...Alzheimer's Disease Research Paper Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive, degenerating disorder that affects the brain cells. It is NOT a normal part of aging and it is also not something that happens inevitably in later life. The disease was named after Dr. Alois Alzheimer, a German physician in 1906, after he had performed an autopsy on the brain of a dead woman who had experienced severe memory loss, confusion and difficulty understanding questions and found dense deposits around her nerve cells. It is the most common type of dementia, which is a progressive dysfunction of the brain which results in a restriction of daily activities. A lot of kids grow up being first introduced to this disease in their grandparents or older people in their...
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...Alzheimer’s disease General Psychology Term Paper Assignment Monday Night Class Abstract In the society that we are living right now, we can find a lot of different kinds of illness and health problems. A large number of these diseases have a cure and they also have a happy end; but there is one that does not. Over the past 20 years, Alzheimer’s disease came from an unknown dark side. Once studied as a strange disorder; it is one of the most common health problems that affect a lot of people around the world and their families. More of a 90% of Alzheimer’s disease cases shows up in people around 60 years old. Even do we ignore how this treats starts; science people have found that the change inside the brain starts 10 to 20 years before we can observe the symptoms. Knowing a little more about this illness, will help us to understand these people that are in need of love, attention and comprehension. Alzheimer’s disease In the society that we are living right now, we can find a lot of different kinds of illness and health problems. A lot of these diseases have a cure and they also have a happy end; but there is one that does not. Alzheimer’s disease is a very ordinary illness that severely affects our society, specially the older population. It is a fact that we have to deal with. Unfortunately, there are a lot of people out there that suffer...
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...Pathophysiology The brain is made up neurons that are interconnected to form a vase network. These connections known as synapses enable the transmission of information from one neuron to another. In Alzheimer’s disease, ten to fifteen years before the appearance of the symptoms, two main lesions form in the brain, which are senile plaque’s that are composed of Beta-Amyloid protein, and neurofibrillary tangle’s that are composed of Tau protein. On the surface of a neuron is a large protein called APP. Normally, APP is sectioned by enzymes on the surface of the neuron and it frees a protein called Amyloid-Beta. The amyloid-beta protein is then cleared in the body. In the case of Alzheimer’s disease there is an imbalance as the amyloid-beta protein is no longer regulated and is found in two greater quantities. The protein is assembled to form insoluble fibrils and create Senile Plaques. When a neuron communicates with another a signal goes from the body known as soma to the synapse to transfer the information. The signal passes through the skeleton of the neuron composed of microtubules. These microtubules are stabilized by normal towel protein. In Alzheimer’s disease, Tau protein becomes defective and detaches from the microtubules. Thus, the skeleton of the neuron dissociates, as it is no longer maintained. Defective tau protein is then assembled to form filaments in the neuron. Without the skeleton the neurons degenerate and connections between the neurons are lost. The abnormal...
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...Robinson define strategic management as the “set of of decisions and actions that result in the formulation and implementation of plans designed to achieve a company's objectives” (2004, p.3). This paper reviews six firms and the forces and trends in the remote and industry environments that affect them. The firms are Wellpoint, Inc, The Alzheimer’s Association, ABB Ltd., The Beth El Synagogue. AkzoNobel and Steinway Musical Instruments, Inc. Specific areas of focus within the remote environment include economic factors, social factors, buyer power, technological factors, political factors, ecological factors, and entry threats. Specific areas of focus within the industry environment include buyer power, product differentiation, industry structure, substitute products, entry threats, powerful buyers and suppliers, and jockeying for position (Pearce and Robinson, 2004). Research in forces and trends allows a corporation to better understand their [pronoun agreement: since the antecedent (corporation) is singular, the pronoun (their) must be singular {his or her}] potential for maximizing profits; therefore, creating an understanding of strategic adaptability within the context of the relevant force or trend. Overall Analysis Companies are influenced by a large number of external elements, which ultimately shape the company’s approach to conducting business and serving the market, and which also guide the company’s internal...
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... Outcome 1 1.1 Describe a range of causes of dementia syndrome Dementia is a term for the progressive disease of brain and describes a serious deterioration in mental function, as memory, language, orientation and judgement , The causes of dementia are still not fully understood. Research in dementia is an ongoing and to date number of types of dementia and their causes have been identified. The brain contains billions of cells, in dementia some of these cells stop working properly. Depending what part of brain this occurs in it will affect the way an individual thinks, remembers, walks and communicates. There is a range of causes of dementia here are son of them:- Mixed dementia Mixed dementia is a condition in which abnormalities characteristic of more than one type of dementia occur simultaneously in the brain. Physicians may also call this condition “Dementia multifactorial.” In the most common form of mixed dementia, the abnormal protein deposits associated with Alzheimer's disease coexist with blood vessel problems linked to vascular dementia. Alzheimer’s brain changes also often coexist with Lewy bodies, the abnormal protein deposits characteristic of dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson’s disease dementia. In some cases, a person may have brain changes linked to Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia. It is caused by nerves cells dying in certain parts of the brain and...
