...Phoenix HCS-545 Cheryl Bly April 16, 2012 Health Law and Regulations Paper Federal regulatory agencies have been created over the life of the United States to deal with specific issues that affect citizens of all states or industries that engage in business across state boundaries. Federal regulatory agencies generate and enforce rules (eHow Money, 2012). The law dictates their work. Regulatory agencies enforce federal laws and generate rules. These rules are necessary for effective enforcement. There has been a challenge of rapidly rising costs in relation to qualify of outcomes. We have an insurance system that is costly and inadequate for those who really need it. We are faced with the high cost of new technology along with artificial restrictions on the supply of drugs. We also have uninformed or unnecessary needy consumers. These are some of the issues faced. The government is involved but there involvement is with controlling the drugs and insurance and medical industry advertising. This form of spending would bring costs down. The purpose of this paper is to take a closer look at the health care regulatory agency, The Center for Disease Control. The Center for Disease Control creates tools to protect the health of people. They educate on prevention of disease, injury and disability. They work on preparing the public for new health threats. They detect and investigate health problems; conduct research to enhance prevention; foster safe and healthful environment and provide...
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...Academia, Industry and Government Report of an Invitational Conference Organized by The Association of American Medical Colleges Food and Drug Administration Center for Drug Development Science, at the University of California, San Francisco January 13-14, 2005 Washington, DC David Korn, M.D. Donald R. Stanski, M.D. Editors DRUG DEVELOPMENT SCIENCE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This is the report of a conference convened by the Association of American Medical Colleges and the Food and Drug Administration in response to the FDA white paper entitled “Innovation or Stagnation: Challenge and Opportunity on the Critical Path to New Product Development”. The conference was partially supported by the FDA. The AAMC acknowledges with gratitude the additional support provided by Abbott Laboratories, Cephalon, Inc., Eli Lilly and Company, GlaxoSmith Kline, Merck & Co. Inc., and Pfizer, Inc. The conference planning committee consisted of Drs. David Korn, Joel Kupersmith, Carl Peck, Donald Stanski, and Janet Woodcock. Figures 1 and 2 are taken from the FDA white paper. The back cover composite is derived from charts presented at the conference by Dr. Peter Corr, Pfizer, Inc. The report was designed by Douglas Ortiz, AAMC. To request additional copies of this publication, please contact: Joi Morris Association of American Medical Colleges Division of Biomedical and Health Sciences Research 2450 N Street, NW Washington, DC 20037-1127 Phone: (202) 828-0484 Fax: (202) 828-1125 E-mail: jmorris@aamc.org ...
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...Position Paper – The Pros and Cons of Animal Experimentation The Pros and Cons of Animal Experimentation Animal research has had a major role in many scientific and medical advances. It has both its advantages and disadvantages. “Moreover,” animal experimentation is an extremely controversial subject that has divided people into a group that either support animal testing or oppose it all together, and another that advocates the use of alternatives. There are many pros and cons when it comes to this subject. People all over the world have different opinions on weather animal lab testing is humane and necessary. Animal experimentation is unethical due to the practice of animal torture and suffering, animal choice and death of these animals. Animal experimentation (noun): any type of experiment performed on living animals, especially in order to test the effects of chemical compounds such as new drugs, cosmetics, food additives and pesticides (Animal experimentation, 2001). All over the world, people think differently on whether animal experimentation is an appropriate way to test medicines and products. Each year in the United States, an estimated 70 million animals are maimed, blinded, scalded, force-fed chemicals, genetically manipulated, and otherwise hurt and killed in the name of science, by private institutions, household product and cosmetics companies, government agencies, educational institutions, and scientific centers. Substances we use every day, such...
