...body of research that has been ignored in third world countries. There is a need for further research to examine parental engagement from a broader perspective. The Purpose of the Research The purpose of this study was to examine teacher’s perceptions and beliefs about parent engagement in children’s school activities in the primary schools in Nairobi, Kenya. The study also investigated teacher’s self-efficacy in terms of efficacy to influence decision making, efficacy to influence school resources, instruction self-efficacy, and disciplinary self-efficacy, and efficacy to enlist parental engagement, efficacy to enlist community involvement, and efficacy to create a positive school climate. Research Questions There were three research questions, 1) What are the perceptions and beliefs of Kenyan teachers about school and family partnership? 2) What are Kenyan teachers attitudes regarding their self-efficacy in the school environment? 3) Are the correlations between teacher’s perceptions and beliefs about school and family partnerships and their attitudes regarding self-efficacy? The research questions were measurable and achievable. Definitions of Terms There were five definitions of terms use in this study that were operationally defined. Review of Relevant Research based literature The review of research related literature was very adequate. There were a total of 64 references. There were 12 books referenced, 50 journal articles and 4 internet articles retrieved. There...
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...WOMEN BUSINESS OWNERS IN TRADITIONAL AND NON-TRADITIONAL INDUSTRIES ALEXANDRA L. ANNA United States Air Force Academy GAYLEN N. CHANDLER Utah State University ERIK JANSEN Department of Systems Management, Naval Postgraduate School NEAL P. MERO Department of Management & Decision Sciences, Washington State University Small businesses continue to grow in importance to the national economy. According to the Small Business Administration, America’s 22 million small businesses generate more than half of the nation’s Gross Domestic Product and are the principal source of new jobs. The National Foundation for Women Business Owners reported that between 1987 and 1994, the number of women-owned businesses grew by 78% and women-owned firms accounted for 36% of all firms. Although the growth in the number of women-owned businesses is encouraging, the size of such businesses remains small in terms of both revenues and number of employees, especially in comparison to male-owned businesses. One explanation for this disparity is that female business ownership is concentrated primarily in the retail and service industries where businesses are relatively smaller in terms of employment and revenue as opposed to high technology, construction, and manufacturing. One of the most fruitful streams of research in women’s occupational choice has been based on EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Address correspondence to Alexandra L. Anna at HQ USAFA/DFM, 2354 Fairchild Drive, Suite 6H94, USAFA, CO 80840-5701; (719)...
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...Work Life Balance for Women [Name of the Writer] [Name of the Institution] Table of Contents Abstract iii Introduction 2 Problems in Work Life Balance 4 Demographic Variables and Work Life Balance 4 Achieving the Balanced Life 6 Self Efficacy 6 Emotional Intelligence 7 Employer Efforts 7 Conclusion 10 References 11 Abstract Work-life balance describes the practices at work place that create an equilibrium in demands of employees to maintain a healthy family life and work activities. The demands and pressure is a greater challenge for female workforce to balance work life activities. The conflicts in such situation also has significant impact in career advancements of women. Organisations also play their part by creating a healthy work place culture that reflects cornerns for needs of employees during work and after work. Organisations should periodically review their contemprorary work processes and practices. They should determine the inefficiencies and reasons of stress that negatively effect motivation and commitment of female employees. This research study aims to undertake the factors that can affect the career women work-life balance. Work Life Balance for Women Introduction Work Life balance is a term that suggests the individuals how much control they have on the situations like when to work and how to work. It describes those practices that an individual aims to achieve equilibrium between family demands...
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...problem for children in American society. It affects many areas of their lives, but most importantly, it affects their education. For this reason, it is imperative that parents, teachers, administrators, and communities ban together to ensure that at-risk students from low socioeconomic backgrounds are given the same opportunities as those from a higher socioeconomic background. We can do this by eliciting the best teachers, quality schools, and administrators to instruct these disadvantaged children. We can also do this as parents by making sure that we have educational attainment as our goal for our children by providing different instructional avenues in the home to facilitate learning and desire for learning by our children. If all of these parts of the puzzle can be put in place correctly, then at-risk youth at least have an equal opportunity to succeed in this world of inequality that we all live. Equality in the public school system is a joke. In other words, it does not exist. There are certain criterion that must be met before schools can even start to be considered equal: “equal access, common curriculum, differential curriculum, desegregated schooling, and equality of results” (Riordan 2004, p. 2). In some underdeveloped countries, certain people are excluded from an education, from the poor to the women, it just depends. Another extent to where people are excluded is common curriculum. Even though this was set out for the benefit of all children in school...
