the nose and throat of people with this infection. Physical contact, coughing and sneezing can spread the infection. In addition, infected droplets of mucus can remain active and contagious for around two hours. This means that the virus can live outside the body - for example, on surfaces and door handles. 3. Tloubercosis Tuberculosis (TB) is a communicable disease that is caused by...
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...Understanding Alzheimer’s disease What Is Alzheimer’s disease? Alzheimer’s disease is a neurologic disorder that affects the brain. It causes dementia. Its earliest and main symptom is steadily increasing memory loss. Problems with getting lost, language, and emotional control are also common. These deficits may worsen over five to 20 years. Treatments can help maintain thinking, memory, and speaking skills. No treatments can currently change or reverse the disease. But, there are many ways to help maintain quality of life. What Is the Difference between Alzheimer’s disease and Dementia? As the understanding of Alzheimer’s disease has improved, researchers now recognize that it is a process that can occur in people who initially have no symptoms. When Alzheimer’s disease causes very mild symptoms, the process is now referred to as mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease. When the symptoms begin to interfere with daily functioning, that phase of the illness is referred to as dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease. Dementia is a term that means the person has significant difficulty in daily life due to problems with thinking and memory. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common type of dementia. What Causes Alzheimer’s disease? The exact cause of Alzheimer’s disease is not yet known. Some people may have genes that put them at higher risk for Alzheimer’s. Genetics is the likely cause when the disease strikes people in their 40s or 50s. But most people who get Alzheimer’s dementia...
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...Article: The Mind Recovery Act - Why Obama's "War on Alzheimer's" may pay off This article struck my fancy because I have worked in the healthcare field, specifically with alzheimer's patients. I have also attended a lecture regarding studies done on Alzheimer's disease. This disease and potential treatments fascinate me and I am keeping my fingers crossed that a cure will be found by Obama's date of 2025. The author says, "Government declarations of war on drugs or disease often end in losing battles. That is why some neuroscientists have greeted the Obama administration’s goal of preventing or treating Alzheimer’s by 2025 with skepticism." (1) While I understand the author's concern about declarations leading to losing battles, I also believe that speaking out against drugs and disease can lead to positive change. Last semester in my Biostatistics class, I had the opportunity to attend a lecture from a member of the Cache County Study on Memory Health and Aging. It is a collaborative group of studies with researchers at Utah State University, Duke University Medical Center and The John Hopkins University. This study is conducted in Cache County, Utah and is designed to examine genetic and environmental factors associated with risk for Alzheimer's disease. This study has been going for longer than 16 years and has enrolled over 5000 residents of the county. The reason the study is conducted here is because Cache County elderly have longer life expectancy than...
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...Coffee Coffee may counter several risk factors for heart attack and stroke. First, there's the potential effect on type 2 diabetes risk. Type 2 diabetes makes heart disease and stroke more likely. Besides that, coffee has been linked to lower risks for heart rhythm disturbances (another heart attack and stroke risk factor) in men and women, and lower risk for strokes in women. In a study of about 130,000 Kaiser Permanente health plan members, people who reported drinking 1-3 cups of coffee per day were 20% less likely to be hospitalized for abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) than nondrinkers, regardless of other risk factors. And, for women, coffee may mean a lower risk of stroke. In 2009, a study of 83,700 nurses enrolled in the long-term Nurses' Health Study showed a 20% lower risk of stroke in those who reported drinking two or more cups of coffee daily compared to women who drank less coffee or none at all. That pattern held regardless of whether the women had high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, and type 2 diabetes. “For Parkinson’s disease, the data have always been very consistent: higher consumption of coffee is associated with decreased risk of Parkinson’s,” Hu tells WebMD. That seems to be due to caffeine, though exactly how that works isn't clear, Hu notes. Coffee has also been linked to lower risk of dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease. A 2009 study from Finland and Sweden showed...
