...as the "network approach". Internationalization is defined as developing networks of business relationships in other countries through extension, penetration and integration. Extension refers to investments in networks that are new to the firm, whereas penetration means developing positions and increasing resource commitments in networks which the firm already is involved with. Integration can be understood as the co-ordination of different national networks. Thus, if the relationships between firms are seen as a network, it can be argued that firms internationalize because other firms in their (inter) national network are doing so. Within the industrial system, firms engaged in the production, distribution and use of goods and services depend on each other due to specialization. However, certain industries or types of markets are more likely to be internationalized, given the configuration of the world economy. Under the prospect of this approach, Johansson & Mattson distinguish four types of international firms: The early starter, the late starter, the lonely international and the international among others. To which of these categories a firm is referred to depend on both the level of internationalization of the network and the level of internationalization...
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...internationalization process. Zara opened its first store in La Coruna in 1975 and focused on the domestic market in the early stages. Gaining experience from the home country before entering a foreign market is characteristic for the Uppsala model. The expansion of Zara was first limited to Spanish cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants. Due to the maturity of the Spanish market, Zara was aiming to expand to the international market. Because of the geographic and cultural proximity to Spain they started their foreign operations by opening a store in Portugal. This enabled a gradual learning-by-doing process, concentrating first on countries close to Spain. Subsequently they preceded the internationalization process by entering different European markets. The intention was to keep a low level of psychic and cultural distance in order to internationalize step-by-step. After obtaining more knowledge and experience in foreign markets, Zara started expanding to other regions more rapidly and out of consideration for geographical or cultural proximity. In general, the internationalization strategy of Zara can be best compared to an ‘oil stain’. While entering a foreign market, Zara first concentrates on a strategic area with the intention to gain market information and then expanding to other regions in that country. 2. Please evaluate the competitive strategy of the three world market leaders. Which of the three will be the future winner with regard to global retailing in the fashion...
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...Nour Shaker Supervisor: PhD. Jose Ferraz-Nunes Examiner: PhD. Bengt Kjellen Master’s thesis in International Business 15 ECTS Department of Economics and Informatics University West Spring term 2010 ABSTRACT Over the past two decades, the open-door of the market supply in China has had a massive impact on the automotive market. This development contributes to the globalization of the automobile industry that involved the integration of the Chinese domestic market into the international markets. Among many reasons, motivation to gain access to industrialized markets and to gain access to superior technology, management resources and knowledge are the most driving factors of the Chinese automotive industry for the internationalization and going abroad strategy of China´s automotive industry. This study investigated whether different external globalization drivers and internal organization factors have differential effects on various dimensions of China´s automakers firms’ global strategy. Most of the studies written about global strategies have implemented only either of the internal or the external drivers of the internationalization of the firms. The contribution of the paper introduces a more comprehensive model on the global expansion of a firm. This paper concludes that China´s automotive industry has some competitive advantages such as low cost, while, facing a number of challenges that hinder the internationalization of Chinese automobile companies. It also...
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...Japanese market and Chinese markets Tutor: Authors: Group: Date: Leif Linnskog Wannapa Chaletanone (05-11-1982, Thailand) Wanee Cheancharadpong (03-09-1983, Thailand) 2022 June 4, 2008 Master Thesis EFO705, 10 points (15 credits) – Spring 2008 International Business and Entrepreneurship – MIMA Program School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology Abstract Date June 4, 2008 Level Master Thesis EFO705, 10 points (15 credits) Authors Wannapa Chaletanone (05-11-1982, Thailand) Wanee Cheancharadpong (03-09-1983, Thailand) Title Internationalization of IKEA in the Japanese and Chinese markets Supervisor Leif Linnskog Problems Why did IKEA internationalize into Japanese and Chinese markets? And what factors did influence IKEA’s success in Chinese market but failure in the Japanese market of the first round? Purpose The aim of thesis is to understand the internationalization of IKEA in Asia by comparing between Japanese and Chinese markets. Method This master thesis based on qualitative approach in order to investigate the internationalization of IKEA in Asian markets as a case study since it is beneficial in understanding the observation and explanation of behavior in the certain cases. Conclusion IKEA is considered as retailer internationalization who expands into Japanese market as a result of deregulation and asset-based advantage while internationalize into Chinese market because of...
