...Social Theory of International Politics Is it a good alternative on established theories in international relations? 1811 Words Maxim de la Haije (2509740) VU University Political Analysis Dr. Paul Pennings Amsterdam, 28 June 2013 Introduction In recent decades, many approaches have emerged which all try to clarify the processes of international relations as best as possible. Alexander Wendt, a staunch supporter of the social constructivist school, developed the ‘Social Theory of International Politics’ to explain this process, this theory is based on social constructivism. His works can be seen as a response to the theory developed by Waltz, which provided the basis for the neorealist school. This new approach to international relations is increasingly gaining ground and can be seen as a important contribution towards existing theories of international relations. Wendt felt that the existing theories in international relations were too restrictive and too much adherence to guidelines. He thinks out of the box and is in certain areas very rebellious. He beliefs that realism misses the inter subjectively shared ideas which shape behaviour by constituting the identities and interest of actors. Wendt (1999) sees the international system as a social construction. In his works he emphasizes the role of shared ideas and norms in shaping state behavior. Liberal and realist perspectives aim that materialist or individualist reasons causes actions by states. Wendt...
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...E-Leader Manila 2012 A Comparison of Two Theories of Learning -Behaviorism and Constructivism as applied to Face-to-Face and Online Learning Dr. Mary Anne Weegar Dr. Dina Pacis National University San Diego, CA, USA Abstract The two theories of learning discussed are Behaviorism and Constructivism. Skinner and Watson, the two major developers of the behaviorist school of thought sought to prove that behavior could be predicted and controlled (Skinner, 1974). They studied how learning is affected by changes in the environment. The constructivists viewed learning as a search for meaning. Piaget and Vygotsky described elements that helped predict what children understand at different stages (Rummel, 2008). Details of both theories illuminate the differences and connections between the behavioral and constructivist theories in relationship to how children learn and how their behavior is affected. How curriculum and instruction work with these theories to promote learning and how educators view learning with respect to both theories are also reviewed. Introduction Many students enrolled in institutions of higher education in the United States have had experience with both face-to-face and online classes. Educational researchers have begun to examine the technological characteristics of online classes which contribute to making online classes equivalent to face-to-face classes in relationship to their pedagogical effectiveness. The growth of online learning has changed the traditional...
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...Reading Philosophies Comparison Chart Constructivist Instruction: The student is viewed as an active participant in their own learning. The student will use personal experiences to influence and shape learning ( Ying-Tien , 2005) Reading Activities for Constructivist Instruction: Teaching students new vocabulary by using various picture visual aids. If the student has difficulty reading the word the visual aid will represent the word. Using familiar words will allow the students to use vocabulary from their own experiences and make a connection between the word, picture and experiences. Students will read a book and then be dispersed into small groups. Within the small groups students will discuss their reading and create another story with similar elements. This will allow students to bring their own experiences to the table and take an active role in their learning. Assessment for Constructivist Reading: A student kept journal based upon the readings in class. This will allow students to take control of their learning while reflecting on the presented information. Reading portfolios made for each student. These portfolios would include sample work and teacher notes on observations of the student in the classroom in regards to reading. This will serve as a great tool during conferences with parents to show students strengths and weaknesses. Classroom discussion based on the readings in class. This would showcase the students knowledge...
