...Biological and Evolutionary Theory Newspaper Article Jamie Ragland PSY/ 405 Professor Robert Irizarry October 12, 2015 University of Phoenix Abstract Why are dispositional, biological and evolutionary theories important? What are the differences between the three styles of theories? What are the strengths and limitations of each of these theories? Dispositional theory assumes that there are a finite number of personality traits that can be measured, evaluated and observed. Biological theory suggests that genetics are responsible for personality. Evolutionary theory asks how the evolved mind and present – day environment connect to shape human behavior. Dispositional Theories Dispositional theories explain the relationship between traits and personality. Two of the most well-known dispositional theories are Allport’s Psychology of the Individual Theory and Trait and Factor Theories. Gordon Allport, Hans Eysenck, Robert McCrae, and Paul Costa Jr are the more common of the dispositional theorists. The assumptions vary from those of the other theorists. However, just as the other theories, the dispositional theories provide a basis for the study of personality. Retrieved from: http://intothedepthsofthehumanmind.blogspot.com/2013/05/theoretical-perspectives-dispositional.html Dispositional Theory Limitations “All theories have strengths and limitations. One criticism of Allport’s theory is that it was not based...
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...Biography on David Buss David Buss was born on April 14, 1953 in Indianapolis, Indiana. He is the son of Arnold H. Buss and Edith H. During his early academic years, Buss's records were undistinguished except for math which was his favourite subject. The rest of his grades were C's and D's. The activities that he pursued while in school were private fantasy, chess, and avoiding aggressive youth gangs that were in the school and on the streets. He dropped out of high school when he was 17. He worked a 12-hour graveyard shift at a truck stop in New Jersey pumping gas and bumping tires. After he was threatened by a truck driver, Buss decided to go back to school and earned his high school diploma by taking night classes. Buss has had an active teaching and research career. After completing his Ph. D. in 1981, he accepted a position as Assistant Professor at Harvard University. Throughout his career, Buss has received many awards and honors. He won the Hoopes Prize for Supervising Award-Winning Summa Cum Laude Honors Thesis at Harvard University in 1984. In 1988, he won the A. P. A. distinguished scientific award for early career contribution to psychology. Dr Buss applies the modern evolutionary theory to explaining human behaviour. Buss theory Buss's The Evolution of Desire (1994) portrays humans as remarkably similar to their ancestors in that they employ a set of hard-headed strategies designed to obtain the best mate possible, even if it means ruthlessly dumping a partner...
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...Psychoanalysis David Tancredi PSY/310 Monday, May 23, 2016 Cheryl Fracasso Psychoanalysis The Psychoanalytic theory explains behavior in terms of the interaction of various components of personality. It was founded and established by the big man himself - Sigmund Freud (Lahey, 2009; Larsen & Buss, 2012). In Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, the model of human nature is relied on the notion of psychic energy. The psychic energy is a wellspring of motivation that motivates people to do, or not to do a particular thing. Freud believed that there were strong forces that provided all the energy required in the psychic system, naming them, instincts. He then brought together the self-preservation and sexual instincts into one, and he called it as libido, meaning, life instincts. In the beginning, Freud taught that the human mind consists of three parts the conscious, preconscious and unconscious. According to Freud, the conscious mind is the part that contains all our present thoughts, feelings and perceptions. The preconscious mind exists to store memories and information that we are not presently thinking about, but could be easily retrieved and made conscious. Freud also defined the unconscious mind as the largest part of our mind, where unacceptable thoughts and information are stored (Larsen & Buss, 2012). Freud maintained that nothing would happen by chance or by accident. He stressed that every perception, behaviors and feelings are the expression of the mind conscious...
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...evident difference in partner choice between males’ and females’. Introduction. Sex differences in parental investment and sexual selection are the evolutionary theory processes which suggest that our choice of partners is determined by the extent to which they possess certain features which help us to reproduce and prevent our species from extinction. Sexual selection states that some mates possess certain features that are attractive to the opposite sex, therefore allowing them to get an easier access to mates and pass our genes on to the next generation, such as youth and health in women, which will ensure their fertility, and resoursefulness in men, which means they will be able to provide for the offspring. Sex differences in parental investment suggest that different sexes invest different amounts of resources (time, energy etc.) into their offspring for it to survive, such as females investing far greater into their offspring compared to males due to a complex process of childbearing and childbirth for females. This leads to women looking for partners with resources, while men’s main concern is women’s youth (linked with the ability to reproduce) and the fact that the child’s they would be taking care of (investing their resources) is theirs. The sex differences in human mate preferences were studied by Buss (1989), who developed a...
