...The Effects of Emotion, Imagery and Negative Feelings on Memory Retrieval My Memory Here I was, at the 2013 U.S. Synchronized Figure Skating Championships, standing in the well-known “kiss and cry” area with my team. We just skated our second program of the competition, the long program, and it felt absolutely incredible. I remember completing each element and taking a deep breath of relief each time knowing we made it through another section of our program without a fall. Our team’s goal this season was a pewter medal, 4th place, and we were moments away from achieving it. The short program, which we skated the night before, was also incredible and it gave us close to a four point lead ahead of the team behind us. All we needed to do was get our scores and celebrate. I remember the image of the stands where our organization’s younger team and our parents stood, cheering and going crazy and waiting for our scores as well. Brooke and Alexis had those silly Shamu whale costumes on in honor of our music to a song from one of the SeaWorld shows. They started doing that silly Shamu hand signal and the rest of our cheering section did it too. I held the hands of two of my teammates, one of them my sister, tighter than I’ve held anything in my life. We stood there, anxious, staring at the screen hanging above the crowd, waiting and waiting for the announcer to come on and our scores to appear. They showed recaps of some of our best moves we performed just a few minutes ago and...
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...Creating False Memories Fall 2011 Creating False Memories This experiment was unique and presented insight into creating false memories by using influence of suggestion. There has been various articles and research done on memories and whether or not a person’s memories can be considered credible. It is thought that memories can be altered by a person’s past events. As I seen from this experiment, memories can be altered just by simple suggestion. I practiced this experiment on my wife and seven children. Every person circled the word “snow” no matter what list they studied from. I considered the possibility that their thoughts were about the weather due to the rain and cold temperatures from that day. I decided to wait a few days before trying the experiment on the actual volunteers, eager for improved weather conditions. Our local church was having a meeting with many of its members. I waited for the meeting to finish and asked if four people would be willing to volunteer to participate in a research project. I asked the four volunteers to have a seat and patiently to do this experiment one person at a time. I brought the first volunteer into a separate room and explained the consent form and informed them that this was a simple memory test and there would be no harm to them, however there may be some slight deception. I also expressed their answers and identity will remain confident. The volunteers were informed the experiment would only take about five minutes...
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...Samuel Pierre III Professor Inman English 102-203 Essay #2 Analysis of an Essay Axe: It Cleans Us Up and Helps Us Remember So We Can Forget Again The commercials for the popular line of Axe body sprays are entertaining, to say the least. With just a few sprays of this female attractant in a can, women no longer have control of themselves, they are hungry and you’re for dinner. Now there’s a new line of shower gels for the guy who women can’t resist. It makes sense because, dealing with the countless hordes of women does tend to make one sweaty. So the creators of Axe have created a product that the modern day chick magnet can’t do without. The extended uncut ad has a guy waking up face down on his front lawn. He then proceeds to groggily get up and hit the shower, seemingly not remembering a thing about the night before. And then, all of a sudden, after using Axe Shower Gel, he has a flashback to a pool party. After waking from the pool party, he heads to the shower, gets cleaned up and is ready for more excitement. This time around, he ends up at what looks like a wanna be honky tonk, where of course the hottest girl in the place has her eye on him alone. They proceed to get away in either a motel room or her place, and end up doing what any young guy and girl do when alone in a room. Which is try on these huge animal heads one after another, and then act out certain scenarios such as whoever had the horse head on...
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...Amnesia is a defect in memory caused by brain damage, disease, or psychological trauma. Amnesia can also be caused temporarily by the use of various sedatives and hypnotic drugs. The memory can be either wholly or partially lost due to the extent of damage that was caused. There are two main types of amnesia: retrograde amnesia and anterograde amnesia. Retrograde amnesia is the inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an accident or operation. In some cases the memory loss can extend back decades, while in others the person may lose only a few months of memory. Anterograde amnesia is the inability to transfer new information from the short-term storage into the long-term storage. People with this type of amnesia cannot remember things for long periods of time. These two types are not mutually exclusive. Both can occur within a patient at one time. Research has shown that when areas of the diencephalon are damaged, amnesia can occur. Recent studies have also shown a correlation between deficiency of RbAp48 protein and memory loss. Scientists were able to find that mice with damaged memory have a lower level of RbAp48 protein compared to normal, healthy mice. In people suffering with amnesia, the ability to recall immediate information is still retained, and they may still be able to form new memories. However, a severe reduction in the ability to learn new material and retrieve old information can be observed. Many...
