...Is the monetary policy conducted by the American Federal Reserve really efficient? Does monetary policy conducted by the American Federal Reserve is really efficient? Introduction Miller et. Al.2013: Ch. 6: the chapter of this book is a set of articles that all point fingers at monetary policy’s weaknesses and interrogate Fed’s actions’ efficiency. All of them have pretty much a Keynesian point of view about the Fed’s policies failure, so they do not call into questions the existence of the Fed itself and its monetary policy but they rather globally accuse a lack of regulation and claim for an even more important intervention from the government. But over the last decades, we have experienced several Fed’s interventions and many expansionary monetary policies in order to try to counter the negative effects of the crises and then, to get the Economy back on track. However, the recovery is quite slow, the unemployment rate still quite high and a new crisis regularly burst. Thus, it seems legitimate to wonder about the effectiveness of the Fed policy. Does it have a real impact? And more important, does it have a real positive impact? First, we’ll define the monetary policy, its tools and its goals. Then, we’ll study the Keynesian theory of money and the important role it can play in the Economy and in its recovery - or could, without “interferences” strong Liberal thoughts might cause. Finally, we’ll consider arguments that claim monetary policy has become inefficient...
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...Using Sources K to N, and your own knowledge, how far do you accept the view of Source K that it was American foreign policy that ‘crystallized the Cold War’? The emergence of the Cold War can, to some extent be seen as a result of American Foreign policy – as it merely intensified previous tensions and distrust within the two superpowers. However, the ‘crystallization’ of the Cold War can also be seen as being due to several other factors such as the individuals’ personalities, the power vacuum that emerged at the end of WWII and the fundamental clash of ideologies all, to a certain degree, combined to cause the emergence of the Cold War, (the factors are all interlinked with one another). Firstly, it can be considered (at least to some degree) that the emergence and ‘crystallization’ of the Cold War was due to American foreign policy, as source K stresses the importance of US foreign policy as a contributory factor as America were keen to preserve their economic interests and to maintain political control – it says that ‘the US [employed] its new and awesome power’, meaning that tension would be caused inevitably, as the Soviets did not want to see the Americans gaining too much influence. An examples of foreign policies launched by the US that were designed to help the European markets (to retain the Open-door policy) is the Marshall Plan, introduced in 1947, it was a programme designed to offer financial aid to countries that were economically damaged in the second world...
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...imperial nation” (Hewitt, Lawson 630). The US. wanted to expend its power so they sought to compete with European countries for even bigger and stronger power (Hewitt, Lawson 630). Central American canal was built which allowed faster connection to Asian markets and helped the US. Navy to transfer between two oceans much easier and effective (Hewitt, Lawson 630). The other canal-Panama Canal was under American control as well, which was opened to sea traffic (Hewitt, Lawson). Wars were a big chance for expansion by increasing economics. In Cuba, they had a perfect opportunity to develop their market by using precious resources. Also, Conquer the Philippines, has grown the expansion, by good geographical connection with China. All in all, I would say that the wars were the first and the most important steps that allowed the US. to take next steps to become premier world power. • Compare and contrast the foreign policies of Presidents Roosevelt, Taft and Wilson and explain how they impacted (supported or detracted from) American expansion?...
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...On January 6, 1941, Franklin D. Roosevelt articulated in his State of the Union speech the fundamental freedoms that “everyone in the world” are entitled to enjoy. These four freedoms are: Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Worship, Freedom from Want and Freedom from Fear. Although this speech was given almost a year before Americans involvement in WWII, it set the tone for how Americans will view foreign affairs from that day forward. From the end of World War I until the United States involvement in World War II the United States held a position of non-intervention in foreign affairs. Even as World War II raged on in Europe, the United States held off sending American combat solders until December 7, 1941, the day Japan bombed Pearl Harbor. The very next day the United States declared war on Japan and changed how its non-intervention policies for good. With Nazi Germany, Japan and the rest of the Axis powers defeated, World War II came to a close in 1945. From the rubble emerged the United States, by far the world’s greatest super power. The United States had the world’s most powerful military, accounted for half the world’s manufacturing and possessed the world’s only atomic bomb. They now had the opportunity to give the world Roosevelt’s four freedoms. Knowing that for their capitalistic government to continue to succeed and grow there needed to be a global economic reconstruction. Simply put, capitalism requires free trade to grow and the other countries of the world were...