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...Constructivism (learning theory) Constructivism is a theory to explain how knowledge is constructed in the human being when information comes into contact with existing knowledge that had been developed by experiences. It has its roots in cognitive psychology and biology and an approach to education that lays emphasis on the ways knowledge is created in order to adapt to the world. Constructs are the different types of filters we choose to place over our realities to change our reality from chaos to order. Von Glasersfeld describes constructivism as “a theory of knowledge with roots in philosophy, psychology, and cybernetics”.[1] Constructivism has implications to the theory of instruction. Discovery learning, hands-on, experiential, collaborate, project-based, tasked-based are a number of application that base teaching and learning. Constructivists • John Dewey (1859–1952) • Maria Montessori (1870–1952) • Władysław Strzemiński (1893–1952) • Lev Vygotsky (1896–1934) • Jean Piaget (1896–1980) • George Kelly (1905–1967) • Heinz von Foerster (1911–2002) • Ernst von Glasersfeld (1917–2010) • Paul Watzlawick (1921–2007) • Edgar Morin (1921–) • Humberto Maturana (1928–) • Laszlo Garai (1935–) • David A. Kolb (1939–) Historical and Theoretical Roots According to Kliebard,[2] John Dewey created an active intellectual learning environment in his laboratory school during the early 20th century. Neuroscience now supports this form of active learning as the way people naturally...
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...Explain which International Relations theory is best suited to conducting strategic insight? Introduction In this paper, I will give a brief overview about Strategic Intelligence and in the process define the key terms so that there is no ambiguity about the topic being examined. I will define the concepts of strategy, insight and strategic intelligence before moving on to analyze the need for an international relations theory for conducting strategic insight. The paper will then explain constructivism and why it is the most appropriate theory for carrying out strategic insight. Strategy The concept of strategy has been around for as long as there have been organizations and wars. Strategy is a method or plan chosen to bring about a desired future, such as achievement of a goal or solution to a problem. 1Strategy is also about achieving and sustaining a position of lead over rivals through the successive capitalization of known or developing possibilities rather than restricting to any specific fixed plan designed at the onset. It can be said that strategy becomes a central plan through which an organization can affirm its essential continuity while at the same time purposefully handling its adjustment to the changing environment to gain competitive superiority. Strategy can also be viewed as a response to external opportunities and threats and to internal strengths and weaknesses; a means of achieving a long range competitive advantage, and a favorable...
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... | |Co-requisites: N/A | |Other requirements: N/A | B. Course Description: This course provides theoretical knowledge as well as practical strategies on educational psychology that student teachers will need to become effective instructors. Various theories of development, teaching, and learning such as human development, cognitive and behavioral development, learner differences, information processing, and learning environments are presented with clear examples and illustrations. Importantly, based on this psychological background knowledge students are able to build up a framework for connecting theory and any educational situations they will deal with later in their own teaching practice. C. Course Objectives: |No. |Course Objectives...
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...Constructivist Pedagogy for the Business Management Classroom In (Partial) Fulfillment of the Requirements for Basic Communication 25 (Research Writing in Discipline) By Benosa, Mark Joseph Gyoungseok, Lee Sanchez, Ann Marie Gabrielle February 2011 Sentence Outline Thesis Statement: Although, most College of Business Administration teachers prefer to use the conventional way of teaching, management students would learn best through the learning-by-doing/Constructivist approach because it provides first had experience in the business world and it challenges students way of thinking. Introduction: Business education and learning has become challenging over the last few years. The knowledge gained in university education is met until they write and pass their examinations (Gill &Lashine, 2003). Transferring knowledge from the classroom to the workplace has become one of the most important goals of business education. Basic skill development along with sound knowledge of workplace environment has become crucial in the education scenario. Whilst the most important skills needed for the business graduate in this era of globalization are technical skills, analytical skills, communication skills, multi-disciplinary and inter-disciplinary skills (Gill & Lashine, 2003) and whereby universities are educating and training students for the labour market to be professionals and business specialists, academicians...