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...Robyn Rihanna Fenty (born February 20, 1988), known by her stage name Rihanna is a Barbadian recording artist, actress and fashion designer. She lived the life of a normal island girl going to Combermere, a top sixth form school. Rihanna won numerous beauty pageants and performed Mariah Carey "Hero" in a school talent show. Her life changed forever when one of her friends introduced her to Evan Rodgers, a producer from New York who was in Barbados for a vacation with his wife, who is a native. Rodgers arranged for her to go to New York to meet Jay-Z, CEO of Def Jam Records. He heard her sing and knew she was going to be incredibly successful. She was 16 when she was signed to Def Jam. Since then, she's amassed phenomenal success. After watching Rihanna’s 2013 Grammy performance of her hit song ‘Stay’ it led me to conclude that Rihanna has a Strong personality, an assumption which is based off the application of Evolutionary psychology and Existential psychology concepts. As she sang, the audience could feel her raw emotion, it didn’t feel rehearsed it felt real, which was only suitable since the song can be seen as a representation of the current dilemma she currently faces in her love life with ex lover Chris Brown. Existential Psychology is the study of human existence, however Rollo May focuses on concepts like freedom, responsibility, Authenticity, Death, courage, anxiety, destiny, dasein , daimonic , etc. All of which can be found in the traces of rihanna’s personality that...
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...Joe Quirk notes in his book, It’s Not You It’s Biology, “the wombless and bewombed have evolved different emotions when it comes to protecting their reproductive interests. Female jealousy guards resources. Male jealousy guards wombs” (2006, p. 162). Jealousy is created when a human being believes there is a potential threat to a valuable relationship. It can occur in any relationship, but most notably, romantic ones. Men and women experience jealousy differently because it is believed they faced different reproductive obstacles during early human evolution. Men are more likely to exhibit jealousy in response to sexual infidelity, while women are more likely to exhibit jealousy in response to emotional infidelity. Male sexual infidelity stems from the evolutionary reproductive strategy of having as many mates as possible to increase the chances of passing on genes to the next generation. While this tactic may have elevated the need for multiple mates in early human mating, today’s society has enforced a strict relationship between a man and a woman, known as monogamy. In a study conducted by Jeff Ward and Martin Voracek of the School of Psychology at the Australian National University, it was found that of the 268 participants involved, men (44%) were more likely than women (20%) to select sexual intercourse as the most distressing. Also, men (28%) were more likely to find their partner trying different sexual positions more distressing than were women (5%) (2001, p.168). Of...
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...journal, American Psychologist, dedicated an entire issue to the growing field of “positive psychology,” including both theory and practical applications. The special issue was highly relevant to physician well-being. The special millennial issue contains 15 empirically minded articles by eminent authors in the field of academic psychology. This field marks a deliberate steering away from the dominant “disease model” of human functioning. In the disease model, clinical psychology had become almost exclusively a science about healing damage or controlling maladaptive impulses. In contrast, the primary purpose of positive psychology is to measure, understand, and then build human strengths and civic virtues, including hope, wisdom, creativity, courage, spirituality, responsibility, perseverance, and satisfaction. The special issue is divided into 4 sections: evolutionary perspectives, positive personal traits, implications for mental and physical health, and fostering excellence. As the editors and several authors point out, positive psychology has significant implications for improving the quality of personal and professional life through applications on both individual and societal levels. The first of the 4 sections includes 2 ambitious articles that examine positive psychology within an evolutionary framework. In “The Evolution of Happiness” David Buss offers 3 hypotheses to explain why positive states of mind are so often elusive: first, the discrepancies between modern...