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...03.02 Public Policy: Assessment Policy Analysis of: Education (Higher Education for All Students) “If we want America to lead in the 21st century, nothing is more important than giving everyone the best education possible — from the day they start preschool to the day they start their career”, said President Barack Obama. To prepare people for jobs of the future and help restore middle-class security we have to out-educate the world and that starts with a strong and healthy school system. There is no code or bill that has taken place yet to implement higher education, but President Barack Obama and his team have created several initiatives to help all students receive an education beyond high school. Helping middle class families afford college, trying to keep the cost down, strengthening Community Colleges, and Improving Transparency and Accountability are all the ways President Barack Obama, and his team plan to use to accomplish his goal in higher education. After interviewing a principal of a local elementary school she stated that, “higher education after high school should be a #1 priority in high school students.” She also felt that the students should be encouraged by their teachers, counselors, and school representatives to achieve their maximum education. More programs are needed to build a connection for students in high school and with local colleges/vocational schools that will encourage them to seek higher education. President Obama and his...
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...American Foreign Policy Essay Over the time span of 1793-1825 the U.S. had to undergo serious changes. It was this time period that marked its process of becoming a national super power. It gained a strong sense of identity but the effects that came with it were that of uncontrollable influence. The nation as a whole started to stand out from the rest of the world and shine as a beacon. But it was the things the nation did during this time frame that caused this shift. America’s Foreign Policy from 1793-1825 went through many changes that made isolation impossible to retain due to the effects of attempting neutrality, economic dealings, and The War of 1812. There are some scenarios in life where attempting to prevent something only gives it greater chance of happening. When attempting neutrality through the time period of 1793-1825 this happened fairly quick. The Neutrality Proclamation made by George Washington was aimed at staying neutral in terms of the French Revolution. Though this is what the proclamation was primarily focused towards it was neutrality overall that it was really encouraging. Washington wanted the U.S. to stay uninvolved and build up our resources first to become a well-developed nation. While this approach may have been able to work in theory it didn’t take into account the peoples and pro-war opinions. In document A, a passage from The Neutrality Proclamation by George Washington it states, “I have therefore thought fit by these presents to declare...
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...The Pros and the Cons of Middle East Policies Name of Student Institution. The Pros and the Cons of Middle East Policies Background The international politics and relations are currently being dominated by the issue of the Middle East and the US relationship. It is, therefore, important to look at the factors that have resulted in a fragile relationship between the world superpower and the Middle East. For decades, the Middle East has been dealing with power struggles, Israeli-Palestinian border conflict, and the Arab-Israeli war. Some states in the region are pushing for constitutional monarchies or liberal democracies. My essay will examine the underlying animosity between these nations. It will also look at the pros and con of the American policies towards the Middle East and the ways it has succeeded. Hypothesis The USA is doing enough in its dealings with the Middle East. Analysis There has been an ongoing debate regarding the question of what the US’s foreign policies are towards the Middle East. Two main defense strategy objectives were resulting from the Pentagon’s Defense Planning Guidance between the year 1994 and 1999 (Reveron et al., 2014). This period was prior to President Bush Jr. Administration and has since then become more relevant. The primary objective was to deter another world war or an extreme enmity like the one portrayed between the former Soviet Union towards America. A new region strategy has therefore been put in place to prevent a hostile power from...