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...Piaget Versus Vygotsky Jean Piaget (1896-1980) and Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934) proposed the classical constructivist theories of cognitive development. Although often compared, the concepts differ significantly. Indeed, the purpose of this essay is to argue that Piagetian theory marginalizes the social contribution to intellectual development and that, consequently, the Vygotskian approach offers a more accurate and comprehensive analysis. This paper will begin with an explanation of the theories of cognitive development propounded by Piaget and Vygotsky followed by a definition of constructivist and social constructivist theory. The superiority of Vygotsky’s theory will be established via a critical examination of Piaget’s stages of intellectual development, his perspective on language acquisition, and the methodology of his classic tests. Piaget maintained that cognitive development is a continuous progression of assimilation and accommodation and that these complementary processes lead to adaptation. Knowledge is constructed progressively via a sequence of behaviours or mental operations, what Piaget termed schemas. Piaget proposed that children develop mental representations of the world based on physical or mental actions, which they execute on the environment. These initially reflex behaviours are repeated while intrinsic motivation encourages the child to apply schemas to different situations. Assimilation occurs when the new experience is incorporated into an existing...
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...Critical Analysis Paper The functionalist theory has affected psychology for many years to come. Many psychologists have backed this theory many centuries ago. The purpose of this paper is to describe the functionalist theory, compare the work of three theorists, and analyze one contribution of each of theorist’s findings. Functionalism began in the late 19th century. Functionalism was strongly influenced by Darwin’s doctrine of evolution (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009). The many ideas and thoughts of functionalism originated in the United States. Functionalism is the utility of consciousness and behavior in adjusting to the environment (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009). Theorists mainly focused on how behavior is affected by the environment. One of the main theorists during the functionalist movement was John Dewey. He was a historicist and a genetic psychologist. He had a different perspective on theories because he was a historicist and a genetic psychologist. Dewey believed that humans develop through distinct, observable stages of consciousness that correspond with the intellectual development of the race. Therefore, Dewey's inductionist and social constructivist stages are subsumed within his overall developmental scheme, the inductionist stage necessarily precedes the social constructivist stage, and the social constructivist stage necessarily incorporates the inductionist stage (Fallace, 2010, pg. 129) This alone set Dewey aside from other theorists. He made great advances...
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...How does the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme promote learning? The International Baccalaureate Diploma programme was established to provide ‘the educational needs of globally mobile students’ (IBO 2012 p.3), allowing them to gain a recognised qualification to allow them access to further education in universities around the world. Beyond these very broad objectives the initial programme was based on three fundamental principles, which outlined the IB’s approach to learning: * to provide a broad education, establishing the basic knowledge and critical thinking skill * to develop international understanding and citizenship * to provide choice within a balanced curriculum to allow the students interests to be fulfilled (ibid). The aim as Peterson has suggested was to not to just provide a place for the ‘acquisition of general knowledge, but the development of the general powers of the mind to operate in a variety of ways of thinking’ (IBO 2012 p.4). This is expressed further in the IB’s Mission Statement which states its desire to create a better world through education, which it claims can best, be achieved through international-mindedness. It adds to this by stating that ‘the International Baccalaureate aims to develop inquiring, knowledgeable and caring young people who help to create a better and more peaceful world through intercultural understanding and respect (ibid). As with the other programmes, the PYP and MYP, the DP ‘promotes the education...
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...Developmental Theories 1 Developmental Theories Tammy Weston Child and Adolescent Development PSY 104 December, 20, 2014 Developmental Theories 2 There is nothing more amazing than the growth and development of a child. Several researchers have dedicated years to the study of child development to help us better understand this amazing time in their lives. Though there are many theorists and different branches of their theories, they are narrowed into three categories, maturationist, environmentalist, and constructivist. These three theories allow us to analyze childhood development and better understand how children grow and learn. Although there are many differences in these theories, there are also some similarities. In this paper I will discuss how these theories relate and differ with regards to a child’s development. How do these theories help us understand our children and how they grow and learn? I will also discuss the importance of physical, emotional and cognitive development, to the overall development of a child and why it is imperative for us to not only understand how they develop but how we can help foster that growth. A child begins to develop while in the mother’s womb. The genetics (the makeup) of the child are already in place. (Papalia, Olds, Feldman, 2008) The child inherits genes from both mother and father. Piaget was probably one of most influential cognitive theorists. Piaget was a constructivist which means basically that learning occurs...
