...Running Head: THE PROCESS AND PREVENTING THE RISK OF A TAX AUDIT 1 The Process and Preventing the Risk of a Tax Audit By Marivic Engquist National American University August 12, 2012 THE PROCESS AND PREVENTING THE RISK OF A TAX AUDIT 2 Abstract This paper illustrates how an Internal Revenue Service (IRS) audit strikes fears in individuals, small businesses and large corporations. By understanding the process of a tax audit and reporting information that is understandable, people can lesson some of the risk. According to Sidney Weisman, an attorney and senior editor with the Research Institute of America, publisher of tax materials for professionals, “the easiest way to survive a tax examination is to prepare for one at the time you fill out the tax return” (Rankin, 1981, p. 2.29). THE PROCESS AND PREVENTING THE RISK OF A TAX AUDIT 3 The Process of Lessoning the Risk of a Tax Audit The tax audit have been feared by many and embraced by the few. Even though there are ways to reduce the likelihood of an audit, one must understand how the audit process works. If selected, a tax audit usually means corresponding with the IRS, searching through files, and producing records. It can also mean paying additional taxes, interest, or a penalty. Reducing the likelihood of an audit...
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...| The Massachusetts Trial Court | We’re Not Quite Done Yet | | | | Marissa Pina | May 11, 2015 | | Table of Contents The Massachusetts Court System: Massachusetts Trial Court 2 Functions of the Human Resources Department 6 The Massachusetts Trial Court Human Resources Department 8 My Role within the Human Resources Department 9 Old Practices 10 Turning Point 13 The New Hiring Process 14 We’re Not Done Yet! 18 Review of Kotter’s 8 step Model 22 Human Capital, the most Important Asset of an Organization 25 My Hopes 26 The Massachusetts Court System Massachusetts Trial Court Focus The Massachusetts Court System consists of the Supreme Judicial Court, the Appeals Court, and the Executive Office of the Trial Court, the 7 Trial Court Departments, the Office of the Commissioner of Probation, and the Office of the Jury Commissioner. For the purpose of this paper I will be discussing my place of work which is the Massachusetts Trial Court consisting of: Executive Office of the Trial Court, the 7 Trial Court Departments (Boston Municipal Court, District Court, Juvenile Court, Superior Court, Housing Court, Land Court, and Probate and Family Court), Office of the Commissioner of Probation (OCP), and the Office of Jury Commissioner. Exhibit 1 Massachusetts Trial Court is committed to fair and impartial administration of justice; protection...
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...advantage for the three components of the criminal justice system especially within police investigations. As high profile cases tend to get more media exposure, the pressure that the state enhances its authority over the police to solve the case tends to get swifter than they would any other investigation. This result can be disastrous because police investigators will try to work through a case quickly and efficiently to satisfy the media, victims, victims’ families as well as the state. Especially with high profile cases where appearances isn’t always what it seems, mistakes are more apt to happen and can lead to a lot of circumstantial evidence which may or may not be enough to prove guilt in a court of law and may or may not be just and fair. It would depend on the individual efficiency and experience as well as the intuition of the police investigators. Police investigators have the most important and more prevalent jobs out of the three components in the criminal justice system. The police has to investigate, analyze, recreate, and actually put together a case enough so that there is enough evidence, whether circumstantial or concrete, to convict a perpetrator beyond a reasonable doubt in a court of law. That is a tall order for any branch of government to try to accomplish. When a crime is committed, the first people to arrive at the scene is the police. Out of the three components in the criminal justice system, the police play the biggest and most crucial role...
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...This project was an extremely rewarding experience! It provided a lot of information I had never thought about within the court system, especially pertaining to juveniles. To conduct my research on the topic of juveniles and the juvenile court system, I was allowed to shadow a public defender in court. I was also able to have discussions with multiple public defenders, apart from the one I was shadowing. Following the shadow experience, I conducted interviews with a public defender and prosecutor to see both sides of the juvenile court. This allowed me to ask more in-depth questions about things I saw or caught my attention in court. Overall, I learned a lot about the court process and what goes into being a public defender and prosecutor....
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...Press Release of a diverse culture. The criminal justice system in today’s world is affected by language barriers in communication in their ability to enforce the law properly, by the increasing amounts of people migrating into the United States legal and illegally. The United States government and law enforcement are constantly doing studies and mapping trends of people crossing our borders to migrate to the United States to be able to make a better life for themselves and their families, by the alarming rates of people applying for green cards and citizenships. A Green Card or permanent resident card serves as proof of a person's lawful permanent resident status in the United States. That allows the person with the Green Card to have right to live and work permanently in the United States or even become a American citizen. A person’s valid green card also means that he or she by law is registered in the U.S. in accordance with all United States immigration laws. People who obtain a green card before 1989, the green card use to remain valid permanently. Since 1989 the immigration laws have changed that everyone must renew their green cards every 10 years. The law is also enforced in the same way for people who received their green cards in 1989 or before 1989. The previous versions of green cards are no longer valid everyone is required to renew their green cards every 10 years. (Rachel F., 2011) This is a primary example...