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...Ways to Animal Testing In the world today, science has seen its better days. Scientific methods developed and invented scientists have been used to demonstrate and explain almost everything in the world. Researchers studying biological issues have produced reports informing about the issues that surround us. For example, in tests that require human spacemen have been conducted using non-human animals for biological animal testing all over the world. Research has shown that about 100 million vertebrates are used for animal tests in the world every year; it has been reported that about 20 million rats were used within the United States for testing in 2001 (Hart, Wood, & Hart 35). This is alarming as far as animal protection issues are concerned. Animal rights organizations have however differed with these reports about the same issues raising havoc in matters of biological testing (Hunnicutt 65). This contradiction raises ethical issues in the field of scientific research requiring quick reconciliation of both groups to solve the problems of slowed critical medical researches; the Last Chance for Animals (LCA) and the Foundation for Biomedical Research (FBR) are an example of such differing research bodies. The Last Chance for Animals advocates for the abolition of the practise while FBR finds the practice legitimate and significant. This paper concentrates at the differing points of view of Last Chance for Animals and The Foundation for Biomedical Research, and provides...
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...Animal Therapy in the United States Military Marti Powell University Composition and Communication II/COM156 November 25, 2013 Tamra Excell Thesis: The United States Military has different animal therapy programs designed to help Wounded Warriors and active deployed soldiers, and has been doing so since the year 1919. I. Animal-Assisted Therapy A. Definition 1. Differences 2. The Heart B. In the Beginning 1. Thru the years 2. Documentation II. Deployment A. War Zone 1. SFC Boe and Budge 2. Trauma and Reassignment B. Lessons 1. Policy 2. Health III. Walter Reed National Military Medical Center A. Programs 1. Dog Tags 2. Warrior Transition B. Nonprofit 1. Qualifications 2. Benefits Abstract Information for this research paper was obtained by reading articles written for the U.S. Army Medical Department Journal, April-June, 2012. These articles were written about the use of canines by the military for Animal-assisted Therapy in the military. All articles are written...
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...REVIEW PROCESS Abstract Investigational New Drug (IND) review process begins from the time the sponsor files investigation new drug application and the purpose of the review is to confirm the safety and efficacy of the patient for the drug. Moreover in the process of review if the review committee notifies any deficiencies by the new drug then there will be a clinical however if there are no deficiencies the drug will be approved for new drug application and will be under continuous review to make sure , that the drug does not cause any potential harm. This entire step wise process of review is explained in the following paper INVESTIGATIONAL NEW DRUG REVIEW PROCESS The following flow chart gives an overview of the IND review process Applicant (Drug Sponsor) IND Review by CDER Statistical Pharmacology/ Toxicology Medical Chemistry Sponsor Submits New Data Safety Review Safety acceptable for study to proceed Clinical Hold Decision Notify Sponsor Complete reviews Reviews Complete and Acceptable? Sponsor Notified of Deficiencies No Deficiencies Study Ongoing INVESTIGATIONAL NEW DRUG REVIEW PROCESS I. Applicant (Drug sponsor): An applicant or the sponsor is a person or a group who takes responsibility and initiates for the investigation of new drug. A person other than an individual that uses one or more of its own employees to conduct an investigation that it has initiated is a sponsor...
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...infection and died. This incident and others like it led the United States Congress to pass the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic (FD&C) Act of 1938. This law gave the FDA regulatory authority over cosmetic products, and companies began to test products and ingredients on animals in an effort to assure safety for consumers. The FDA “urges cosmetic manufacturers to conduct whatever tests are appropriate to establish that their cosmetics are safe”, but “does not specifically mandate animal testing for cosmetic safety.” The issue that is being raised is it ethical to harm an animal for the sake of marketing a new cosmetic product. Facts: Every year, an estimated 70 million animals are maimed or killed for cosmetic testing in the US alone, and nearly $12 billion taxpayer dollars are spent yearly on the practice. Labs that use mice, rats, birds, reptiles and amphibians are exempted from the minimal protections under the Animal Welfare Act (AWA). The AWA authorizes the Secretary of Agriculture to promulgate standards and other requirements governing the humane handling, housing, care, treatment, and transportation of certain animals by dealers, research facilities, exhibitors, carriers, and intermediate handlers. The AWA defines animal to mean “any live or dead dog, cat, monkey (nonhuman...