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...comprehensive the biological, psychological and social science research ideas. Evolutionary psychology produced in the 1980 s, the main representative figures have David Buss, Jerome H Barkow, Ledaosmides and John Tooby, etc. Evolutionary psychology think, human psychology (Mind) is a set of information processing device, the device is a natural selection and formation, its purpose is to deal with our ancestors in the hunting and survival were encountered in the course of adjustment problems. It is a comprehensive the biological, psychological and social science research ideas. Evolutionary psychology is the modern psychology principles and evolutionary biology union; it tried to evolutionary point of view on people's psychological origin and essence and some social phenomenon in-depth discussion and research. Evolutionary psychology responded with a win in such as "evolutionary psychology: about psychological new scientist", "psychology integration of the new paradigm", "psychology development new orientation" and so on praising. Said to evolutionary psychology, how many people understand? These in the 1980 s to appear in psychological science noun for most people are a little strange. It is not the subversion of Darwin's theory of evolution, but part of the psychologists try to use Darwin's "natural selection" theory to explain human now psychological requirements and physiological need, is the evolution of biology and a combination of cognitive psychology. Evolutionary psychology...
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... Introduction In recent decades researchers have generated considerable documentation on the evolutionary psychology of human mating strategies and romantic relationships. Much of this research stems from the features and genetic makeup of hominids, and their reproductive biology. Across mammalian species females are the key factor in reproduction, because they provide almost all of the physiological resources required for the production of offspring. There are many investments that females make when carrying an offspring. They invest themselves physically, mentally, and emotionally. This makes females have much lower potential reproductive capacities than males. It started with the work of psychologist David Buss of the University of Texas. In 1985, Buss published an article based on interviews with more than 10,000 participants from 37 cultures. Subjects were given a list of 18 possible characteristics of a mate and asked to rate those characteristics. Almost unanimously both sexes put love, dependable character, emotional stability, and pleasing disposition first. It wasn't until the fifth characteristic that men and women differed. Men choose looks to be more important than...
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...Development Franchising as a Social Innovation: When Entrepreneurial Expertise is Lacking Isaac H. Smith David Eccles School of Business University of Utah Kristie K. Seawright Marriott School of Management Brigham Young University Contact: Isaac H. Smith; isaac.smith@business.utah.edu; (T) 801-518-2991; 1645 East Campus Center Drive, 22 KDGB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 Promoting entrepreneurship in “developing” nations has become a popular strategy for alleviating poverty and stimulating economic development (Khandker, 2005). For example, the worldwide proliferation of microfinance institutions is based on the assumption that providing individuals with better access to financial capital will fuel entrepreneurship and microenterprises, providing opportunities for people to work their way out of poverty. The results of such efforts, however, have been mixed (Snow & Buss, 2001), in part, because not all microfinance borrowers have the entrepreneurial skills sufficient to make a microenterprise succeed (Karnani, 2007a). Cross culturally, successful entrepreneurs have been shown to possess a different set of knowledge structures, or mental schema, than non-entrepreneurs (Mitchell, Smith, Seawright, & Morse, 2000). Interestingly, franchisees—often considered to be entrepreneurs (e.g., Baucus, Baucus, & Human 1996; Grunhagen & Mettelstadedt, 2005)—have been found to have entrepreneurship-related knowledge structures more closely resembling non-entrepreneurs than entrepreneurs...
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...Dispositional, Biological and Evolutionary Theory Augustine Conteh Bridget Seeley PSY 405 Date: 10/20/2014 Introduction There are many theories which are used to explain personality. Dispositional theories explain the relationship between personality and attributes. The most well known dispositional theories are factor, tract and Allport’s Psychology of individual theory (Paul, 2009). This chapter will discuss the differences between dispositional and evolutionary or biological personality theories, the strengths or both and how the Big Five personality test is used in the study of personality. The differences between dispositional and biological theories The assumptions of dispositional theories vary from those of other theorists because they provide the basis of study for personality. On the other hand, biological or evolutionary theories believe that personality development is mainly governed by biological maturation in an individual. Environmental factors which may also influence an individual personality are viewed as part of evolutionary theories (Peterson, 2013). Biological oriented personality theories argue that specific environmental factors are not necessary for a species development but the factors are viewed as a provider of opportunities for biological development. Environmental factors in biological theories are required for an individual personality functional and adaptive development. Dispositional theories bring together several thoughts about...