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...Riding with the superintendent proved critical in strengthening my understanding of the obligation of a new officer in ensuring compliance with the law. In attempting to affirm my fears that the job is challenging, I indulged the officer in an interview. The intention was to relate the theoretical aspects of the discipline with the practical obligation of a police officer. During the interview with the officer in his car, I asked questions aimed at scrutinizing the system while acknowledging very well that officers abide by certain principles in carrying out their mandate. In turn, questioning the superintendent proved critical since I learned the intricacies of law enforcement, as well as the role of an officer in facilitating administration in the society. I customized the questions in order to encourage the respondent provide information relating to criminal justice in a broader perspective. I selected the city superintendent because I believed the superintendents understood the area of specialization very well. I began the process by seeking clarification to the definition of legal terms such as law...
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...Q1 – Understand the purpose of employment regulation and the way it is enforced in practice. Explain the purpose of employment law and how it is enforced. Describe the role played by the tribunal and courts system in enforcing employment law. Include how cases are settled before and during formal legal proceedings. (1.1, 1.2, 1.3) 1.1 – Explain the aims and objectives of employment regulation Employment law dates back to the 14th century, with the first labour legislation, the Ordinance of labourers passed in 1349 and consisted of regulations and price controls issued by King Edward 111. The purpose of the legislation was to maintain wages at rates to be fixed from time to time by the Justice of the peace. The ordinance was written in response to the outbreak of the plague in England. However, it wasn’t until the early 19th century that we begin to see the first significant change in employment law, the speed of change and innovation gave ever increasing legal protection to workers. Laws are critical in every society and country, they are created to ensure fairness and justice. In the instance of employment law they aim to protect both employers and employees, promoting ethical standards and protecting human rights. This of course can be said for the purpose of all legislation. There are four main sources of English Law, they are Statute (acts of parliament), Regulations (statutory), Common Law and Codes of Practice (e.g Acas). Statute law is led by government and is made...
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...crimes are committed today and the challenging of certain laws have added substantial burden to those who have chosen careers within the Criminal Justice System to investigate and prosecute such criminals. Many concerns in conducting the various types of investigations has always been the legality of the “how’s”, “who’s” and “when’s”. The collecting of physical and DNA evidence, Interviewing of witnesses and the various types of surveillances used all fall into a closely watched category within the investigation process. Not only is it imperative that all types of investigations are done correctly but the ultimate goal of a successful conviction clearly depends on it. One of the critical and most important areas of any investigation is the collection of evidence. Whether it be physical evidence such as fingerprints, tire marks, footprints, fibers or DNA evidence this area is vital, it can be the only key to link someone to a crime. However, to play it role, the evidence must be collected and analyzed properly. Prior to any collection of evidence photographing and filming must be done. An important general principle in evidence collection and to have such evidence admissible in court is to have a secure chain of custody. That is each person who handled the evidence from its collection to its appearance in court must sign for it. Therefore, the court knows who had custody of it at each stage of its journey. Cross contamination is another crucial factor in evidence collection...
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...have now and pursue a Bachelors degree and eventually a Law degree so that I can become a Justice of the Peace or Judge. This paper is about an interview with a local magistrate, Judge Keith L. Stoney of Utahʼs 3rd District for Salt Lake County Judicial, West Valley City and Saratoga Springs Justice Courts. The time, the education, the benefits and the sometimes lengthy process of what it takes to sit on the “Bench” are all covered in the following paragraphs. JOB TITLE ! The official title of the position that Judge Stoney holds is as follows: Honorable Judge Keith L. Stoney Utahʼs 3rd District for Salt Lake County Judicial, West Valley City Justice Judge. Judge Stoney also works as Saratoga Springs Justice Judge. To break this down let me try to explain in brief how Utahʼs court system is organized. At the top you have Utahʼs two appellate courts, the Supreme Court and the Court of Appeals. Next are the trial courts which include District, Justice and Juvenile Courts. There are also two administrative bodies, the Judicial of Council and the Administrative Office of the Court. Basically the policy making body of the courts. The state of Utah is divided into 8 judicial districts and in each of those districts there are Juvenile and Justice Courts. Judge Stoney is in the 3rd district and head Judge over the West Valley City Justice Court. BIOGRAPHY ! Before I go any further let me give a brief biography of Judge Stoney. Judge Stoney attended Brigham Young University where...
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...Association (g) ALA—Association of Legal Administrators 1.5. Web Sites: (a) NFPA: www.paralegals.org (b) NALA: www.nala.org (c) IMPA: www.paralegalmanagement.org 1.6. Certification examinations: (a) NFPA—The PACE exam. It is an advanced exam; paralegal experience is required to take it. (b) NALA—The CLA exam. It is an entry-level exam. No paralegal experience is required to take it. (Note: NALA also has an advanced examination that does require paralegal experience to take it.) 1.7. Fourteen categories of paralegal associations: (1) nationwide (e.g., NFPA and NALA) (2) statewide (e.g., Illinois Paralegal Association) (3) regionwide encompassing more than one state (e.g., Rocky Mountain Paralegal Association) (4) regionwide within a state (e.g., South Florida Paralegal Association) (5) countywide (e.g., Santa Clara County Paralegal Association) (6) citywide (e.g., San Francisco Paralegal Association) (7)...
