...Measurement of poverty By Name: Course code+ Name: Professor: Institution: City and State: Date: Measurement of Poverty Over the past few decades, there have been dramatic socio-economic and environmental changes around the globe. This has affected phenomena such as growth of the population, rapid urban development, and increased levels of poverty (D’Ambrosio, Deutsch and Silber, 2011). It has also influenced the changes in climatic conditions, increased natural calamities which impact the socio-economic development in different parts of the world. As a result, more people have been exposed to the negative effects of the occurrence of different hazards (D’Ambrosio, Deutsch and Silber, 2011). This leaves the affected populations suffering in poverty, thus increasing their numbers. Increased levels of poverty led to the formation of policies by the United Nations to combat the rising cases of poverty with the aim of reducing the number of people living in poverty by halve before the year 2015. Formulation of the millennium development goals which features the quantitative objectives and indicators set to measure the progress towards the war on poverty eradication took course. To establish the level of poverty in the society, therefore, measurement should be performed severally using a number of available tools (Davidson and Duclos, 2000). This will aid in determination of the extent of its effects throughout the world. This paper aims at discovering the major...
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...In chapter 3 of The Practice of Research in Criminology and Criminal Justice there are four areas of focus. They are concepts, measurement operations, evaluation of measures, and levels of measurement. We are going to address conceptualization by using substance abuse and related ideas as examples. For measurement, let us review first how measures of substance abuse have been created, utilizing procedures as available data, questions, observations, and less direct and prominent measures. We will also explain how to assess the validity and reliability of these measures. Finally, the level of measurement reflected in unrelated measures is our last topic. Hopefully, at the end of this you will have a fine comprehension of measurement. A concept is a mental image tat summarizes a set of similar observations, feelings, or ideas. "Concepts such as substance-free housing require an explicit definition before they are used in research because we cannot be certain that all readers will share the same definition. It is even more important to define concepts such as poverty or social control or strain, we cannot be certain that others know exactly what we mean." The meaning of concepts is often disputed among experts and illuminating the meaning of such concepts does not simply benefit those unfamiliar with them. In order to do ample work of conceptualization, we need more than just a definition, for our concepts. We will probably have to distinguish inner aspects of the concept. Conceptualization...
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...CConceptualization and Measurement in Criminology and Criminal Justice In chapter 3 of The Practice of Research in Criminology and Criminal Justice there are four areas of focus. They are concepts, measurement operations, evaluation of measures, and levels of measurement. We are going to address conceptualization by using substance abuse and related ideas as examples. For measurement, let us review first how measures of substance abuse have been created, utilizing procedures as available data, questions, observations, and less direct and prominent measures. We will also explain how to assess the validity and reliability of these measures. Finally, the level of measurement reflected in unrelated measures is our last topic. Hopefully, at the end of this you will have a fine comprehension of measurement. A concept is a mental image tat summarizes a set of similar observations, feelings, or ideas. "Concepts such as substance-free housing require an explicit definition before they are used in research because we cannot be certain that all readers will share the same definition. It is even more important to define concepts such as poverty or social control or strain, we cannot be certain that others know exactly what we mean." The meaning of concepts is often disputed among experts and illuminating the meaning of such concepts does not simply benefit those unfamiliar with them. In order to do ample work of conceptualization, we need more than just a definition, for our concepts...
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...Scaling Study Scaling Study Understanding the complexities of developing a proper measurement process required a sample survey project. Analyzing the responses from the sample survey project “Financial Peace,” provided the information needed to assess the validity, reliability, and practicality of the survey. The most important factor in the development of a survey is the management question. This question is the predicament. Managers need answers to assist in resolving managerial problems or to provide guidance for a future trend. The sample survey stems from a management question, is there a market for financial peace management classes? Before examining the responses, the explanation of the survey development provides the foundation to the scaling study. What is measured? The development of the survey required understanding the difference between objects and properties. Variables studied in research are classified as an object or property. Objects include the concepts of ordinary experience, such as tangible items like furniture, laundry detergent, people, or automobiles (Cooper & Schindler, 2011, p. 272). The properties of the objects are the characteristics, if we asked questions concerning a piece of furniture than the description of the furniture, such as color, height, and designs are the characteristics. A survey depends on different concepts but the quality depends on what measures are selected and how they fit the circumstance (Borland Jr., 2001). In the...