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...First, Scott Fraser recounts the case of 17-year-old Francisco Carrillo, who was wrongfully convicted of a crime he never committed. Carrillo was convicted of the murder of Donald Sarpy and sentenced to two life sentences after being identified by six teenagers, one the son of the victim, as the culprit. Fraser is a forensic neurophysiologist who has experience in eyewitness memory identification testimonies and the nature of night vision. He was perfectly tailored to explain why it was impossible for the teens to have clearly seen who was driving the car that shot the father mostly due to the lighting outside and inside the criminals' vehicle. Moreover, in class we discussed the fallibility and malleability of memory. At any given moment, we only pick up bits and pieces of what's going on around us. These pieces of information from our senses goes into our short-term then long-term memory if properly encoded. Based off the evidence Fraser brought up, it was incredibly unlikely that the teenagers would even be able to see to encode and correctly identify the shooter. Some of them might have not even been looking at the car beforehand to describe it because they were absent-minded, or focused on something else. Also, the lighting made visibility low. The teens and the reenactors of the scene would only be able to see less than 18 inches in front of them, which is the depth of field. With this is mind, the teenagers who testified against Carrillo didn't have exceptionally poor...
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...In a similar study, Tekcan and Peynircioglu (2002) conducted an experiment examining the differences in the encoding and rehearsal of flashbulb memories in elderly and young people. Data were collected from 47 elderly participants (28 women and 19 men, age range 64-90) and 59 young participants (35 women and 24 men, age range 18-25) from a university. All participants began with an individual interview, then the younger participants were given only the questionnaire about the death of Turgut Ozal, a Turkish leader and the elderly participants were given three questionnaires about three major events. The experimenters measured the differences in flashbulb memories for young and old participants, and also the differences in remote events as opposed to recent events for elderly participants. The results showed that for recent event, younger participants encoded flashbulb memories more than the group of elderly participants. Results also displayed that elderly participants could retain a flashbulb memory for more than 50 years. Tekcan and Peynircioglu (2002) stated these findings could be due to the individual personal importance that an event can have on a person and the motivation to remember such events. In my judgement, this study was constructed well and is generalizable to the population because of the events used. Although, I think stronger situations, like being in the midst of a war, could display clearer results. Bernsten and Thomsen (2005) conducted a study during...
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... Recovering memories after a traumatic experience is a controversial issue that researchers study for a long time and there are opposite opinions on that matter. Some psychologists believe that after having an appalling experience as children, the mind in order to protect us repress these memories and we can only recover them in older age. Others though oppose to this opinion that such experiences can never be forgotten. One question that arises is that if repressed memories can be recovered or are they after years false memories. Having this in mind Richard J. McNally and his colleagues have contacted many studies, in order to examine which are the mechanisms that may be responsible for people to either repress and recover memories of trauma or create false memories of trauma. For their studies they used four groups of women. The first was the “repressed memory” group. In this group, the subjects were women that they thought they had been sexual abused as children but had no memories of it, just some indications. The second group was the “recovered-memory” group. In this group, women said that even though there was a long period of time that they had not thought about their abuse they recovered their memory. However, we cannot be sure if their memories are true or not. The third one was the “continuous-memory” group the subjects of which stated that they always remembered having been abused and the fourth, the “control group” which stated that they had never been abused. In order...
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...Misattribution and Suggestibility False or inaccurate memories exist in all of us, whether it’s a small detail like what a person said or something larger like a date, time, or a completely false memory. These memories can be created several ways including misattribution and suggestibility. Changes in a memory can occur long after they occur or are purported to have occurred because memories are not fixed and can be altered or reinterpreted each time we recall them. Misattribution is a common thing in memories, a result of our brain trying to fill in the missing information, or using general characteristics that do not always paint an accurate picture. Common examples of this are remembering a person or piece of information, but incorrectly remembering where you met them or learned that fact. Source memory is the part of memory where we can recall the surroundings of that memory origin. Misattribution can occur in traumatic memories with inaccurate results and cause serious consequences for innocent people. Or on the other hand allow someone who is guilty to escape justice because a whiteness is “sure” of a false memories accuracy. On a more day-to-day basis it can lead to thinking you’ve already communicated information to someone, or thinking you left the garage door open. Susceptibility refers to the minds ability in some cases to create false memories based on outside input, usually false information or suggestive questions that lead the respondent toward a false...