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...Lowville. The Lowville constabulary has recently released their yearly crime statistics. This report is aimed at showing residents that crime statistics do not necessarily report on the true level of crime experienced within a community. This report will provide an overview of how the statistics are collated by the various agencies and how they are represented to the general public. Following this, the report will set out an explanation of what the limitations to the crime statistics are and how they are represented within the media. The reader will be made aware to what the effect of changing stats at local and governmental levels and the terminology for these changes, later...
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...United States Supreme Court has the authority to make the final decisions regarding our Constitutional rights of American citizens. Some court cases are relatively straightforward. However, due to the wide nature of potential situations, cases often appear that ask fundamental and difficult questions about the nature of legal principles. One famous case that comes to mind is the Miranda v. Arizona, which reached the Supreme Court in 1966. Police investigations varied between departments throughout the United States. Some procedures which some became labeled coercive began to be observed, in some urban centers. Police officers want to determine the facts in cases of criminality and to protect the public by apprehending the perpetrators of crime. Some argued that taking overly aggressive actions undermined the civil liberties upon which the American Nation was founded. Given these competing arguments, and the Warren Court’s then recent trend toward increases activism, the setting was set for a hearing of these matters in the highest court of the United States. That came in the form of Ernesto Miranda. Ernesto Miranda was arrested in a serious criminal case, it involved the kidnapping and rape of a young women. His arrest was based on generally circumstantial evidence, without any clear proof. Police investigators decided to interrogate Miranda in order to ascertain the facts of the matter. Evidence in the case indicates that under police interrogation, Miranda confessed to the...
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...Research Prosecutions, Convictions, Acquittal’s and all forms of legal action in between play a critical role in the courts. However, none of what the attorneys do can be done without first having a firm grasp on each and every case set before them, the judge and the jury that will be making its judgment. But before they can make an informed decision there must have been a gathering of information, or data to support both sides of the case. The gathering of information or data is vital to the case and perhaps even more so to the individual/s that are on trial as their lives can and often do hang in the balance. No matter what profession one may have within the judicial system, researching information is something that at one time or another must be done. The ineffective of data gathering, research and analysis in often one of the primary factors behind an innocent man/woman going to jail and the guilty going free, therefore, the emphases placed on the gathering of information cannot and must not be understated. The goal of this paper The goal of this paper and my research is to define an officer’s duty, to discuss the importance of research and to address the kind of interview/s structures I would choose to use, the particular questioning style to use during the interview process and why I chose those certain questions. Additional I will attempt to provide some advantages of a qualitative data-gathering...
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...Supreme Court The Supreme Court sits as a UK court when taking on civil case as it listens to 70 cases a year, mostly civil, which include some cases from Northern Ireland and Scotland. The majority of the civil cases are linked with tax law. On rare occasions a case can leap-frog from high court to Supreme Court but if not then the majority of the appeals come from the court of appeal or Scottish Court of Session. Leave to appeal to the Supreme Court must be granted by the lower court; this is usually court of appeal or by two justices. Only cases that raise a point of law of general public will be heard here. The Supreme Court will also hear criminal cases as well as civil. Court Of Appeal Civil Division The civil division of the court of appeal mainly hears appeals that came from the high court but on occasion it will hear cases from multi-track actions that have come from county court. The court will occasionally get appeals about the amount of damages awarded e.g. libel cases. Most appeals will concern a question in law. Leave to appeal must be agreed to by the lower court or by the Court of Appeal itself. The court of appeal can uphold or reverse the lower court’s decision. Criminal Division This division is presided over by Lord...
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... In addition, the information was not based on a very wide demographic as well as each state having different definitions of Domestic Violence making it hard to accurately determine the expenses to the court system. A revision to the current legal system would need to be done in order to protect the victims and combat the cost of domestic violence on the courts. As the issue of domestic violence became noticed, it started to overwhelm the legal system. In calculating the Cost of Domestic Violence on the legal system, namely the courts, you must include offender programs, the cost of recidivism, and administration. OFFENDER PROGRAMS A domestic violence court promotes a coordinated, multi-disciplinary approach to improving the criminal justice system’s response to domestic violence, family violence and child abuse. The domestic violence court specializes in a court docket handled by a dedicated judge and court staff and linked to key partners, which serves to address gaps in traditional domestic violence case processing where multiple judges and prosecutors handle various aspects of the case. Victim and child safety is paramount in developing a project and all components of a domestic violence court must keep this goal in mind. Vital components in the domestic court are the need for trained...
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