...In order to understand poverty one must be able to identify exactly what it is, in the oxford dictionary the definition of poverty is ‘the condition of being extremely poor’. But then one must question what is defined as poor? I will be looking at two approaches of this question, the first is the ‘monetary approach’ and the second is the ‘capabilities approach’. I will also be analysing two different measures of poverty, ‘absolute’ and ‘relative’ and to conclude which is a more accurate or a more suitable instrument in poverty measure. The monetary approach is probably the most common method of understanding poverty. It is highly used by economists and is significantly connected with microeconomic theory. Utility maximisation is the base for this approach and the main instrument used is a poverty line; this sets a threshold where if income or consumption is below, people are then classified as poor. An example of this would be the ‘dollar a day’ where any income below $1 a day is classified as poor. This approach suggests that income or consumption is equivalent to well-being. In developing countries measuring welfare with consumption would be more appropriate than using income, as income is a small component and would be an overestimate. There is plenty of data which can be analysed at household levels. However, poverty is an individual phenomenon where individuals are situated within households. After assuming some measurements between income and consumption, data at the household...
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...On Ethics and Economics Amartya Sen Blackwell Publishers, 1987, pp. 148, Rs. 271 ‘On Ethics and Economics’ by Amartya Sen centres on a particular phenomenon that the author considers unfortunate to the discipline. In this book, Amartya Sen talks about the continued and ever increasing distancing of economics from ethics. This book has three chapters and under each chapter, there are sub topics. That makes the book more structured and easy to understand even for a person who is not so competent in the study of Economics. Though the book was written in 1987, most of the arguments still apply in todays’ world. Amartya Sen starts off with an Edward Clerihaw Bentley verse about a major practitioner of political economics and this sets the tone for the rest of the book. The author basically tries to argue that ethics-related tradition of Economics dates back to the days of Aristotle and that Economics ultimately goes hand in hand with the study of Ethics and Politics. Amartya Sen certainly and in a very obvious manner, questions the disassociation of the study of Economics from that of ethics and political philosophy. Hence, this book is undoubtedly a very important reading for those who are interested in connecting the dots between economics and business ethics. Professor Sen, while agreeing that the ‘engineering’ approach to Economics has been often fruitful, criticises the same ‘engineering approach’ by saying that it has substantially impoverished the modern economics because...
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...choice[1] is right to exercise one's freedoms in any manner one may choose except where such act may obstruct or prevent others from exercising their freedoms, put oneself or others in danger, or exceeds a statutory limit. According to online Black’s law dictionary[2], Unfettered right to do what one wants when one wants as one wants, except where it infringes or prevents another from doing what that one wants, and do so on. Also excluded is doing something that would harm one’s self or another. Human development is a concept within the scope of the study of the human condition, specifically international development, relating to international and economic development. This concept of a broader human development was first laid out by Amartya Sen, a 1998 Nobel laureate, and expanded upon by Martha Nussbaum, Sabina Alkire, Ingrid Robeyns, and others (UNDP, 2012). Human development encompasses more than just the rise or fall of national incomes. Development is thus about expanding the choices people have, to lead lives that they value, and improving the human condition so that people have the chance to lead full lives (Streeten, 1994). Thus, human development is about much more than economic growth, which is only a means of enlarging people’s choices (UNDP, 2012). As a general definition, indicators are “tools for providing specific information on the state or condition of an event, activity or outcome.”[3]Indicators can be either quantitative or qualitative statements. Quantitative...
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...STRUCTURE 1. IMPACT: There is clear evidence that the existence of a strong, independent and free press powerfully drives economic and social development and poverty reduction. “A free press is not a luxury. It’s the start of an equal development. The media can expose corruption. tragedies, injustices, famine, … but is has too be Presidente del Banco Mundial, Jim Wolfenson 2. EXAMPLES: No substantial famine has ever occurred in any country with a relatively free press, writes Nobel Prize laureate Amartya Sen. The world-renowned professor of economics argues that the independent media also provide a voice to the neglected and disadvantaged while simultaneously preventing governments from insulating themselves from public criticism. 2. LIMITS: Freedom of speech has to be UNCENSORED, because when you start putting limits or barriers where do you draw the line? When does it become manipulation of power? When you give the ability of putting limits in press you create the risk off putting this power in the hands to censure and manipulate news in their personal/ political interest. A free press is not a luxury. It’s the start of an equal development. The media can expose corruption. They can keep a check on public policy by throwing a spotlight on government action. They let people voice diverse opinions on governance and reform, and help build public consensus to bring about change. Such media help markets work better. They can facilitate trade, transmitting...
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...Philippine Constitutions (Concise) In: Other Topics Philippine Constitutions (Concise) The Biak-na-Bato Constitution General Emilio Aguinaldo Established the Biak-na-Bato Republic on July 1897 and issued a proclamation stating the following demands: * Expulsion of the friars and the return of the friar lands to the Filipinos. * Representation of the Philippines in the Spanish Cortes. * Freedom of the press and religion. * Abolition of the government’s power to banish Filipinos. * Equality for all before the law. A charter was then drafted based on the Cuban Constitution by Alex Ferrer and Isabelo Artacho. It was ratified on November 15, 1897. The Biak-na-Bato Constitution provided for the establishment of a Supreme Council that would serve as the highest governing body of the Republic. Preamble: “The separation of the Philippines from the Spanish monarchy and their formation into an independent state with its own government called the Philippine Republic has been the end sought by the Revolution in the existing war, begun on the 24th of August, 1896; and therefore, in its name and by the power delegated by the Filipino people, interpreting faithfully...