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...dissertation 5 Literature review 6 2.1 Concept of marketing barrier 6 2.2 Concept and nature of green barriers 7 2.3 Influences of trade green barriers to international marketing 8 2.4 Reasons of encountering green marketing barriers 9 2.5 Strategies of overcoming national and industrial marketing & green barriers 10 Methodology 12 3.1 Justification of research method 12 3.2 Documentary analysis method 12 3.3 Case study analysis method 13 3.4 Ethical consideration in research methods 13 Conclusion 14 Introduction 1.1 Research context The sustainable development of social economy has become the world focus. With intensification of economic globalization and trade liberalization, the national and industrial barriers as the protection methods have been reduced. The major trade partners such as Europe, the US, Japan, Singapore have made stricter requirements and standards for market entry and imports. This has given rise to the product of marketing barriers or green barriers. In the meantime, the dependence on foreign trade and on the international market has strengthened the competition of different industries. Thus, the companies should construct the marketing strategies catering to its own features and characters to seek the dynamic balance of internal resource ability and external environment so as to achieve the survival and development. Thus, implementation of international marketing strategies has become the general tendency of marketing in the 21st...
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...Jones and Martha Nieto Philadelphia University April 2, 2004 ZARA: Fashion Follower, Industry Leader Table of Contents Introduction………………………………………………………………….1 Financial Analysis and Comparison…………………………………………………….…………....1 Strategic Advantages………………………………………………………………...2-3 Strategic Drawbacks…………………………………………………………….….. 3-4 Possibilities for Failure…………………………………………………………………....…..4 Recommendations/Conclusion………………………………………………5 Calculations and Financial Statements……………………………………….……………….Appendix A Articles: The Recent Status of ZARA.……………………………………….…………………...Appendix B Works Cited Works Referenced The global apparel market is a consumer-driven industry. Also, globalization and new technologies have allowed consumers to have more access to fashion. As a result, consumers are changing, competition is fierce, and companies are evolving to meet these demands. Zara, a Spanish-based chain owned by Inditex, is a retailer who has taken a new approach in the industry. With their unique strategy, Zara has the competitive advantage to be sustainable. In order to maintain that advantage and growth they must confront certain challenges that face traditional retailers in the apparel industry. Financial Analysis and Comparison To prove Zara has the prospect of sustainable growth in the international apparel market, it is important to understand and compare the financial differences of Inditex, its parent company, and its major competitor. The most interesting of Zara’s competitors for...
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...Binus International University International Business International Human Resource Management Mid Exam Revision 1 – Introduction IHRM Definition • Covers all issues related to management of people in an international context. • IHRM covers a wide range of HR issues facing MNCs in different parts of their organizations and include comparative analyses of HRM in different countries. HRM Activities • Human Resource Planning (Ensure best fit between employees and jobs) • Staffing (Includes Employee Recruitment, Selection and Placement) • Performance Management (Ensure goals met in effective and efficient manner) • Training and Development (Bettering performance of employees in organizations) • Compensation and Benefits (Awarding employees monetarily or non for work done) • Industrial Relations (Dealing with employee relations) • 3 Dimensions of IHRM: 1. Broad human resource activities of procurement, allocation and utilization 2. National or country categories involved in international HRM activities o Host Country – Where subsidiary may be located o Home Country – Where HQs may be located o Other Country – Where labour, finance and other inputs are obtained from 3. 3 Categories of employees of an international firm o PCN – Parent Country Nationals (Nationals where HQ is located) o HCN – Host Country Nationals (Nationals where subsidiary/facility is located) o TCN – Third Country Nationals (Nationals where resources are...
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...Modes of Entry into Foreign Markets. Sir, It’s been pleasure for me to submit my report on “Modes of Entry into Foreign Market”. This report contains the structure and material as instructed by you. I have tried hard to do my best and fulfill your expectation. The assigned work and the information gathering process involved with it gave me access to the areas, which I didn’t know before. However it is needless to say that, there may be some mistake in my organization, presentation and style. In completing the report I have tried my best in imparting ever available details of the, “Modes of Entry into Foreign Market” avoiding unnecessary amplification of the report. Thanking you, Yours faithfully Md.RazibulMatin ID. No: 801414091 EMBA Program Department of International Business University Of Dhaka. Table of Content SL NO. | TOPIC NAME | PAGE NO | | Letter of Transmittal | 1 | | Executive summary | 3-4 | Chapter-1 | Introduction | | 1.1 | Problem of Modes of Foreign Markets Entry | 5-6 | 1.2 | Rationale for Modes of Foreign Markets Entry | 6 | 1.3 | Scope and Objectives of the study | 6-7 | 1.4 | Methodology of the Study | 7 | 1.5 | Limitation of The Study | 7 | Chapter-2 | Literature Review | 8 | Chapter-3 | Modes of Entry into Foreign Market | | 3.1 | Market entry strategy | 9 | 3.2 | Market Entry Modes | 10 | 3.2.1-3.2.7 | Different Markets Entry Modes | 11-16 | ...