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...VI. DARK SIDE OF PORN I n consonance to Newton’s theory of every action has an equal and opposite reaction the same principle applies with the ill effects of porn though porn can be a stress buster for many person who work day in day out or a merriment moment for a couple but it certainly has its own negativities. The most common accusation is that watching porn regularly tends to de-sensitized man and augments his desire for more and more. Well there has been a constant jump in offence against women in last decade, according to data collected from National Crime Record Bureau (NCRB) there has been a substantial change in percentage in year to year basis in crime against women as per the records in year 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 as many as 22,172 , 24,206 , 24,923 , 33,707, 36,735 rapes have been reported respectively with an average percentage increase of 10 percent per year with the year in between 2012 to 2013 recorded the highest jump from 24923 to 33707 with a percentage growth of 35.2 percent an increase of 8784 cases and this is the amount of cases which were recorded, just think about the cases which were not recorded, if they were recorded this number might easily be...
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...Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1998, Vol. 74, No. 5, 1337-1349 Copyright 1998 by the American Psychological Association, Inc. 0022-3514/98/$3.00 Do People Know How They Behave? Self-Reported Act Frequencies Compared With On-Line Codings by Observers Samuel D. Gosling, Oliver E John, and Kenneth H. Craik University of California, Berkeley Richard W. Robins University of California, Davis Behavioral acts constitute the building blocks of interpersonal perception and the basis for inferences about personality traits. How reliably can observers code the acts individuals perform in a specific situation? How valid are retrospective self-reports of these acts? Participants interacted in a groupdiscussion task and then reported their act frequencies, which were later coded by observers from videotapes. For each act, observer-observer agreement, self-observer agreement, and self-enhancement bias were examined. Findings show that (a) agreement varied greatly across acts; (b) much of this variation was predictable from properties of the acts (observability, base rate, desirability, Big Five domain); (c) on average, self-reports were positively distorted; and (d) this was particularly true for narcissistic individuals. Discussion focuses on implications for research on acts, traits, social perception, and the act frequency approach. "You interrupted my mother at least three times this morning" exclaims Roger. "That's not true," responds Julia, " I only interrupted...
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...The 7 Main Approaches/Perspectives to Psychology *Many psychologists may believe that each perspective has valid explanations depending on the specific situation, and this point of view is called eclectic. This term refers to the claim that no one perspective has all the answers to the variety of human thought and behavior. Psychologists tend to use various perspectives in their work depending on which point of view fits best with the explanation. |Approach & Its Influential Period |Principle Contributors |Subject Matter |Basic Premise | | |Carl Rogers-Person-centered therapy|Unique aspects of human |Belief that we choose most of our behaviors and | |Humanistic |and unconditional positive regard |experience |these choices are guided by physiological, | |(1950s-Present) |Abraham Maslow-Hierarchy of Needs | |emotional or spiritual needs. Humans are free, | | |and Self-Actualization | |rational beings with the potential for personal | | | | |growth, and they are fundamentally different from | | | | ...
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...Positive Psychology An Introduction Martin E. P. Seligman Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi A science of positive subjective experience, positive individual traits, and positive institutions promises to improve quali~.' of life and prevent the pathologies that arise when life is barren and meaningless. The exclusive focus on pathology that has dominated so much of our discipline results in a model of the human being lacking the positive features that make life worth living. Hope, wisdom, creativity, future mindedness, courage, spirituality, responsibility, and perseverance are ignored or explained as transformations of more authentic negative impulses. The 15 articles in this millennial issue of the American Psychologist discuss such issues as what enables happiness, the effects of autonomy and self-regulation, how optimism and hope affect health, what constitutes wisdom, and how talent and creativity come to fruition. The authors outline a framework .['or a science of positive psychology, point to gaps in our knowledge, and predict that the next century will see a science and profession that will come to understand and build the factors that allow individuals, communities, and societies to flourish. E ntering a new millennium, Americans face a historical choice. Left alone on the pinnacle of economic and political leadership, the United States can continue to increase its material wealth while ignoring the human needs of its people and those of the rest of the ...
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