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...that there have been numerous outbreak cases of the Ebola viruses explains the high levels. As a result of confusing it with malaria, Ebola cases were frequently treated with quinine. The first verified case of Ebola was reported on August, 1976 in Yambuku. (Team, p.223). The virus can also be transmitted through body fluids. The paper seeks to analyze Ebola in terms of origin, causes, symptoms and the preventive measures that should be taken. Apart from humans, Ebola has been found in other nonhuman primates such as monkeys and chimpanzees especially in Africa. But in other places such as the Philippines, the virus has been found in pigs. It, therefore, means that, on some occasions, the viruses is transmitted to humans from animals. People who butcher and eat infected animals in are at high risks of contracting the virus. Experts who have worked on infected animals have also been affected due to contact with the animal’s blood. Person to person transmission becomes active in various cases especially when people are taking care of the loved ones. Some even become infected as they prepare the deceased for burial rights. (Team, p.500). Those in the medical field can be infected if they fail to use protective materials such as gloves and surgical masks. If contaminated needles are not sterilized, Ebola virus can be...
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...SAPP 407- Pharmacology Fall term junior yr. Term Paper Marijuana – Medicine, Menace, or What? There have been many arguments throughout history about whether marijuana is a source of medicine or whether it’s a gateway drug. This question may never truly be solved but there have been valid arguments for both sides. I would like to delve in on the topic by analyzing what the effects of marijuana are, what the positive and negative aspects of the drug are, and whether or not cannabis should be illegal. The first topic I would like to discuss is what the effects of marijuana are when it is used. The article Marijuana in Medicine: Past, Present and Future in the Western Journal of Medicine wrote about an experiment where marijuana was tested on animals. One reason why they found a lot of variability of reactions among the animals tested was because: “different batches of cannabis derivatives vary greatly in strength” (36). They go on to explain “there is a wide variation among humans in their individual responses to cannabis” (36). This brings light to a very important effect of marijuana, which is that it varies in strength from batch to batch. This is important to know when using the drug because it can affect people very differently based on the strength of the drug. Another effect of marijuana discussed by the Western Journal of Medicine is that cannabis “mildly stimulates, and then sedates the higher centers of the brain” (36). The article continues on to say that...
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...submitted as an assignment elsewhere. [pic] Table of Contents Introduction - 2 - The initial consideration of what my vocation should be - 2 - An informed exploration of my vocation involves: - 7 - A critical reevaluation of the vocation I have ideated - 11 - A purposeful plan to help me achieve my vocational plan - 14 - References - 17 - Introduction The aim of this project is to envisage and test my vocation plan. In order to achieve that, in this paper, I will first conduct a close analysis of my vocation decision with reference to my personal profile. Afterwards, a relevant research including literature review and interviews of people who undertake similar professions will be carried out to examine if the vocation meets my expectation. Finally, after considering potential impediments and strengths, a strategic and purposeful plan of helping realizing my vocation will be made. It should be noted that finding one’s vocation could be a lifelong process. The vocation decided in this paper is based on the knowledge, experience and thoughts I possess at present stage. Therefore, the possibility of radical changing should be allowed. The initial consideration of what my vocation should be According to Weber, vocation refers to a commitment to a specialist area of work that the individual engages with in terms that almost equate with religious zeal (1958). Before I took this course,...
