...perception of personality continues to fill psychological literature and study with widespread research and theory. Personality is the continuous presentation of attributes and distinctions that contribute to variety in human thought and behavior (Feist & Feist, 2009). To enable more precise understandings of such differences and distinctions, psychological theorists develop explanations and parameters from various contexts. Psychoanalytic, humanistic and/or existential, dispositional, and learning theories help psychologists account for why and how people develop such individual and specific characteristics. They study these characteristics and the significant affects that the characteristics have on human development, as well as, the whole of human nature. Personality Defined According to Feist,& Feist (2009) personality is a global concept referring to a relatively permanent pattern of traits, dispositions, or characteristics that give some degree of consistency to a person’s behavior. Feist & Feist (2009) also wrote "Although no single definition is acceptable to all personality theorists, we can say that personality is a pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to a person's behavior."(Feist and Feist, 2009) There are many different theories of personality which can be grouped into one of four classes: traits, psychoanalytic, social learning, and humanistic personality. At the...
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...their daily lives and the changes that occur during their lifetimes so that the right products are marketed to the right customers in the right way. Connecting With Customers Creating Customer Value, Satisfaction, & Loyalty Analyzing Consumer Markets Analyzing Business Markets Identifying Market Segments and Targets Consumer Behavior • The study of how individuals, groups, and organizations select, buy, use, and dispose of goods, services, ideas, or experiences to satisfy their needs and wants. According to the book entitled Consumer Behavior: A Primer by Gail Tom – Selective reality is understanding the world from a consumers perspective. By understanding the consumer’s perspective, marketers can give consumers the right product, at the right price at the right time at the right place. But in so doing, are marketers merely reflecting the consumers subjective reality or are they unintentionally or maybe intentionally, also exaggerating, distorting, altering, the consumers needs and wants? And is this for the better or is this for the worst? Cultural Factors - Culture, subculture, and social class are particularly important influences on consumer buying behavior. Culture is the fundamental determinant of a person’s wants and behavior. Through family and other key institutions, a child growing up is exposed to values such as: achievement and success, activity, efficiency and practicality, progress, material comfort, individualism, freedom, external comfort, humanitarianism...
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...Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior. Psychology is a multifaceted discipline and includes many sub-fields of study such areas as human development, sports, health, clinical, social behavior and cognitive processes. Psychology is really a very new science, with most advances happening over the past 150 years or so. However, it's origins can be traced back to ancient Greece, 400 – 500 years BC. The emphasis was a philosophical one, with great thinkers such as Socrates influencing Plato, who in turn influenced Aristotle. Philosophers used to discuss many topics now studied by modern psychology, such as memory, free will, attraction etc. In the early days of psychology there were two dominant theoretical perspectives. An American psychologist named William James (1842-1910) developed an approach which came to be known as functionalism. He argued that the mind is constantly changing and it is pointless to look for the building blocks of experience. Instead, focus should be on how and why an organism does something. It was suggested that psychologists should look for the underlying cause of behavior and the mental the processes involved. This emphasis on the causes and consequences of behavior has influenced contemporary psychology. Structuralism was the name given to the approach pioneered by Wilhelm Wundt. The term originated from Edward Titchener, an American psychologist who had been trained by Wundt. Structuralism relied on trained introspection...
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...psChapter 1 Psychology – the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes William James (1842-1910) asserted that conscious experience could not be broken down as structuralists believed. James maintained that experience focused on the behavior and described his views in the Principles of Psychology. Wilhelm Wundt – He viewed mental processes as activities and classified feelings as pleasant or unpleasant, tense or relaxed, and excited or depressed. Hippocrates – The ancient Greeks generally believed that the gods punished people for wrongdoing by causing them confusion and madness. However, the Greek physician Hippocrates rejected these beliefs. He suggested that such problems are caused by abnormalities in the brain and had a rational explanation. This idea that biological factors can affect our thoughts, feelings, and behavior influenced thinking about psychology for more than 2,000 years. Socrates – A student of the philosopher Socrates in ancient Greece, recorded his teachers advice. “Know thy self” This phrase has remained an important motto of psychological study ever since. Socrates suggested that we can learn much about ourselves by carefully examining our own thoughts & feelings. Psychologists call this method of learning introspection, which means “looking within” Aristole (384-322 B.C.) Raised many questions about human behavior that are still discussed. Aristole outlined the laws of associationism. Kenneth Clark – Dealt with gender, culture...