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...It has been seen for decades. People get hit in the head, they stumble and fall. The world around them spins and it seems like at any moment, they could pass out. It has been seen in sports for as long as they have been around and now it is really coming to light. Concussions and chronic traumatic encephalopathy are gaining more and more attention in the world of hockey as more and more athletes are being diagnosed with concussions and CTE is being diagnosed post-mortem. The biggest question that arises when CTE is discussed is the most simple. What is CTE? Chronic traumatic encephalopathy is a progressive degenerative disease of the brain found in athletes (and others) with a history of repetitive brain trauma, including symptomatic concussions...
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...and inequalities. I see the main functions of social workers as to work closely with other professionals to link the target clients to the unique resources that are required to improve their well-being. Their major focus is always the individuals and families that need these resources; they are commonly referred to as clients. Their main function is to provide these clients with hope, assistance and encouragement to thus facilitate the transition towards a new life. Among the functions of social workers includes educating clients on various aspects such as the development of skills like budgeting, communication, preventing violence among others. They work as advocates who mobilize necessary resources, convince the community and if need be, fight for equal rights for the clients in the society. Often, many social workers offer direct counseling to mental and chronic illness patients and their families and serve as a liaison between institutions and health professions that ensure the patients’ wellness. Another function is research and identification of necessary services and making such services easily and equally accessible to all. Therefore, the functions of a social worker revolve around the improvement of the well-being of the needy, vulnerable, discriminated, or people with chronic conditions. Their functions are vital in ensuring overall community development and well-being. The current social problems that present the greatest concern to me are linked to the numerous...
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...Stem Cell Research: A Road to Recovery Lisa Wainwright Kaplan University CM220 Stem Cell Research “Recent studies suggest these cells may hold the secret to treatment — even cures — for some of our most baffling diseases, including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.” (Reaves, 2001) With constant development in science and medicine, it was only a matter of time before scientists and doctors would be on the verge of finding cures for diseases that people everywhere have been waiting for. Stem cell research began around 1981, when scientists discovered controllability in the development of mouse embryos; however, it wasn’t until 1998 that scientists discovered how to originate human stem cells from embryos and cultivate them in a lab. (U.S. Department, 2009) President Barak Obama signed Executive Order 135005, “Removing Barriers to Responsible Scientific Research Involving Human Stem Cells,” on March 9, 2009. Section 1, Policy, reads, “Research involving human embryonic stem cells and human non-embryonic stem cells has the potential to lead to better understanding and treatment of many disabling diseases and conditions. Advances over the past decade in this promising scientific field have been encouraging, leading to broad agreement in the scientific community that the research should be supported by Federal funds…. including human embryonic stem cell research, to the extent permitted by law.” (Obama, 2009) There are those who argue that stem cell research should be limited...
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...Part I There are 100 billion neurons in your brain. They are the basic building block of the nervous system. They are also known as nerve cells. There are three parts to a neuron, the dendrites, the cell body and the axon. Using electrical and chemical signals neurons convey information; this process is the foundation for brain function. Neurons need to transmit information within the neuron and from one neuron to the next. To do this they use electrical signals and chemical messengers. Dendrites receive information from sensory receptors or other neurons. The information is then passed down to the cell body and on to the axon. It then travels down the length of the axon as an electrical signal. This is known as an action potential. Action potential is also known as the nerve impulse. It sweeps down the axon reaching speeds up to 200 miles per hour. There is a microscopic space between two neurons that messages must pass. This space is called a synapse. When an action potential reaches the tips of the axon terminals, neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic gap (Coon & Mitterer, n.d.). Sometimes electrical signal can bridge the gap. If not the neurotransmitters are needed to send the information. Neurotransmitters are chemical massagers that the axon terminals release to cross the synaptic gap. If there is an interruption to the neural communication it may lead to changes in cognitive processes and behavior. The major neurotransmitters are Acetylcholine, Dopamine...
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...will provide solace to the dying assuring them that everything will be okay. Another factor is the end-of-care arrangements most of the time people do not want to imagine that the lives of their loved ones will come to an end, but a time comes when reality hits them that the time as finally come (Levine & Murray, 2004). When this time comes they need to prepare themselves for the time when this person is gone and what they will do to give them a proper send-off. Another factor is the relationship between caregivers, patient and their family, the patient and their family want to feel that the caregivers are doing everything they can to offer the best care and give the patient a quality end –of care (Alzheimer’s Association, 2014). The caregivers need to be supportive and understanding as this is a trying moment for both the patient and the family. The last factor is that having a sense of well completion. The patient wants to feel that whatever they did in their life was good, and they have achieved their...