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...Conceptualization and Measurement in Criminology and Criminal Justice In chapter 3 of The Practice of Research in Criminology and Criminal Justice there are four areas of focus. They are concepts, measurement operations, evaluation of measures, and levels of measurement. We are going to address conceptualization by using substance abuse and related ideas as examples. For measurement, let us review first how measures of substance abuse have been created, utilizing procedures as available data, questions, observations, and less direct and prominent measures. We will also explain how to assess the validity and reliability of these measures. Finally, the level of measurement reflected in unrelated measures is our last topic. Hopefully, at the end of this you will have a fine comprehension of measurement. A concept is a mental image tat summarizes a set of similar observations, feelings, or ideas. "Concepts such as substance-free housing require an explicit definition before they are used in research because we cannot be certain that all readers will share the same definition. It is even more important to define concepts such as poverty or social control or strain, we cannot be certain that others know exactly what we mean." The meaning of concepts is often disputed among experts and illuminating the meaning of such concepts does not simply benefit those unfamiliar with them. In order to do ample work of conceptualization, we need more than just a definition, for our concepts...
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...Capabilities: Income and Poverty In Creating Capabilities Martha C. Nussabaum suggests that measuring poverty using one’s income can be misleading and problematic when it comes to understanding the real reason why the person is poor. Nussabaum argues that poverty “involves heterogeneous failures of opportunity, which are not always well correlated with income” (Nussabaum 143). The problem with measuring poverty through the means of just income is outdated, there are many devastating factors that can greatly altar one’s living condition besides their income. As Nussabaum suggests, income is an inaccurate means in determining one’s well-being because other factors such as education, nutrition and debt could contribute to greatly altering one’s earnings, then causes them to go into poverty. This essay is to explain why measuring poverty through income is a problem. Nussabaum’s belief of why the measurement of poverty is determined by income is flawed and how it should not be used because, there are other factors that can greatly altar ones living conditions will be defined as: “Poverty involves heterogeneous failures of opportunity, which are not always well correlated with income; moreover, people in positions of social exclusion may have difficulty converting income into actual functioning, so income is not even a good proxy for capabilities”(Nussabaum 143-4). The research in this essay includes the article What’s the Best Way to Measure Poverty? by Matthew Philips (freakonomics...
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...Armco Inc. Armco Inc is a steel manufacturer that used to be the sixth largest in its industry in United States in 1990. The Kansas City Works within its Midwestern Steel Division was hit by the decline in the business in the US steel industry. The firm produces grinding media and carbon wire rod. The first on has been successful in the industry with its great durability compared to the competitors. Carbon wire rods on the other hand were non profitable and covered only some of its fixed costs through its production volume. The old performance measurement system used by Armco Inc did not work properly because it had some problems. First, it did not provide information on the product mix being produced while it provided data on total tonnage produced but didn’t breakdown what was produced. Second the measurement system compared actual to objective but didn’t provide data on what factors exactly caused variance. Third, the costs were not broken down by fixed costs, variable costs and relevant range. Also the reports were generated on the 15th day following every month ending so I think managers could not take immediate corrective actions which would have been sometimes very necessary. In my opinion, also the fact that the system did not measure Key Performance Index for each department such as the new system, is one important reason why the old system was inadequate. there was inconsistency with organization’s current strategy. The objective of Armco Inc. is maximizing profits...
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...VARIABLE Trochim (2006) defined a variable as an object, event, idea, feeling, time period, or any other type of category you are trying to measure. On the other hand, Moore and George (1993) defined a variable as any characteristic of a person or thing that can be expressed as a number whilst Frank, Little and miller (200) defined a variable as any factor that can change in an experiment. Anything that can vary can be considered a variable. For instance, age can be considered a variable because age can take different values for different people or for the same person at different times. A value of the variable is the actual number that describes a particular person or thing (Moore and George, 1993). For example, Height and sex are variables that describe people. Moore and George (1993) continue to say that there are two types of variables and these are quantitative variables and categorical variables. A quantitative variable takes numerical values for which arithmetic operations such as differences and averages make sense. A categorical variable simply records into which of several categories a person or thing falls. Variables measured as numbers in a scale of equal units, such as height in centimeters are quantitative variables. Examples of categorical variables include sex and age. INDEPENDENT VARIABLE An independent variable is exactly what it sounds like. Moore and George (1993) defined independent variables as explanatory variables. On the other hand, Shuttleworth...