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...cognitive psychology. He is known as the originator of social learning theory and the theory of self-efficacy, and is also responsible for the influential 1961 Bobo doll experiment. A 2002 survey ranked Bandura as the fourth most-frequently cited psychologist of all time, behind B. F. Skinner, Sigmund Freud, and Jean Piaget, and as the most cited living one.[1] Bandura is widely described as the greatest living psychologist,[2][3][4][5] and as one of the most influential psychologists of all time.[6][7] In 1974 Bandura was elected to be the Eighty-Second President of the American Psychological Association (APA). He was one of the youngest president-elects in the history of the APA at the age of 46. Bandura served as a member of the APA Board of Scientific Affairs from 1968 to 1970 and is well known as a member of the editiorial board of nine psychology journals including the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology from 1963 to 1972.[8] At the age of 82, Bandura was awarded the Grawemeyer Award for psychology and is known as one of the most influential psychologists of the 20th century. [9] Contents [hide] * 1 Personal life * 2 Education and academic career * 2.1 Post-doctoral work * 3 Research * 3.1 Social learning theory * 3.2 Aggression * 3.3 Social cognitive theory * 3.3.1 Social foundations of thought and action * 3.4 Self-efficacy * 3.5 Moral agency * 4 Awards * 5 Major books * 6...
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...SHOULD TEACHER PAY BE TIED TO STUDENT PERFORMANCE? Akkuzu, N. (2014). The Role of Different Types of Feedback in the Reciprocal Interaction of Teaching Performance and Self-efficacy Belief. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 39(3). Retrieved from http://ro.ecu.edu.au/ In this article, the purpose of this study was to explore the role of feedback based on self-efficacy belief sources in the reciprocal interaction of teaching performance and self-efficacy beliefs. A single case study design was employed to address and began to bridge the gap in our understanding of the relationship between feedback, self-efficacy belief and teaching performance. The data for this study were collected in the form of semi-structured interviews from 6 volunteer 5th-grade chemistry student teachers. The data was analyzed based on an inductive analytical approach. The results indicated that different types of feedback based on self-efficacy belief sources directly affected the student teachers' self-efficacy beliefs and teaching performance. It may be concluded that different types of feedback provided key paths for student teachers to better understand their own developing teaching performance and that of other teachers. I agree with Akkuzu’s with the role of different types of feedback in the reciprocal interaction of teaching performance and self-efficacy belief. Because, due to the data that was analyzed based on an inductive analytical approach...
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...DOI: 10.1037//0022-0663.93.1.55 Academic Self-Efficacy and First-Year College Student Performance and Adjustment Martin M. Chemers, Li-tze Hu, and Ben F. Garcia University of California, Santa Cruz A longitudinal study of lst-year university student adjustment examined the effects of academic self-efficacy and optimism on students' academic performance, stress, health, and commitment to remain in school. Predictor variables (high school grade-point average, academic self-efficacy, and optimism) and moderator variables (academic expectations and self-perceived coping ability) were measured at the end of the first academic quarter and were related to classroom performance, personal adjustment, stress, and health, measured at the end of the school year. Academic self-efficacy and optimism were strongly related to performance and adjustment, both directly on academic performance and indirectly through expectations and coping perceptions (challenge-threat evaluations) on classroom performance, stress, health, and overall satisfaction and commitment to remain in school. Observed relationships corresponded closely to the hypothesized model. Change can be unsettling. The transition from high school to college can place significant demands on young adults (Tinto, 1982,1993). College life can be demanding and stressful for a new student (Noel, Levitz, & Saluri, 1985) and requires higher levels of independence, initiative, and self-regulation (Bryde & Milburn, 1990). It...