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...Foundations of Psychology One of the most complex and diverse subjects in all of the social sciences is the study of the mind. Psychology, the constant attempt to understand human behavior, full of variables and unpredictable. Although psychology as a whole can be supported by many different theories and even sub-theories, there are six major schools of thought that are common knowledge to every professional in the field. The six major schools of thought are functionalism, psychoanalysis, behaviorism, cognitivism, structuralism and humanistic psychology. These six major schools of thought may as well be the foundations of psychology. Functionalism is one of the most influential theories in modern psychology because it focus on describing and understanding thoughts and what thoughts do, without questioning the reasons behind them or the process of how they do it. The Psychoanalysis school of thought was originally created by Sigmund Freud. The psychoanalytic perspective attempts to explain the different human behaviors by analyzing the subconscious mind. Sexual natural behaviors play a very significant role in psychoanalysis. Sigmund Freud himself suggested that “the instinct to pursue pleasure, which is described as sexual in nature, lies at the root of human development”. (Coomarsingh) The behaviorist school of thought is the one that pushes the practical side of psychology. By enforcing experiments and comparing the results to even more repeated experiments, it gives the...
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...Analyzing the Formation of Habits Hugo Navarro PSY/250 Sept. 17, 2012 Steven Gonzalez Analyzing the Formation of Habits In the following, I will analyze one of my habits and how the habit was developed. I will discuss whether or not there were role models for this habit and which people influenced the adoption of this habit. If the habit continues and if there has ever been a time when I have attempted to break the habit will be analyzed. The behavioral personality theory will be used to explain why I have this habit. I will describe components of social and cognitive theory and explain why the habit formed. I will develop a plan that applies operant conditioning to change the habit. In conclusion, I will discuss which theory best explains my personality. According to make-or-break-habits.com, habits are routine behaviors done on a regular basis. They are recurrent and often unconscious patterns of behavior and are acquired through frequent repetition. Many of these are unconscious as we don’t even realize we are doing them. Personally, I have a smoking habit. I believe that I picked this habit by watching both of my Parents, my Grand Parents, and most of my Aunts and Uncles smoke. Some would consider smoking and addiction. In my opinion, a habit can also be an addiction. Some believe the term addiction should be reserved for describing a physical dependency on chemical substances such as alcohol and drugs. Other addictions include a range of compulsive...
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...PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE This course aims at preparing students for a professional journey in the growing field of psychology by creating interest and developing an understanding of basic concepts of the discipline. Its major concerns include fostering capability to meet the challenges of self-discovery and effective participation in responding to the needs of society. With a vision to create a balance between society and the individual, the course intends to enable students in developing abilities needed for meeting the challenges and needs of the real world effectively. Along with it, students would also be encouraged to build a relationship with oneself, requisite for self discovery. To this end, the course emphasizes on building the conceptual foundations and acquiring psychological skills through classroom teaching/learning consisting of reflective as well as creative engagement in exercises, projects and hands on experiences. The teaching-learning of the programme would be organized through lectures, group discussions, experiential exercises, group projects, presentations, workshops and seminars. Students would be encouraged to connect to real life issues and participate in the programs and practices in the different social context. To this end practicum is incorporated as an important component in most of the papers with hands on training in the use of various research methods such as: laboratory experiments, field experiments, observation, testing, survey, interview, case...