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...A Literature Review: Memory Distortions, Repressed Memories, and Autobiographical Memory Psych. 560 June 17, 2013 Prof. Pitt A Literature Review: Memory Distortions, Repressed Memories, and Autobiographical Memory Memory helps to build and shape you into the person that you have become. It allows you to identify people, places that you have been, what things are, when things are supposed to happen or have happened, and it also allows you to piece knowledge together so that you can make perceptions or assumptions as to why things happen the way they do. Your short term memory helps you to recollect things in your present day life while your long term memory stores things for retrieval at a later time. Although you rely on your memory to recount information day to day, there are also instances in which your memory denies retrieval in the way that it was stored or retrieve the information just as you stored it. Memory distortions, repressed, memories, and autobiographical memory each describe different ways in which your memory responds when you try to recall the information. “Memory distortion refers to a memory report that differs from what actually occurred” (Bernstein & Loftus, 2008). Repressed memories occur when traumatic events are unconsciously recorded in the mind as a defense mechanism to avoid anxiety or other issues that might arise from the occasion. Autobiographical memory suggests that a person retains and retrieves information...
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...Autobiographical knowledge base The autobiographical knowledge base contains knowledge of the self, used to provide information on what the self is, what the self was, and what the self can be.[3] This information is categorized into three broad areas: lifetime periods, general events, and event-specific knowledge.[2] Lifetime periods are composed of general knowledge about a distinguishable and themed time in an individual's life, such as the period you spend at university (university theme), or when you entered the workforce (work theme). Lifetime periods have a distinctive beginning and ending, but they are often fuzzy and overlap.[2] Lifetime periods contain thematic knowledge about the features of that period, such as the activities, relationships, and locations involved, as well as temporal knowledge about the duration of the period.[2] The thematic information in these periods can be used to group them together under broader themes, which can reflect personal attitudes or goals.[2] As an example, a lifetime period with the theme of “when I lost my job” could fall under the broader category of either “when everything went downhill for me" or "minor setbacks in my life." General events are more specific than lifetime periods and encompass single representations of repeated events or a sequence of related events.[2] General events group into clusters with a common theme, so that when one memory of a general event is recalled, it cues the recall of other related events...
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...Intro to Psych Exam Review 5-7 Exam Chapter 5-7 Review 1. I say chair. You think sit,seat,table. This is referred to as. a. semantic network model. 2. Henry Gustav Molaison had a bilateral lobotomy of this region on hid brain which is responsible for memory. a. The hippocampus- small region by brain stem responsible for memory dealing with amnesia. 3. This type of amnesia takes away a persons memory from the time of an injury and backward. a. retrograde amnesia. 4. The phenomena of not remembering every bit of information because it would overwhelm ones brain is known as. a. Consolidation Matching: Encoding- organizes and transforms incoming information. Information Processing- how information is processed Parallel Distributed Processing- connections and timing of processes Storage- placing encoded information into memory stores. Levels of Processing-deeper levels of processing lead to better memory Retrieval- accessing the stored information. 5. This man developed what is referred to as the "forgetting curve" which refers to the phenomena that as time passes out ability to recall information decreases. a. Hermann Ebbinghaus 6. This man is well known for his work with classical conditioning especially with dogs and orphaned children. a. Ivan Pavlov 7. This type of conditioning attempts to take a natural response to a natural stimulus and changes the stimulus with the goal of eliciting the same...