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...increased in our diet, the integrity of food declined. With our new abilities to package and preserve food, food came to have more and more preservatives and contain fewer nutrients. Processed foods should usually be avoided because, over time, they contribute to obesity and can lead to disease; in order to help avoid these problems, the public needs to be educated on the negative effects of most processed foods and they need to be made more aware of affordable healthy alternatives. Obesity is a problem in the United States. According to the Center for Disease Control, 35.7% of adults are considered to be obese. The CDC also reports that obesity-related diseases or conditions are the second leading cause of death; some of these include: type 2 diabetes, heart disease, stroke, and even certain cancers (CDC, Para. 2). Obesity is typically caused by too many calories being ingested that are not burned off due to lack of exercise. The reason most do not get enough exorcize is because our society is addicted to eating on the go, and sitting – whether it be at work, driving, or in front of our home computer or television. Overeating is easy to do. For...
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...judgment. As people age, increasing numbers suffer from this. Cognitive decline is more common with older individuals over the age of seventy. This particular illness, by itself doesn’t cause death, however; it can most certainly have great impact on ones quality of life, and to some extent become a burden to loved ones. Why? it has to do with mental health, stability. It has been referenced and categorized through the public, not doctors-with dementia, and often with Alzheimer’s, but it is not- cognitive decline indicates a decrease in the ability to think. Dementia and Alzheimer’s is much more of a decline- in fact with these two it is more like a down fall in and of mental capacity, not thinking alone like the cognitive decline- which is gradual. Although Alzheimer’s is present in about half of these cases, however; there seem to be few real differences in the risk factors compared to those not associated with Alzheimer’s. The main risk factors associated with cognitive decline include: hypertension, diabetes, cigarette smoking, lack of exercise- both mental and physical, and many other dietary and laboratory factors. Overall, up to 90% of the causes of cognitive decline are under our control. And, of course there are the factors that aren’t under our control- such as heredity, genetics and/or family history, also environmental hazards/ exposures or behaviors that happened and/or occurred in the past. Those you can control include our current and future behavior, including...
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...BIO483 Exam #4 Review Comprehensive and/or early Weeks Know all conditions that cause splenomegaly All associated diseases with EBV Week 1 Mechanisms of Cellular Adaptation Types of necrosis and pathology where most likely found. Apply the definitions of Atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, hypoplasia, dysplasia, and metaplasia. Week 2 Pain Throughout Organ Systems General anatomy of kidneys, appendix, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, male and female reproductive organs. Costochondritis vs Angina Pectoris vs Myocardial Infarctions. Rheumatoid arthritis Gout lab findings Week 3 Fluid Balance and Edema Electrolyte imbalances of sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium. Intra and Extra cellular concentrations of sodium and potassium as related to osmotic balance. Know the physical signs/symptoms of electrolyte imbalances including hyper and hypo natremia, kalemia, and calcemia. SIADH lab and imaging findings Diabetes insipidus lab and imaging findings Week 4 Topic 4 Acidosis and Alkalosis Know your acid-bases! Week 5 Topic 5 Cardiovascular Causes of Fatigue Cor-pulmonale, cardiomyopathies Week 6 Topic 6 Thyroid, Adrenal, Liver Fatigue Hashimoto’s thyroiditis vs. DeQuervain vs. nodular goiter vs. secondary hypothyroidism Cirrhosis, Addison disease lab tests and hormone responsible. Is it high or low? Week 7 Topic 7 Bleeding as Indicator of Disease Pathophysiology of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Pathophysiology of Hemophilia Ulcers ...
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...that either of these entities or the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) could/should have taken will be explored along with whether PharmaCare could face any legal exposure surrounding its practices. The manner in which PharmaCare used the U.S law to protect its own intellectual property will be discussed, and if John the former employee has any claim as the true “inventor” of AD23. One real-world example of intellectual property theft will be examined and the effect to that company’s brand will be discussed. The issue surrounding John’s wife’s death and the other potential litigants against PharmaCare will be analyzed further as the result of AD23. Finally, both major arguments that John can make to claim that he is a whistleblower and the type of protections that should be afforded will be specified. Ethical Issues Marketing and advertising in the pharmaceutical business is a useful tool to assist in boosting sales. However, there is also room for ethical issues to arise if the business and the sales teams they have employed are not ethically sound in their practices....