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...psychology investigates the types of psychological impact on humans caused by a wide range of media such as social media, online education, virtual classrooms, entertainment consulting, traditional media interviews, in providing on camera expertise, virtual and augmented reality therapies, consumer products, brand development, marketing, advertising, product placement and game theory. ------------------------------------------------- Academic discipline[edit] Media psychology is a specialized area of psychology that emerged as an academic and professional discipline in response to the expansion of media and technology and the demand for research needed to explain the potential impact on human welfare. Psychology is fundamental to understanding the influence of individuals and groups on the integration of technology in our society.[4] In general, this field attempts to encompass the full range of human experience of media-—including developmental, cognition, and behavioral—using extensive research that contains numerous empirical and qualitative studies.[5] It recognizes the that people are not just passive consumers of media, but active producers and distributors as well.[citation needed] Media include all forms of mediated communication, such as pictures, sound, graphics, content and emerging technologies. Media include all forms of mediated communication, such as pictures, sound, graphics, content and emerging technologies. Media psychology derives from multiples disciplines such...
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...What’s on the MCAT2015 Exam? Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior What will the Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior section test? The Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior section asks you to solve problems by combining your knowledge of foundational concepts with your scientific inquiry and reasoning skills. This section tests your understanding of the ways psychological, social, and biological factors influence perceptions and reactions to the world; behavior and behavior change; what people think about themselves and others; the cultural and social differences that influence well-being; and the relationships between social stratification, access to resources, and well-being. The Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior section emphasizes concepts that tomorrow’s doctors need to know in order to serve an increasingly diverse population and have a clear understanding of the impact of behavior on health. Further, it communicates the need for future physicians to be prepared to deal with the human and social issues of medicine. This section is designed to • • • • • test psychology, sociology, and biology concepts that provide a solid foundation for learning in medical school about the behavioral and sociocultural determinants of health; test concepts taught at many colleges and universities in first-semester psychology and sociology courses; test biology concepts that relate to mental...
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...were at least as distinct as the four men were, they were passionate about their endeavors, and never settled with conclusion - their entire lives were spent in earnest search for better understanding of the human psychological frailties and their betterment” (Psychological-Musings.blogspot.com, n.d.).. Nevertheless, critical thinking and disagreements coexists among the theories founded by each to explain personality and improve quality of life and understanding. These three psychologists have different stances on the manner psychology functions in humans. In the components of psychoanalytic approach to personality, each of the psychologists seems to be striving to be unique. In this, many disagreement publications are brought about and many mirror similarities among the three. Following are the components of psychoanalytic approach to personality per psychologist. Alfred Alder’s theory holds that” basic psychological element of neurosis was a sense of inferiority and that individuals suffering with symptoms of this phenomenon spent their lives trying to overcome the feelings without ever being in touch with reality” (White, 1917,pp. 168-173). Moreover, Alder believes that neurotic symptoms started during childhood years. In this regard, many adult behaviors showcase the age wherein the individual halted in developing. Alder’s researches are focused on the educational models’ applications and experiments, which are known to oppose that...
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...Name: University: Course: Tutor: Date: Personality and individual differences are crucial element in both human and animal development. The personality traits are therefore a rage of differences that arise between individuals and emanate in form of thoughts feelings and behavior hence differentiating one individual from another. Human beings are different from one another not only in their physical appearance but also in there behavior. Take for instance, two identical twins may respond to the same stimulus quite differently even though all aspects of their appearance seem to be similar. Oliver (2008) illustrates that there is much evidence that the behavioral (psychological) development is shaped by multiple factors which ranges from biological, familial and cultural. The underlying perspective is that all behaviors are learnt through the interaction with the environment .For instance a newly born child is believed to be completely black and his/her characters are developed as a result interaction with the environment .This learning theory differs with the common perspective that all human beings are born with personality characters. Oliver (2008) goes further to explain that parents have a crucial role to ensure that there kids glow up with the kind of character traits they want or admire. He believes that children have always depend on the resources there parents provide making parents a unique influence on all aspect of children development. This always...