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...R E S E A R C H includes research articles that focus on the analysis and resolution of managerial and academic issues based on analytical and empirical or case research International Marketing Strategies in India: An Application of Mixed Method Investigation Prathap Oburai and Michael J Baker Executive Summary KEY WORDS International Marketing Strategy Grounded Theoretic KEY WORDS Approach Privatization Case Research Methodology Indian Banking Internationalization drives and export orientation are prominent in the organizational strategies of a number of leading Indian firms and multinationals located in India. This is a significant indicator of the growing competitiveness of firms, industries, and the nation. This paper examines the sources of competitive advantage in a few selected sectors and firms and explores the internationalization possibilities and potential. International marketing strategies are complex and tend to vary widely across nations, industries, and firms. The elements that form the ingredients of international strategies are numerous and their importance is tightly interwoven to contexts. With a view to enrich the existing body of international marketing theory, the authors investigate the international marketing strategies adopted in 12 different business sectors in India in an attempt to explore and explain the similarities and differences found in this varied set of industries. The examples span the old economy industries such as the assembly...
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...Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg Juristische und Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät Seminar Paper at the Chair of Marketing Summer Semester 2012 Market Entry Strategies in Retailing Cultural Goods. International Best Practise. Submitted by Written at Lea Valentine Frieda Steinlein Prof. Dr. D. Möhlenbruch *20.12.1989, Bayreuth Martin-Luther-Universität Matr. Nr. 210219076 Juristische und Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät th Date of Submission: July 27 2012 Lehrstuhl Marketing und Handel 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION – THE DEFINITION OF “CULTURAL GOODS” 3 2 STATE OF THE MARKETS OF CULTURAL GOODS IN GERMANY 4 2.1 GENERAL SITUATION IN GERMANY 4 2.2 ANALYSIS OF THE RETAIL SECTOR OF CULTURAL GOODS 5 2.2.1 INDEPENDENT BOOK SHOPS 6 2.2.2 INDEPENDENT MUSIC SHOPS 6 2.2.3 ART AND CRAFTS GALLERIES 7 3 STEPS TO ENTER THE RETAIL MARKET OF CULTURAL GOODS 7 4 INTERNATIONAL BEST PRACTISE FOR START-UPS 8 4.1 8 4.2 CREATING AN EXPERIENCE 9 4.3 5 “GLOCALISATION” OF CULTURAL RETAIL GOODS USING THE “WEB 2.0” 10 CONCLUSION AND CONSEQUENCES FOR START-UPS 11 LIST OF LITERATURE 12 LIST OF INTERNET WEBSITES 13 LIST OF DIAGRAMS 14 3 1 INTRODUCTION – THE DEFINITION OF “CULTURAL GOODS” Every day of our life we are encountering cultural goods and behaviour. Starting with the food we eat, the ways we communicate...
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... Development of the global marketing concept 3 6. Forces for global integration and market responsiveness 3 7. The value chain as a framework for identifying international competitive advantage 4 8. Value shop and the service value chain 5 9. Information business and the virtual value chain 5 CHAPTER 2: Initiation of internationalization 8 1. Introduction 8 2. Internationalization motives 8 3. Triggers of export initiation (change agents) 9 4. Internationalization barriers / risks 9 SESSION 2 11 CHAPTER 3: Internationalization theories 11 1. Introduction 11 2. The Uppsala internationalization model 11 3. The transaction cost analysis model 11 4. The network model 12 5. Internationalization of SMEs 12 6. Born globals 12 7. Internationalization of services 13 CHAPTER 4: Development of the firm’s international competitiveness 15 1. Analysis of national competitiveness (the porter diamond) 15 1.1. Factor conditions 15 1.2. Demand conditions 15 1.3. Related and supporting industries 15 1.4. Firm strategy, structure and rivalry 15 1.5. Government 15 1.6. Chance 15 2. Competition analysis in an industry 15 2.1. Market competitors 16 2.2. Suppliers 16 2.3. Buyers 16 2.4. Substitutes 16 2.5. New entrants 16 2.6. Strategic groups 17 2.7. The collaborative five-sources model 17 3. Value chain analysis 17 3.1. Customer perceived value 17 3.2. The competitive triangle 18 3.3. Perceived...