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...718-20-35-3 A modification of the terms or conditions of an equity award shall be treated as an exchange of the original award for a new award. In substance, the entity repurchases the original instrument by issuing a new instrument of equal or greater value, incurring additional compensation cost for any incremental value. The effects of a modification shall be measured as follows: ? a. Incremental compensation cost shall be measured as the excess, if any, of the fair value of the modified award determined in accordance with the provisions of this Topic over the fair value of the original award immediately before its terms are modified, measured based on the share price and other pertinent factors at that date. b. Total recognized compensation cost for an equity award shall at least equal the fair value of the award at the grant date unless at the date of the modification the performance or service conditions of the original award are not expected to be satisfied. Thus, the total compensation cost measured at the date of a modification shall be the sum of the following: ? o 1. The portion of the grant-date fair value of the original award for which the requisite service is expected to be rendered (or has already been rendered) at that date o 2. The incremental cost resulting from the modification. Calculate total compensation expense: $15 estmated fair value per option * 1000 ...
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...Solution Inquiry Lab 2/26/2013 Formal Lab Report Materials- • 1x Measuring Cylinder (100ml) • 100ml of water (hot) • 100ml of water (cold/room temperature) • Sugar • 1x Bunsen Burner • 1x Stirring Rod • Safety Goggles Procedure: PART A- ROOM TEMPERATURE WATER • Use a 100ml measuring cylinder to measure out 100ml of tap water. • Put the measured water into a 250ml beaker. • Put 3g of sugar into the room temperature beaker and stir. • Wait until the sugar has dissolved, record the time. • PART B- HOT WATER • Use a 100ml measuring cylinder to measure out 100ml of tap water. • Put the measured water into the other 250ml beaker. • Place the beaker on the gauze mat. • Turn the Bunsen burner on. • Wait until the water has heated up, and then add 3g of sugar to the water and stir. • Wait until the sugar has dissolved, then record how long it took. What kind of difference? Substance Observation Time Hot Water With iodized salt Quickly dissolved 2.8 minutes Room Temperature Water With iodized salt Took forever!!! 30 minutes Stirring Sugar cube Quickly dissolved 5 minutes No Stirring Sugar cube Slowly dissolved 12 minutes Small Pieces Iodized salt Quickly dissolved 3 minutes Large Pieces Ice Cream Salt Slowly dissolved 35 minutes Discussion- I think that having the hot water boiling worked well because it meant that the salt dissolved even faster than it would if the water...
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...Brands represent enormously valuable pieces of legal property, capable of influencing consumer behavior, being bought and sold, and providing the security of sustained future revenues to their owner. The value directly or indirectly accrued by these various benefits is often called brand equity (Kapferer, 2005; Keller, 2003). A basic premise of brand equity is that the power of a brand lies in the minds of consumers and what they have experienced and learned about the brand over time. Brand equity can be thought of as the "added value" endowed to a product in the thoughts, words, and actions of consumers. There are many different ways that this added value can be created for a brand. Similarly, there are also many different ways the value of a brand can be manifested or exploited to benefit the firm (i.e., in terms of greater revenue and/or lower costs). For brand equity to provide a useful strategic function and guide marketing decisions, it is important for marketers to fully understand the sources of brand equity, how they affect outcomes of interest (e.g., sales), and how these sources and outcomes change, if at all, over time. Understanding the sources and outcomes of brand equity provides a common denominator for interpreting marketing strategies and assessing the value of a brand: The sources of brand equity help managers understand and focus on what drives their brand equity; the outcomes of brand...