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...Assessing the Moderating Role of Psychological Capital on Work-Family Conflict and Its Outcomes Amna Binte Shehzad Malik Ahmed Bin Shehzad Malik Kaniz Fatima and Asbah Shujaat University of Central Punjab Author Note Research Article written by students of BBA at Faculty of Management Studies, University of Central Punjab, for the completion of Research Methodology course under the instruction of Inam-ul-haq, Assistant Professor at University of Central Punjab Any correspondence regarding this article should be addressed to Ahmed Bin Shehzad Malik. Email: ahmed.shehzad5@gmail.com INTRODUCTION The success of any organization is highly dependent on how its employees work and perform tasks (Lambert, 1990). For quite some time, employees have been facing difficulties in the form of work-family conflict because they are unable to fulfill the roles of their work life and family life properly. Work-family conflict affects the productivity of an employee which, consequently, has impact on the outcomes for the organization. The recent explosion of interest in the work-family interface has given rise to a number of concepts that try to explain these two major fields of life in terms of work-family balance, accommodation, compensation, spillover, work-family enrichment and work-family integration etc. (Barnett, 1998; Edwards & Rothbard, 2000; Friedman & Greenhaus, 2000; Greenhaus &Beutell, 1985; Lambert, 1990). One term commonly used and cited in these research...
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...MOTIVATION, BEHAVIOR, AND PERFORMANCE IN THE WORKPLACE I. INTRODUCTION Motivation is a subject that has long interested researchers and practitioners seeking to understand human behavior and performance. Over the course of the 20th century and into the new millennium, scholars have developed sweeping theories and have amassed large bodies of applied research investigating motivation across a variety of settings. Motivation has been studied in schools, the workplace, government, and athletic competitions, to name but a few contexts. It has been studied at the level of the individual, the group, and the organization. Some motivation researchers have employed cognitive models, which emphasize the role of thought processes in determining motivation and behavior, while other researchers have adopted non-cognitive paradigms, which focus on factors such as personality traits, affective states, and environmental determinants. This paper focuses specifically on research about motivation and behavior in the workplace. It discusses motivation theory, which has broad applicability across contexts, as well as the empirical research conducted in workplace contexts. In reviewing this literature, particular emphasis is placed on research about motivation and behavior as they relate to individual performance. A central aim of motivation research is to explicate the complex relationships that exist among motivation, behavior, and performance—such knowledge is critical for managers tasked with...
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...Education Charles Kurose September 2013 MOTIVATION, BEHAVIOR, AND PERFORMANCE IN THE WORKPLACE I. INTRODUCTION Motivation is a subject that has long interested researchers and practitioners seeking to understand human behavior and performance. Over the course of the 20th century and into the new millennium, scholars have developed sweeping theories and have amassed large bodies of applied research investigating motivation across a variety of settings. Motivation has been studied in schools, the workplace, government, and athletic competitions, to name but a few contexts. It has been studied at the level of the individual, the group, and the organization. Some motivation researchers have employed cognitive models, which emphasize the role of thought processes in determining motivation and behavior, while other researchers have adopted non-cognitive paradigms, which focus on factors such as personality traits, affective states, and environmental determinants. This paper focuses specifically on research about motivation and behavior in the workplace. It discusses motivation theory, which has broad applicability across contexts, as well as the empirical research conducted in workplace contexts. In reviewing this literature, particular emphasis is placed on research about motivation and behavior as they relate to individual performance. A central aim of motivation research is to explicate the complex relationships that exist among motivation, behavior, and performance—such knowledge...
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...” In 2009, 16% of boys aged 2 to 15, and 15% of girls were classed as obese between the ages of 2-15 The Health and Social Care Information Centre. This large percentage of obesity amongst children needs to be addressed before it become out of hand acceptable in society. David Cameron announced earlier this year that obesity costs the NHS £4 billion a year and that is looking to grow. This issue does need to be tackled to stop the growth of obesity not only to save money but lives too. This essay will be outline Tesco’s ‘great school run’ and the NHS ‘get fit with the Olympics’ campaigns to encourage people to become more active and analyse how they communicate with their publics differently in striving for the same result. It will also look at the similarities and differences applying different theories to each of the campaigns to come to the conclusions of their overall effectiveness. With participation in sport dropping between 2009 and 2010 (Mintel) and obesity levels growing, changes need to be made in people habits in participating in sport and eating healthy. Tesco’s campaign ‘great school run’ is in its 8th year where it encourages children, family, friends and teachers to take part in a 2k fun run. Its aim is to make families more active and to provide information to children and adults on how a small change in their diets can go a long way. The campaign is very hands on...