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...Table of contents 2 1. Case study of Anur 3 2. Choosing the most suitable country for Anur to expand in 4 3. In depth market analysis 8 4. Company, sales and marketing goals 13 5. How does Anur have to enter the foreign market? 14 6. Account Plan 19 7. Choosing the most suitable fair for Anur to exhibit on 23 8. Trade Fair Concept 29 9. Return on investment 46 List of resources 47 Annexes 49 Interview with a person in the Muslim community 50 Observations Anuga Food Tec, Cologne 51 Interviews Anuga Food Tec, Cologne 61 Observations Ethnic Foods Europe, Brussels 79 1. Case study of Anur Anur is a Dutch food company, specialized in frozen food products which focus on Muslim consumers. In the Netherlands, Anur has become one of the market leaders in Halal snacks. Anur has decided to internationalise their activities. The primary goal is to achieve a higher market share in one European country. Anur has selected a consulting firm to help them make two major choices: 1. The selection of a European country in which they can reach a growing market-share, including strategic advice of how to set up international activities. 2. Which trade fair should be visited to prepare and support their international activities. This advice should be included with a worked out and detailed Trade Fair plan for the fair to be visited. 2. Choosing the most suitable country for Anur to expand in To advice Anur on which countries they have to expand in, we drew...
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...introduce and gain acceptance of new products that have eased/enriched people’s lives * Good marketers seek new ways to satisfy their customers and beat their competition => if they don’t carefully monitor their customers and competitors and don’t continuously improve their value offerings and marketing strategies, don’t satisfy their employees, stockholders, suppliers and channel partners in the process, the firm is at risk to fail * What is marketing? => identifying and meeting human/social needs meeting needs profitably * Selling is not the most important part of marketing the aim is to know and understand the customer so well that the product/service fits him and sells itself * What is marketed? => 10 main types of entities 1) Goods => physical goods such as canned, bagged, fresh, and frozen food products and other tangible items 2) Services => e.g. airlines, hotels, car rentals, barbers, etc. => mixes of good and services are also possible such as restaurant because they offer food and service at the same time 3) Events => 4) Experiences => e.g. Walt Disney World 5) Persons => e.g. artists, musicians, etc. done by celebrity marketers 6) Places => 7) Properties => properties are intangible rights of ownership to either real property (real estate) or financial property (stocks and bonds) 8) Organizations => 9) Information => e.g. schools and universities produce, market and distribute information at...
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...and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholders. Marketing management is the art and science of choosing target markets and getting, keeping, and growing customers through creating, delivering, and communicating superior customer value. Marketers are skilled at managing demand: they seek to influence its level, timing, and composition for goods, services, events, experiences, persons, places, proper- ties, organizations, information, and ideas. They also operate in four different marketplaces: consumer, business, global, and nonprofit. Marketing is not done only by the marketing department. It needs to affect every aspect of the customer experience. To create a strong marketing organization, marketers must think like executives in other departments, and executives in other departments must think more like marketers. Today’s marketplace is fundamentally different as a result of major societal forces that have resulted in many new consumer and company capabilities. These forces have created new opportunities and challenges and changed marketing management significantly as companies seek new ways to achieve marketing excellence. There are five competing concepts under which organizations can choose to conduct their business: the production concept, the product concept, the selling concept, the marketing concept, and the holistic marketing concept. The first three are of limited use today. The holistic marketing concept...
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...MR PROJECT COMPANY: INFOYSIS LTD GROUP – 10A ORACLE: The future Market Teller GROUP MEMBERS: TABLE OF CONTENT INTRODUCTION 1 AIMS & OBJECTIVES 2 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE 3 DESK RESEARCH 5 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH 19 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH 20 REPORTING 22 CRERDENTIALS 22 REFERENCES 23 INTRODUCTION Infosys Limited (NYSE: INFY) was cofounded in 1981 by seven people, N.R. Narayana Murthy, Nandan Nilekani...
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