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...It is an endocrine disorder causing various metabolic changes in the body leading to severe complications such as damage to the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart and blood vessels. The causes of diabetes mellitus are unclear. Both heredity and environment may be involved. Studies have shown that certain genetic factors may be responsible for diabetes. Genes are chemical units found in all cells, which tell cells what functions they should perform. Genes are passed down from parents to children. If parents carry a gene for diabetes, they may pass that gene onto their children. It not treated properly; type 2 diabetes can cause kidney damage, poor circulation, and numbness in the feet. The main consequence of this condition, however, is heart disease, which claims the lives of approximately 80% of all diabetic patients (Sy, 2007). At least 171 million people worldwide have diabetes. This figure is likely to be more than double by 2030. A diabetes...
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...accident and emergency on the 6th October 2013, primarily due to the progressive deterioration of end stage motor neuron disease that was diagnosed two years ago. Coupled with a medical history of Alzheimer's disease, renal stones, enlarged prostate, hypertension, and an esophageal rupture, Mr. Khoury's health has continued to deteriorate as evidenced by weight loss, lack of appetite, decreased mobility, muscle wasting, poor oral intake and dysphasia. Prior to his admission to hospital, Mr. Khoury was cared for at home by his wife, however due to severe cognitive disturbances together with motor neuron features, his wife can no longer take care of him at home as she cannot determine his needs or understand his complaints. Mr. Khoury and his wife have both accepted his poor prognosis and deterioration as reflected by orders not to resuscitate, intubate or ventilate. His reason for admission is not an acute illness but to determine which palliative measures can be taken to relieve discomfort whilst correcting his fluid imbalance. A combination of reasons exists as to why Mr. Khoury's fluid and electrolyte imbalance has occurred. Firstly, as a result of Mr. Khoury growing dysphasia, his difficulty in comprehending language combined with decreased communication has led to an inadequate oral intake of medications. Furthermore, coupled with the chronic, degenerative disease of the brain known...
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...Within the skull lies the most complex organ known to mankind -- the human brain. With a mass of only 6 kilograms, the brain contains over 100 billion living cells and 1 million kilometers of interconnecting fibers; but, exactly how does it function? Marketing and sales managers would love to know why consumers are attracted to certain advertising, packaging and brands. Martin Lindstrom, author of Buyology: Truth and Lies About Why We Buy, explains the marketing challenge, “When we walk down an aisle in a grocery store, our purchasing decisions are made in less than four seconds…there is no way we can think about that in a complete way. Those decisions take place in the subconscious part of the brain” (2008). The drive behind neuromarketing is to discover how consumers are actually responding to marketing messages, not how they report they are responding, or will respond. Neuromarketing studies consumers' response to marketing stimuli and matches that response to different areas of the brain. This research will explore neuromarketing history, levels of the brain, neuroimaging techniques used, advertising effectiveness of neuromarketing and some challenges facing this new field. History In 1991, Dr. David Lewis-Hodgson, Minilab chairman and director of research, began Neuromarketing research in the United States, after stumbling upon it when he was researching treatments for phobic anxiety and stress (Lewis, 2010). Shortly after, marketers from large companies such as Coca-Cola...
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...have the opportunities that the representatives of the general public have and cannot afford even some basic needs. Homeless individuals have to break the law and commit crimes, such as stealing food, even though they do not intend to do so, which leads to mass incarceration. This influences their behavior and increases the chances of becoming drug or alcohol addicts, which makes homeless individuals even more likely to become incarcerated. People who are imprisoned, often have no or underpaid job that does not provide these people with money enough to have a decent residence, which makes them a vulnerable population (Johnson 2015). It is important to consider what makes homeless people commit crimes that result in imprisonment. The information from various articles received during the literature review, I will reveal the connection between homelessness and incarceration, emphasizing the history that lead to their occurrence as well as the main causes of both problems. I will point out and explain the correlations between homelessness and crime rates, as well as its connections to the mental disorders, substance abuse, and chronic health condition in the context of how homeless lifestyle can be related to the incarceration. Also, I will indicate the way in which homelessness leads to mass incarceration. I will argue that the concept of homelessness and incarceration that cannot be broken without external help of the government, the general public and other organizations such...
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...Ageism and the Elderly Decrepit, senile, over the hill, old fart or slow driver are often the words you hear when referring to “the elderly”. In 1969, Robert Butler, the first director of the National Institute on Aging was the first to use the term “ageism” to describe the stereotyping of people because of their age. The term ageism contains a negative bias or attitude toward the aging. This it a form of discrimination. While there is other ‘isms used in American society; sexism, or racism, ageism enables the younger generation to see older people differently, they may be seen as just old people who are no longer able to actively contribute to society. When is a person considered to be old or elderly? There was a time when you were required to retire at the age of 65. But with the economy and life span increasing people work until they cannot. There is no set age but society usually deems a person old when they are able to collect benefits like pensions, social security, medical care or discounted meals. The United States Census Bureau has estimated that the population of those over 65 will increase from 11.4 percent in 2000 to 20.7 percent in 2050. The baby boom generation, those born in the 1950’s will make up sixteen percent of the population in at least ten states by 2020. Some say that by the end of the twenty-first century life expectancy will exceed 100 years of age. Most people want to live a long life, but only if they are mentally and physically able to...
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