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...An example of social construction is money. In reference to my topic of social welfare, I will talk about social welfare spending. Social welfare spending deals with programs that support low income households. These programs include health initiatives such as Medicaid and state child health insurance programs (SCHIP); cash assistance programs such as Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) or cash payments under AFDC’s replacement, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF); and a wide variety of other service programs providing child care, foster care, low-income energy assistance, services to the homeless and those funded by the Social Services Block Grant (SSBG). I believe that states of less fiscal capacity spent less per capita spend less on social welfare than states of higher fiscal capacity. Medicaid for example spending grew rapidly among all states in the late 1980s and early 1990s, even after controlling for the high rates of inflation in health care services. But the strongest growth occurred among the poorest states, probably a consequence in part of federal Medicaid expansions in eligible populations, services, and special funding for health care providers during those years. A flurry of policymaking around AFDC waivers and TANF cash assistance occurred in these and many other states in the middle and late 1990s. By 2003, however, TANF and its policies drew little attention from legislators in these six states and changes in earned income...
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...“Eliminate Inequality, Not women Destroy Dowry, Not Daughters Daughters are not for Slaughter” The deprived position of women throughout the world irrespective of women race , religion and nation women empowerment has emerged as a universal issue for different groups of scholars and practitioners. They are now seriously concerned about the emancipation of women who are now leading a subordinate and subhuman life . Women in poor countries are in the most vulnerable position for several reasons. In such a situation the ‘missing women’ is the burning issue of the time and it need to be viewed from holistic perspective. There is a relationship between gender inequality, disempowerment of women, and backwardness of any society. Nowadays there connects another dimension of ‘missing women’. On this study different issues related to gender inequality and neglect have been discussed with a view to having a conceptual realization of women excess mortality and being “missing” in the context of South Asia. Definitions of special words used in this assignment In this portion we will discuss about those special words which frequently we used in the assignment and in the title. This discussion will help us to get the accurate meaning of these words in the context of our study. ♀ Gender Inequality and neglect: Gender inequality means that different behaviour, aspiration...
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...Ethics in Lehman brothers Always thought Amartya Sen Nobel Prize in economics that economic ethics is a prerequisite for the development of the economies of the world factor. Historically, the company has focused on the management of its tangible assets to protect its reputation through a financial impeccable acting. In the Lehman Brother lacked ethics. Few years ago was enough Appear in the market for a company to be accepted by its stakeholders, but it is no longer acceptable consumer confidence has worsen by extremely serious corruption scandals and empty moral that last years have plagued economic sectors as if Bear Stearns Lehman Brother, Madoff, the energetic (Enron), telecommunications (WorldCom), and in racing a (Toyota). The culture in the majority of the big companies is the same in some cases as Lehman Brothers, some CEO, don’t have the time to review the statements for that reason the company hiring a some person who take charge of this politics, but in the case of Lehman’s Brothers is different because the CEO of the company knows what happen, When Lehman Brother beginning to use the money to buy toxic stocks and bonds is this the beginning of the fall of Lehman Brother. In the other hand the ethic is lack in Lehman Brother in other companies like Lehman is talking about Enron has the same problems of Lehman their finance is not clear they starting use the money they have to purchase toxic stocks the shareholders try to cover their actionist and use the...
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...|[pic] |Syllabus | | |College of Social Sciences | | |BSHS/302 Version 6 | | |Introduction to Human Services | | | | Copyright © 2011, 2009, 2005 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course provides a broad overview of the human services discipline using practice settings and social problems as lenses so that the role and function of the human service provider, as well as the clients with whom they work can be understood in context. The course begins with a brief overview of what a human service provider is, and what services these professionals provide. A history of social welfare is provided so that students can gain a historical perspective of how poor and marginalized populations have been cared for in the United States. Generalist practice skills and intervention strategies are introduced generally, but a more in-depth exploration of intervention strategies are discussed...
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...Was Welfare Reform the Right Approach to Poverty? Similar to a majority of children I grew up with in my neighborhood, my family had welfare. I, however, was not fully aware of the fact that what we had was any different than anyone else until my early teens. Food stamps, now referred to as the EBT card, is a center of controversy much like the selling of food stamps for cash was, years ago while growing up. Discovering that we were on welfare, and that we received handouts from the Government, became a secretive and embarrassing thing in order to ensure my sister and I to not get picked on within school. Today, neither I nor my younger sister use the Government for assistance in that way. Reading both of these viewpoints brought up valid arguments, however I feel that if I didn’t grow up on assistance from the Government, then it would be harder for me to decide who I side with. I feel that both viewpoints, one over the administration background and its shortcomings, and the other more detailed in what the Government has done to help the new system along, are extremely valid and if they could just both come together on a common ground overall, the outcome could be actual improvement. Menicmer’s account of Leoterra Clark’s life and struggle through the welfare system has a common theme within the Government. The Government has a mindset on doing what is most advantageous to and for the Government and thus the Government will ensure that everything is taken care of for everyone...