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...“Why” question when examining criminal behavior, crimes, and societal consequences. “The Bad Show” talked about various people’s intent, behavior, and thinking in how they would or did commit crime. The survey conducted by Dr. David Buss on people and homicide, and the incident of the professor who considered hurting his wife can be analyzed using two criminologist theories: Rational Choice Theory and Social Learning Theory. David Buss created a questionnaire asking his students if they thought about committing a homicide. After collecting and analyzing the answers, David calculated that 75-80% of his students had thought about committing a homicide. In addition, many of his students wrote meticulously about whom they would kill, where the homicide would happen, and the best method for executing the homicide. David expanded his sample to 5,000...
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...The Theoretical Perspective of the Cognitive Personality Approach Brett Abstract What I as an author am trying to do in this essay is to grab my audiences attention and explain and appeal to them about the theoretical perspective of the Cognitive Personality approach. I provided historical statements, theories, and research to make each individual aspect of the perspective as clear as possible. This essay will consist of the Theoretical perspective of the approach, Theorists who have contributed to this approach, Compare and contrast two theorists perspectives within this approach, Identify and describe measurement and assessment instruments, and Clinical application of the approach. If you believe the saying 'Perception is everything,' then you may well be a cognitivist. Cognitive theory is focused on the individual's thoughts as the determinate of his or her emotions and behaviors and therefore personality (Dasen). Many cognitive theorists believe that without these thought processes, we could have no emotions and no behavior and would therefore not function. In other words, thoughts always come before any feeling and before any action. The theoretical perspective of the Cognitive approach of personality can be simply described as what personality does, but is much more complex than that. Cognitive Psychology revolves around the notion that if we want to know what makes people tick then we need to understand the internal processes of their mind (Dasen). Cognition...
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...evaluate an individual’s overall ethical perspective. Each individual may have their own personal perspective about what is moral and what ethic decisions are. After taking the ethical awareness inventory survey, the author was presented with scores that pertained to her individual ethical view. The author’s score was based upon a strong ethical profile of obligation and a least likely sense ethical profile of equity. The scores revealed that the author had a strong sense of obligation, equity and then tied in character and results. The least likely scores revealed that equity was the highest, character and obligation tied while results came with the lowest overall score of a 4. The combined scores showed the highest score in obligation, second in results, character in third and equity in last with a -4. Personal Ethics in Psychology Personal ethics are developed over an individual’s lifespan and do not cease to evolve with the times because an individual has reached their life goals. In the terms of psychology, especially as a career, it is important that an individual continues their learning and involvement in the psychological world. It is part of the psychologists’ job to ensure that their morals and judgments are evolving with society’s views as well as their personal growth. APA Code of Conduct The American Psychological Association has developed a specific list of behaviors which are deemed appropriate. This list of behaviors is called the Code of Conduct. Though the...
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...writing about the different perspectives of motivational learning. Though there are several views, this paper will focus on four in particular theories, which will include Behaviorism, Cognitive, Humanistic and Sociocultural perspectives and this paper will compare and differentiate the difference of these perspectives. Motivational Behavioral Perspective of Learning According to Huitt, (2011), he describes the Motivational Behavioral Perspective of Learning as “elicited by stimulus associated/connected to innately connected stimulus and obtain desired, pleasant consequences (rewards) or escape/avoid undesired, unpleasant consequences”. In other words, Behavior is the response to stimulus, it has been suggested that all behavior is learned from the environmental conditioning factor (McLeod, 2013). According to McLeod (2013), it is further implied that “Behaviorism is primarily concerned with observable behavior, as opposed to internal events like thinking and emotions”. To further explain this theory this author would have to say that from the behavioral viewpoint motivational learning is the result to the individuals surrounding and upbringing. The individual surrounding and environment that the person is subjected to is the stipulation that frames the persons motivation to learn. People can also be motivated to learn based on specific ways that they receive praise and rewards from their community. For instance, McLeod (2013) states, “Animals and humans learn in similar ways”...
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