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...“Critically consider how advances in fMRI scanning have contributed to our understanding of the systems, processes and functions of human memory.” Introduction: The aim of this essay is to critically consider the advances in fMRI scanning to our understanding of the systems, processes and functions of human memory. fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) is a functional neuroimaging procedure using MRI technology that measures brain activity by detecting associated changes in blood flow. We are going to explore these three areas in depth, finding support and critiques for each one. As this is a big debate in neuropsychology there are several theorists supporting this debate and also critiques that have different views on this subject. Memory is the process in which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved. Encoding allows information from the outside world to reach the five senses in the forms of chemical and physical stimuli. Without a memory of the past we are unable to operate in the present and think about in the future. Henson 2006 used fMRI to compare single and dual processes of recognition memory. According to single processes items that are presented and remembered compared to those that are seen familiar (knowing) differ only in memory strength. However dual processes state that the ‘remember’ and ‘know’ judgements are qualitatively different as they rely on two distinct memory processes. Therefore Henson 2006 argued that any qualitative fMRI data between...
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...Maria Emilia Muentes Barcia 00125964 30/09/2015 ¿Cómo se trabaja en niños y adultos con problemas de memoria? La memoria tiene procesos de memorización; el primero es el tener que codificar la información, que es el momento en el que la información es escuchada o procesada; el siguiente proceso es el de almacenar esta información, es decir mantenerla en el cerebro por un período determinado de tiempo y por último la información debe ser evocada, lo que significa que hay que recordarla, lo que puede darse a propósito o simplemente de manera inconsciente. En las personas con problema de memoria, generalmente están afectadas la fase de almacenamiento y de evocación, cabe recalcar que en las etapas iniciales de patologías relacionadas con problemas de memoria, la codificación no se ve afectada en gran magnitud pero conforme pasa el tiempo esta también va a ser afectada, refiriéndonos a ella como incapacidad de aprendizaje. Los problemas de memoria se pueden dar tanto en la memoria a corto plazo o la memoria a largo plazo. La memoria a corto plazo se refiere ahora en la neuropsicología al recuerdo inmediato, que significa la capacidad de la persona para recordar algo segundos después de que se le fue presentada la información, y la memoria a largo plazo es la capacidad de la persona para recordar información que fue dada en un largo lapso de tiempo anterior. En las patologías de la memoria estas se ven afectadas y se les hace imposible recordar, principalmente en...
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...Child Sexual Abuse Versus False Memory Syndrome People can experience sexual abuse memories from their childhood. These individuals believe that they went through such a traumatic experience of this kind. By remembering how these events occurred in details, these memories are truly experienced by all of these individuals’ emotions and beliefs. Research shows than child sexual abuse memories can occur in the form of repressed childhood experience and/or in the form of False Memory Syndrome. Personally, I identify both of these matters as important psychological and social problems. This is due to the fact that too many innocent children go through sexual abuse by their relatives. With today’s technology, societies are still not able to recognize it, prevent it, and threat it accurately in the timely matter. For instance, those sexual abused traumas cannot be identified easily because of the child emotional bounding to their loved ones. These facts cause children to repress their unacceptable emotional and physical memories into their unconscious mind, which increases the likelihood to develop other psychological disorders. On the other hand, people are mistreated by their therapists and develop False Memory Syndrome. I considered this a serious psychological and social problem. Due to that fact, many professional workers use their educational advantage against individuals who in the need for medical help. These help seeking people’s health and well-beings are highly...
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...Introduction Memory is the faculty by which the mind stores and remembers information in the part of the brain called the hippocampus. Commonly seen in the courtroom, witnesses tend to recall past events from implanted memories. These memories are artificial, but people often recall details of an event when new information is supplied. It has been found that events are often reconstructed when an event is recalled. A study by E. Loftus (1975) supports this theory when she conducted a delayed memory test. Loftus and her partner focused on eyewitness testimonies by the wording of questions. This test sought to determine if participants would accept information that it introduced in the form of a question when being asked about the details in a video about a class being disrupted by eight anti war demonstrators. This video segment was shown to forty participants before being given a questionnaire of twenty questions that ask about the film clip. Nineteen of those questions were the same, but one half of the participants were asked one different question than the other half. The participants returned after one week to take a questionnaire without replaying the clip, except one question was altered. In the initial test, half of the participants were asked if the leader of the four demonstrators was a male, and the other half were asked if the leader of the twelve demonstrators was a male. In this new questionnaire, the two groups were asked how many demonstrators they...
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