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...published version. http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/09500693.asp Abstract This paper reports a qualitative study of the learning environment of a Year 11 Biology class. The research was originally framed in a constructivist epistemology, but was also informed by an emancipatory interest. The main methods used for data gathering were participant observation, interviewing, and a written response survey (CES, Tobin, 1993a). It was found that, even though the students viewed the class positively, and described themselves as highly motivated to learn, the level of cognitive engagement was affected by two interrelated factors: the control the teacher had over almost all activities, and student beliefs about learning in this context. The data suggests that both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation which could lead to deep involvement in learning are constrained by a preponderance of teacher-centred methods of instruction. A model is proposed relating intrinsic and extrinsic interest to cognitive engagement. It is concluded that more activities should be used which either implicitly or explicitly reinforce positive beliefs about the need for self-direction in learning. A personal perspective has been included in this paper to indicate the non-linearity of the development of theory. Introduction Most teachers and researchers would like to know more about the factors which may facilitate or prevent...
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...Constructivism: A Holistic Approach to Teaching and Learning Janet Giesen Faculty Development and Instructional Design Center Northern Illinois University Introductions • Your name • Your department or unit • Your experiences or knowledge of constructivism • Why have you joined us today? Overview • Learning cycle • Constructivism – Learning theory – Process – Instructional strategy • Classroom applications • Instructor and student roles Learning Cycle or “5 E’s” Engage Extend Evaluate Explain Explore How would you define constructivism? A definition of constructivism Fundamentally, constructivism says that people construct their own understanding and knowledge of the world through experiencing things and reflecting on those experiences. Source: Thirteen Ed Online (2004) Constructivism is a learning theory • Learning is an active process • Knowledge is constructed from (and shaped by) experience • Learning is a personal interpretation of the world Sources: Christie (2005); Kruse (n.d.) Constructivism is a learning theory • Emphasizes problem solving and understanding • Uses authentic tasks, experiences, settings, assessments • Content presented holistically – not in separate smaller parts Sources: Christie (2005); Constructivism is a process – the instructor • Adapt curriculum to address students’ suppositions • Help negotiate goals and objectives with learners • Pose problems of emerging relevance to students • Emphasize hands‐on, real‐world experiences...
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...cooperation spanning thousands of years, overall international interdependence, and the abrupt switch from amity to enmity as of 1979. While the international media has cast an ever-stronger spotlight on the Iranian-Israeli relationship in the past five or ten years, it has long deserved closer scrutiny. For two countries to be as intertwined at the political, military, economic and societal levels – like Iran and Israel from the 1950s through to the 1970s – and then to become and remain bitter and irreconcilable enemies – thanks to a radical Iranian regime change in 1979 – is virtually unheard of in the realm of international politics. This phenomenon begged further study, and was spurred along by the need for an impartial and inclusive analysis to mitigate the perpetual barrage of news headlines and journal articles prophesying the inevitable showdown between the two states (and...
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... for a child’s environment to not contain some sort of social experience, they would have to be socially isolated by either being alone or by ignoring their surroundings. Throughout this essay I will be assessing the role of social experience in each theory and evaluating the extent it has played in a child’s development. ‘Behavourism’ is a conditioning theory, which involves consequences for behaviour. Depending on the desired behaviour, the child is either rewarded or punished for how they behave according to the particular behaviour. The ‘Constructivism’ theory is a school of though that children build their own learning depending and through their own experiences and activities. In the ‘constructivism’ theory, children follow a set of stages in development. The ‘Social Learning Theory’ teaches that children learn by example, by observing others they understand and learn how to behave. The last theory I will be exploring is ‘Social Constructivism’ theory believes that children build their development with cultural tools such as language and their social interactions. Despite the clear differences between these four theories, when examining them closer, I have found that they also have similarities. In all of the theories I have mentioned, the environment to which children are developed in is considered very important, the difference between them lies with how valuable the social...
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