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...http://www.labcompliance.com/tutorial/methods/default.aspx?sm=d_d TutorialHome | Contact Us | Newsletter | Usersclub | Books | Audio Seminars Seminars Audio Seminars Video Seminars Workshops Literature Books SOPs Validation Examples Free Literature Glossary Usersclub Intro Log-in Register Preview Renewal Tutorials Risk Management Practices Computer Validation Part11 Method Validation ISO 17025 Lab Equipment Qualification Good Laboratory Practices About About Labcompliance Contact Labcompliance Scope Tax/Bank Information All come with 10+ Best Practice Documents: SOPs, Checklists, Examples Transfer of Analytical Procedures According to the New USP Chapter <1224> With SOPs, templates and examples for easy implementation March 21, 2013 Quality by Design (QbD) for Analytical Method Development and Validation Learn how to design robustness for easy transfer and to avoid OOS situations Recorded, available at any time Validation of Analytical Methods for GLP and Clinical Studies Learn how to design, prepare, conduct and document for FDA compliance Recorded, available at any time Eight Steps for Cost-effective Laboratory Compliance Up-to-date overview, hot topics and trends. Recorded, available at any time Verification of Compendial Methods according to the New USP Chapter <1226> Understand the new risk based approach and and get real world case studies for testing Recorded, available...
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...Integrated Marketing Communication and Customer Satisfaction Rodney M. Edge, Sr. Dr. Charles Richardson MKT 500 – Summer 2011 ← Question 1: Discuss the company’s advertising strategy and how it aligns with its marketing goals. The majority of our advertising practices will make use of resources on the web. We have done multiple experiments with several events and have had fairly decent success with those events. Facebook and Twitter are excellent for spreading news about concerts, listening parties and other entertainment functions. Combined with news from our own website, this allows us the ability to quickly and effectively spread the word and create a buzz about our products and events. ← Question 2: Discuss how the effectiveness of the advertising will be measured. Effectiveness for our company will be assessed in two ways. First, our marketing initiatives can be measured through a tool called Band Equity, set up through our distribution resources. This tool assesses the effectiveness of our marketing by measuring how our advertising turns our fan base into actual customers. The second measure is attendance to live events. Though attendance measures can vary, generally a venue that is at least 50-75% capacity is considered a really great accomplishment. ← Question 3: Discuss the promotional strategies that may be used in addition to advertising. Selling compact discs generally don’t allow a lot of room for promotions. But there are a...
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... Allstate provides their employees with a road map to succeed by executing the goal setting definitions. The employees were given tools and resources to become better. They have quarterly leadership measurements as well as the survey to get feedback from employees. Allstate focus on diversity, they see diversity as a strategy for leveraging differences in order to create a competitive advantage thus create four steps process to reach their effective goals. The first step which is the succession programming explains how Allstate identified and developed candidates for each key position. Allstate’s management information system enables it to track and measure key drivers of career development and career opportunities for all of its employees, ensuring that the company’s future workforce will be diverse at all levels. The goal of which came to manifestation; women were empowered, minorities grew above national averages, Hispanics, and people with diverse cultures now have positions in the company. The second step is development. Through the company’s employee development process, all employees receive an assessment of their current job skills and a road map for developing the critical skills necessary for advancement. The third step which is measurement allows the company to take a survey called the Diversity Index twice a year. An...
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...Organizational effectiveness is a tool manager’s use to measure how effective they; and their organizations are at achieving outcomes and creating value. Organizational effectiveness can be very difficult to measure in an organization. Why? The answer is because organizations can be diverse and very large. Also one organization can have multiple goals and perform many activities at the same time. Managers must decide which indicators they want to measure in order to determine the effectiveness of their organization. There are three approaches managers can use in evaluating effectiveness. They are the external resource approach (Control); the internal systems approach (Innovation); and the technical approach (Efficiency). Each approach has something to offer but all focus on different parts of the organization. The external resource approach evaluates how much control the organization has over its external environment. Managers must look at indicators such as stock price, profitability, and returns on investments. These indicators are used by organizations to show them how well they perform in comparison to their competitors. In order to attract other customers managers gather information about their products and services through surveys and customer feedback to see how they measure up to the competition. Organizations also have stakeholders and the external resource approach can be used to measure the ability to influence stakeholder’s perceptions in its favor (Jones, 2007)...
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