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...Name: Email: Telephone Number: Class: Date: NUSSBAUM’S CAPABILITY THEORIES FOR TREATING NONHUMAN ANIMALS ETHICALLY APPLIED TO CARL SAFINA’S DISCUSSION ON VARIOUS NONHUMAN ANIMALS In this paper, I intend to explain Martha Nussbaum’s capabilities theory for treating nonhuman animals ethically, then apply this theory to Carl Safina’s discussion of various nonhuman animals in his book Beyond Words, How Animals Think and Feel. Martha Nussbaum is an American Philosopher, who focused on philosophy in the field of moral theories. She is a distinguished Professor of Law and Ethics at the University of Chicago. Her interests include the ancient Greek, ethics, political philosophy, Roman philosophy, feminism and animal rights. Her works include various books either as an author or an editor. Carl Safina is a philosopher who explored the inner feelings of the animals in his book Beyond Words. This paper will apply Nussbaum's philosophy to the Carl Safina's discussion that demonstrates that animals have feelings, and describes their cognitive nature. Thus, they are aware of the mistreatment, only that they are powerless to resist the abuses. He elaborates the communication abilities of the elephants, whales, and other animals. We, human beings consider ourselves superior to the others, but by various measures, we are the most “frequently irrational, distortional, delusional, worried.” Many people who oppose the harsh treatment of animals cite Martha Nussbaum’s capabilities theory. His...
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...Compare capabilities approaches to poverty with monetary approaches. What are the strengths and weaknesses of each? In your view, which is better for understanding poverty? Explain your answer. “What a weary time those years were- to have the desire and the need to live but not the ability” (Bukowski, 1982). Poverty affects billions of people worldwide, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and East Asia. Defining poverty is almost as difficult as eradicating it. For the purpose of this essay, I will take poverty to mean the state of being exceptionally poor. Furthermore, poorness will be defined as an extremely low quality of life, which culminates as a result of social, political and economic factors. In order to examine the strengths and weaknesses of each approach, it is necessary to identify who these are strengths and weaknesses for; a strength of an approach may be considered a weakness from a different perspective. Governments and international organisations, with a common goal of lifting poverty from disadvantaged countries, are the main focus of this essay. Leading policy makers around the world have adopted a “uni-dimensional perspective on poverty” (Wong, 2012) which largely focuses on a lack of income. This definition provides the basis for the Monetary Approach to poverty. However, this is an exceptionally constricted view of poverty, disregarding many social and political factors that contribute to the current, bleak situation. The Capabilities Approach to poverty...
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...inequality. Sen is born in Bengal in 1993 and he has spend the larger part of his working life at institutions in the UK and the US. He is an economist by training, but works with a philosopher’s skepticism about what we take to be fundamental truths. He is also a Nobel prize winners and he has also chosen not to “consult” with governments on the back of his ideas. Perhaps, the most widely known of those Sen’s work on famine. He argues that famines are rarely the result of a lack of food. They are more usually the consequence of a breakdown in people’s ability to access or produce food in the way that they usually do like for example, the result of political failures, not natural ones. He was also long haunted by the memory of the great Bengal famine of 1943 and Sen’s work has at hear most concerned itself with the idea of human freedom. Sen published a book called Development As Freedom in 1999 and in this book; he argues that the expansion of freedom is central to development. Sen also would have us conceptualize on the idea of development as freedom. Of these two instances, the goal is far greater, because it requires the thinking about poverty as the unusual way. This involves acknowledging the main problem of it. The problem of development lies as much in what we classify as wealth and how we go about promoting that as it does in poverty. That development represents a wider set of freedoms that GNP can help us with is also important because of a paradox that Sen...
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...“Our Economic World Order - an ongoing discrepancy between Power and Wisdom” Observing the course of history, in regards to Human Rights and Development, and considering various statements by personages such as Peter Uvin and Amartya Sen, it is evident that the power play of the developed nations has had a decisive impact on the recognition and realization of Human Rights in Development, and the efficacy of Development in their regard. Peter Uvin, in his work “Human Rights and Development”, drawing from the atrocities suffered by people in World War II, emphasized how, “economic development doesn’t automatically bring about peace and respect for human rights”. Thereafter, it seemed only natural that something needed to be undertaken in order to refrain from such cruelty to occur in the future. In fact in 1948, propelled by Eleanor Roosevelt ,the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (DHR) emerged, reflecting specific, inalienable rights all human beings possess by virtue of being human. However, the prevailing East-West conflict at the time, reflecting immensely distinctive approaches to rights and values, rendered the solidification of the DHR on a legal basis rather impossible. Without any obligation for implementation, it is no surprise then, that the influential nations, despite the wisdom they had acquired witnessing the effects of WWII, employed a purely economic growth based approach to development, entailing that an increase in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) would...
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