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...Nitze 1980, 172. 5. Gowa 1994. 6. See Frieden 1994; and Gibbs 1990. 7. See McKeown 1984; and Baldwin 1985. 8. Nelson 1988, 800-808. 9. Magee, Brock, and Young 1989. 10. Magee, Brock, and Young 1989, 101-10. 11. Sectoral conflict arguments are often used to explain foreign economic policy. Since James Kurth's seminal article on the topic, many other scholars have made related arguments about sectoral conflict; see Kurth 1979. Ferguson and Frieden link interwar U.S. foreign economic policy to competing blocs of capital-intensive, internationally oriented firms, and labor-intensive, domestically oriented industries; see Ferguson 1984; and Frieden 1988. Gourevitch relates the policy responses to economic crises in the United States and Western Europe to the coalitions among various industrial sectors; see Gourevitch 1986. Many others, including Baldwin; Cassing, McKeown, and Ochs; and Milner have addressed the influence of differently situated industries in the development of trade policy; see Baldwin 1985; Cassing, McKeown, and Ochs 1986; and Milner 1988. Whereas most recent work on sectoral conflict has focused primarily on foreign economic policy, some classic accounts of foreign policy link sectoral conflict to states' broader international orientation; see Hobson [1902] 1965, 46-63; and Kehr 1977. A few recent authors have also applied the sectoral conflict approach more broadly; see Gibbs 1990; Snyder 1991; Nowell 1994; and Cox 1994. 12. Concerning the significance of...
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...The Policy Process: Part 1 HCS 455 January 13, 2014 The Policy Process: Part I – Health Care Reform Policies are considered and reviewed on a daily basis with intentions of solving problems and improving quality of life. The policies that are implemented in order to improve the health care system for Americans have an affect on every individual person. With this being said, it is especially essential that all policies are carefully contemplated before they are actually implemented. This paper will address how topics become policies. This will include three stages, which consist of the formulation stage, the legislative stage, and the implementation stage. There are several stages that a policy must go through before it can be established. These steps are essential to the process and need to be efficiently followed through throughout the policy process in order to be certain the the policy will in fact solve the problem that is at hand as well as be able to improve the quality of life for all citizens. The stages included in the establishment of a policy include: agenda building, formulation, adoption, implementation, evaluation, and termination. There are many situations that represent the economic need that America has for an improvement in health care as well as the introduction of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, which is also known as the Health Care Reform. Before the country was able to experience the benefits of this policy, going through...
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...the right of people to freely express their opinions is fundamental. Elected officials should consider public opinion when making decisions. The ways Americans express their opinions vary. They can write letters to newspapers, express, their ideas in online forums on Facebook, blogs and tweets. They vote and organize politically. In July 2011 during the debt crisis President Barak Obama and the republicans in the U.S. House Of Representatives realized how important public opinion was. Public opinion is the aggregate of individual attitudes or beliefs shared by some portion of adult population without public opinion on certain issues, how would we know the wants and needs the public want? Political scientists have not been as concerned with what part the public opinion should play in a democratic polity and have given more attention to establishing what part it does play in actuality. With the examination of many histories of policy formation, it’s been said that no sweeping generalization can be made that will hold in all places. The role of public opinion varies from issue to issue, just as public opinion asserts itself differently from one democracy to another. The safest generalization that can be made is that public opinion does not influence the details of most government policies but it does set limits within which policy makers must operate. Public officials will usually seek to satisfy a...
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...OV ER N M EN T A Progress Report to the American People DECEM BER 2 0 09 A Progress Report to the American People OPEN GOVERNMENT “My Administration is committed to creating an unprecedented level of openness in government. We will work together to ensure the public trust and establish a system of transparency, public participation, and collaboration. Openness will strengthen our democracy and promote efficiency and effectiveness in government.” —President Barack Obama, January 21, 2009 TRANSPARENCY. PARTICIPATION. COLLABORATION. Table of Contents Let the Sun Shine In : Welcoming a New Era of Open Government Creating an Open Government in Practice The Open Government Directive: Hardwiring Accountability Open Government: Committed to Changing How Things Work Appendices Appendix 1: The Open Government Initiative: The Unprecedented Consultation Process that Shaped the Open Government Directive Appendix 2: Cabinet Department Open Government Projects in Service of National Priorities Appendix 3: Select Transparency Milestones Appendix 4: Select Participation Milestones Appendix 5: Select Collaboration Milestones 1 2 8 9 12 12 13 18 19 21 Let the Sun Shine In : Welcoming a New Era of Open Government For too long, the American people have experienced a culture of secrecy in Washington, where information is locked up, taxpayer dollars disappear without a trace, and lobbyists wield undue influence For Americans, business as usual in Washington has reinforced...