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...In a study of children attending summer camp at age 10, Sroufe, Egeland, Carlson, and Collins (2005) found that securely attached children tended to have more friends and better social skills. Likewise, in a cross-sectional study using self-report data, 15-18- year-olds with good parental attachment had better social skills and, subsequently, better competence in developing friendships and romantic relationships (Engles, Finkenauer, Meeus, & Dekovic, 2005). Ainsworth found that the anxious-ambivalently attached are especially at-risk for later behavioral problems, including aggressive conduct. These data suggested it is vital for the one-third of children who do not develop a secure attachment as infants be provided opportunities to repair the original attachment relationship or construct some form of attachment outside the home, perhaps through interaction with a teacher or mentor. This paper will “BRIEFLY DESCRIBE HOW PARENTS AND TEACHERS CAN HELP TEACH SOCIAL COMPETENCE”. Erikson (1950) provided another important theory related to social competence; his psychosocial theory of personality development emphasized the interplay between the social and emotional domains. Erikson highlighted the importance of the person resolving a series of conflicts where interpersonal relationships play an important role. In infancy, the conflict is Trust versus Mistrust. Erikson hypothesized that an infant will develop trust through interaction with a warm, available, and responsive caregiver...
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...CBT is thought to be effective for the treatment of a variety of conditions, including mood, anxiety, personality, eating, substance abuse, tic, and psychotic disorders. Many CBT treatment programs for specific disorders have been evaluated for efficacy; the health-care trend of evidence-based treatment, where specific treatments for symptom-based diagnoses are recommended, has favored CBT over other approaches such as psychodynamic treatments.[1] CBT was primarily developed through an integration of behavior therapy (the term "behavior modification" appears to have been first used by Edward Thorndike) with cognitive psychology research, first by Donald Meichenbaum and several other authors with the label of cognitive-behavior modification in the late 1970s. This tradition thereafter merged with earlier work of a few clinicians, labeled as Cognitive Therapy (CT), developed by Aaron Beck, and Rational Emotive Therapy (RET) developed by Albert Ellis. While rooted in rather different theories, these two traditions have been characterized by a constant reference to experimental research to test hypotheses, both at clinical and basic level. Common features of CBT procedures are the focus on the "here and now", a directive or guidance role of the therapist, a structuring of the psychotherapy sessions and path, and on alleviating both symptoms and patients' vulnerability.[2] | The premise of mainstream cognitive behavioral therapy is that changing maladaptive thinking leads to change...
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...Clinically, Kelly developed a psychotherapy technique called fixed-role therapy. In fixed-role therapy, the therapist asks the client to adopt a different identity for a two-week period. The client is asked to act the part of someone whose constructions and behaviors are significantly different from the client’s. Because the client is only playing a role, any threat that might occur as a result of violating one’s own personal identity are minimized. After all, the client is simply playing a part. However, in so doing the client experiments with alternative ways of construing and behaving that may produce personal growth. Personal construct psychology has become associated with theories of constructivism, which emphasize that people know the world indirectly through constructed understandings. Radical constructivism views the person as a closed system, one in which a person’s internal psychological structure determines experiential reality. One’s structure is only sensitive to specific kinds of stimulation from the external world. People do not experience the world as it is, but rather experience it only in the ways their internal structure allows. On the other hand, social constructionism deemphasizes individual knowledge construction and instead stresses that human understandings spring from ongoing relationships. Through discussion and interaction with each other, people negotiate and reach consensus about what is real and true. Discourses, defined as ways of talking about...
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...EN130 English Composition II Assignment#: Assignment 5 – Compare/Contrast Essay Title: Distance Education or Traditional Education Date: 22 August 2015 Distance Education Making Higher Education Possible for Everyone Distance education takes place when the teacher and student are in different locations from one another as a result of their physical location. Communication between the student and the teacher most often done via different ways of technology such as emails, virtual communication using web-based features like WebEx or instant messaging, just to name a few. Traditional education takes place in a campus environment, where the student and teacher are in the same room often referred to as a classroom. Distance Education provides higher education to those who may otherwise never have an opportunity with no boundaries to one’s station, race, creed, or physical limitations. Distance Education, thanks to free Wi-Fi offered at most public places gives students the ability to study in places like the library, stores, restaurants, coffee and soda shops. Making it easy for students to continue their learning even if they do not have internet access. Many students have Internet ability from their smartphones or tablets giving them access to classes and school materials from anywhere, as long as they have a phone signal. This makes distance education popular to many people this also provides a means for those that may have learning challenges to get a...
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