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...I. INTRODUCTION Diabetes is a chronic condition involving glucose in the blood. It is caused by a problem in the way the body makes or uses insulin. Insulin, a hormone that is necessary for glucose to move from the blood to the inside of the cells. The body cannot use the insulin for energy if it cannot get into the cells. Diabetes occurs when the body has too much blood glucose due to either the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or the body cannot effectively use the insulin produced. In type 2 diabetes (formerly called non-insulin-dependent diabetes or adult-onset diabetes), the pancreas continues to produce insulin, sometimes even at higher-than-normal levels. However, the body develops resistance to the effects of insulin, so there is not enough insulin to meet the body's needs. Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic health disorder; it means that the condition lasts for many years. Diabetes can cause serious health problems. It is an endocrine disorder causing various metabolic changes in the body leading to severe complications such as damage to the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart and blood vessels. The causes of diabetes mellitus are unclear. Both heredity and environment may be involved. Studies have shown that certain genetic factors may be responsible for diabetes. Genes are chemical units found in all cells, which tell cells what functions they should perform. Genes are passed down from parents to children. If parents carry a gene for diabetes, they may pass that gene...
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...system a disease that can occur is bronchitis. Bronchitis is swelling and irritation of the main air passages to the lungs. This swelling narrows the airways, making it harder to breathe and causing other symptoms, such as a cough. Acute bronchitis means the symptoms have only been present for a short time. Chronic bronchitis is a long term condition; to be diagnosed with chronic bronchitis, you must have a cough with mucus most days of the month for at least 3 months. Some symptoms of bronchitis are chest discomfort, fevers, fatigue, and shortness of breath. A chest x-ray may be needed if a health care provider detects pneumonia. The health care provider would listen to your lungs with a stethoscope listening for abnormal breathing. Most people do not need antibiotics because bronchitis should go away within a week if it is not severe. Drinking plenty of fluids, getting a lot of rest, and taking aspirin or Tylenol should help you with the bronchitis. In the nervous system a disease that can occur is Alzheimer’s. Alzheimer’s is the loss of brain function that will affect memory, thinking, and behavior. Symptoms of this disease have a lot to do with many areas of mental function like your emotional behavior or personality, perception, and language. There really is no cure for this disease unfortunately, but ways that could help people get through the disease is the try to manage all the symptoms, change your living environment so you can perform daily tasks easier, and even if it...
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...Case Study Ms. J. O. is an 82 year old female with a variety of comorbidities including Alzheimer’s type dementia. She is a resident of a dementia unit of a local assisted living facility. She was brought in to the hospital for a fall from which she stated she had hit her head but never lost consciousness. On arrival to hospital she was noticed to be very confused with complaint of back pain, chest pain but alert. After a short period of time her GCS abruptly dropped to 3 requiring intubation. CT scan of her head showed no bleeds, strokes or abnormality. All lab values were within normal limits and her blood pressure was mildly hypotensive 93/55. Past medical history 1. Ms. J.O. has had numerous falls recently requiring multiple emergency room visits. Each visit also showed evaluation of altered mental status over her normal state of being. On one fall she suffered a pelvic fracture, sacral fracture and L2-3 fracture. Another fall she suffered a nasal bone fracture. She was treated for pain control for each visit and then returned to assisted living facility. Per family she has been at her facility for about a week before this fall. 2. 3. Type 2 diabetes 4. Ulcerative colitis 5. Anxiety/Depression 6. Hypothyroidism 7. Osteoarthritis 8. GERD 9. Alzheimer’s type dementia 10. Stroke 11. Peripheral neuropathy 12. Chronic back pain from falls 13. Hypertension 14. Knee surgery 15. Cataract surgery 16....
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...Alzheimer’s disease is characterized as a type of irreversible dementia that causes problems with memory, thinking, and behavior which can affect the ability to perform simple tasks. (Alzheimer’s Association). Unfortunately, Alzheimer's is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States and over five million Americans are currently living with Alzheimer’s (National Institute of Aging). Each of the three categories of Alzheimer’s has unique symptoms. In mild Alzheimer’s disease, where Alzheimer’s is usually diagnosed, the person presents with memory loss and other problems such as behavior changes and taking longer to complete activities of daily living. In moderate Alzheimer’s, the person begins to have damage to parts of the brain that...
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