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...literary work of the 18th century that takes a symbolic aim at the greed of England’s renting policies and a plan to reduce the burdens, in this case children, caused by it. According to Sayre (2011) Swift composes with his tongue lodged in his cheek, quite possible, as never before. You can detect this in his work from the outrageous suggestions intended to lift the burden of children in poverty-stricken Ireland and alternatively to reap benefits from them. It is earlier stated that the proposal would be geared toward Irish families that could not afford to provide for their children, thus the slaughter of their children to cater the English would be the possible solution. The ‘Surprise Ending” in this proposal would be the revelation of Swift’s true proposition, the consideration of the poor and rebuttal of policy makers with realistic ideals to correct this ever so abundant problem. According to Lynch (n.d.) Swift preferred living in England, although he was Irish, which causes him to begrudge the policies toward his own people. With that being said, it becomes clear that the proposal will indeed have a surprise ending when swift speaks of his American acquaintance discoursing the subject, offering refinement. Although prior Knowledge obtained from Native Salmanaazor of Formosa Island offered the idea of plump female carcasses being sold as a delicacy to quality persons, the American speaking from experience, states the taste of adolescence to be of a disagreeable nature. The...
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...Mark The American people, in general have most of their pressing problems go largely unaddressed, whether it is perceived as such or is fact, the American people have lost faith in their lawmakers. These problems continue to go unaddressed for a multitude of reasons, including the ambiguity of the policy values, the decentralization of the U.S. Congress and federal bureaucratic agencies, the influence of special interest groups, as well as the lack of governmental participation by the public. These reasons alone are not the reason that problems go unaddressed, but compounded together makes it very difficult for lawmakers to make decisions regarding policy and for the general public to believe that lawmakers have the needs of their constituents in mind when creating policy. Lawmakers have difficulty when dealing with issues that are ambiguous in their policy values. Some of the issues presented to lawmakers have meanings that vary and can be perceived as not in the best interest of their constituents. One example of a recent issue in policy was the National Defense Authorization Act of 2012, signed into law by President Obama on December 31, 2011. This is not a new act, just the annual updated act authorizing military spending for national security programs and military personnel. Following the attacks on the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001, President Bush expanded the act to include counter-terrorism efforts. This was highly supported by the American people, as...
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...April 9, 2014 Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens Martin Gilens Princeton University mgilens@princeton.edu Benjamin I. Page Northwestern University b-page@northwestern.edu forthcoming Fall 2014 in Perspectives on Politics For helpful comments the authors are indebted to Larry Bartels and Jeff Isaacs, to three anonymous reviewers, and to seminar participants at Harvard and Rochester Universities. Gilens and Page Testing Theories of American Politics 2 Abstract Each of four theoretical traditions in the study of American politics – which can be characterized as theories of Majoritarian Electoral Democracy, Economic Elite Domination, and two types of interest group pluralism, Majoritarian Pluralism and Biased Pluralism – offers different predictions about which sets of actors have how much influence over public policy: average citizens; economic elites; and organized interest groups, mass-based or business-oriented. A great deal of empirical research speaks to the policy influence of one or another set of actors, but until recently it has not been possible to test these contrasting theoretical predictions against each other within a single statistical model. This paper reports on an effort to do so, using a unique data set that includes measures of the key variables for 1,779 policy issues. Multivariate analysis indicates that economic elites and organized groups representing business interests have substantial independent...
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... William T. Thompson Prof. Neely PAD 500 Modern public Administration: Managing Public and nonprofit Organizations To understand how to solve a problem, we must first understand what we are trying to fix. For example, can a carpenter without any medical experience repair a heart valve? Of course not, he or she must first obtain the proper education necessary to perform such a complex operation. The same can be said about the American education system. Throughout America’s history parents, educators, and government officials have been debating what changes must be implemented for American children to receive every opportunity possible to gain an education that will prepare them for the future. the one type of public policy the education system would be suited for is by way of distributive polices because “ of its most common form of government policy where it uses general tax revenues to provide benefits to individuals or groups, often by means of grants or subsidies and other educational assistance”(blanc,denhardt,denhardt,2014,pg.55). The educational system in our country has changed over the years to accommodate all students with special needs and learning disabilities’ will touch on two (2) positive programs and two (2) negative programs. The first would be special education inclusion. Inclusion means “improving learning for both classified and non-classified students...
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