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...Joel Schwartz Final Paper - Draft 7/16/12 Professor Hoge English 1020 Animal Rights Activism: A Domestic Terror Threat Throughout the past two decades, extreme animal rights groups have claimed responsibility for hundreds of crimes and acts of terrorism, including arson, bombings, vandalism, burglary, animal release, and harassment. These crimes have caused damage costing more than one hundred million dollars. While some activists have been captured, animal rights terrorism cells, are extremely difficult to identify and most of the attacks remain unsolved. Although it has been overshadowed by Islamic terrorist threats since September 11, animal rights terrorism still remains one of the United State’s most active terrorist movements. This paper intends to explore the Animal Rights terrorist movement and prove that Animal Rights activists pose a significant domestic terror threat. An increasing number of terrorist activity in the United States has been carried out in the name of animal protection. Although no one has been killed in an attack, the increasingly violent nature of attacks suggests that someone will be proclaimed dead before long. Beginning in the 1970s, hundreds of groups in the United States have advocated for much stricter legal protection for animals. Change has been slow but incremental. Some activists have become frustrated by the pace of legislation, and have become violent. This violence has created an underground terrorist movement...
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...products (anything made from animals). However, now I prevent myself from using such products after knowing more about how animals are being forced to give milk and how they are being slaughtered for their flesh. While researching, I read some journals, books, magazines, and watched documentaries. I got emotional and I was affected and disturbed by what I read and watched. My goal in this paper is to make it clear that we can live without meat and flesh but we cannot live...
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...AIDS RESEARCH FOR A VIABLE VACCINE 1 AIDS RESEARCH FOR A VIABLE VACCINE 2 Abstract AIDS is a global issue. The virus ravages communities, families and lives. As it continues to spread, several countries have made the commitment to work continuously to find ways to stop it. This ongoing quest has brought forth many ideologies, some of single theories others collaborations of theories. It is thought that a single method could be utilized to stop the spread of this deadly virus. It is also thought that the virus is curable and that pharmaceutical companies, governments and corporate entities, rather see the virus continue its’ path for their financial gain. This paper will introduce information that leads to another thought: “AIDS Research and the development of a viable vaccine”, is not being preempted by any entity except, the virus itself. There are factors that hinder the development of a viable vaccine to prevent the transmission of AIDS further research needs to be pursued. AIDS RESEARCH FOR A VIABLE VACCINE 3 AIDS Research for a Viable Vaccine The Problem AIDS is a public health problem that has been adding to its’ numbers since 1981, when it was “first recognized”. (Rowland) Since, 1996, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC has noted, “over one million people are HIV positive and nearly half of that number has AIDS”. In 2007, this number was represented at 33.2 million people worldwide with approximately 25 million...
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...Singapore Culture 1 The Singapore: Cultural Research My Research Paper Crystal N. Nichol Justine Lemos Ashford University Anthropology 101 July 26, 2011 The Singapore: Cultural Research There are many ways that a community’s mode of subsistence can impact that of a community’s aspects of cultural behavior and beliefs. This research paper will reflect on the primary mode of subsistence that the Singapore practice and how this affects other cultural aspects of their particular culture. The way a culture makes a living has a significant impact on the way a culture acts and does things. Singapore is one of the most prosperous countries in the southeast of Asia (Topley, 1961). The primary mode of subsistence that this paper will focus on will be pastoralists; following and explaining the effects this has on the specific aspects of kinship, gender relations, and beliefs-values within this culture. The Singapore culture is a culture that believes the concepts of group, harmony, and mutual security are more important than that of the individual. Family is the centre of the social structure and emphasizes unity, loyalty and respect for the elderly in the Singapore Culture (Topley, 1961). Extended family and close friends are those that are considered family to the Singapore and they are the ones the Singapore culture hold their beliefs in high standards (Lee, 1988).The implications of the Singapore’s religious means...
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...Ethical Treatment of Animals I. Introduction Animals have played an important role in many aspects of this world; some look upon these roles with favoritism, some with disgust. Animals give live birth and are considered different from humans by some people because of their behavior. Some animals are consumed as food by humans and other animals or trapped for their furs. Many times people get animals as pets and neglect them. Some animals are pulled out of their habitat and are used as research yet; some humans think they don't deserve any rights because they are animals. A. Thesis Statement Throughout this paper I will examples of possibilities that can be used to change the life of an animal in the food industry, as a pet and as research, we need to help them have a better life even if we are going to use them as food and pets. II. Body paragraph #1 - Topic Sentence #1 On today's factory farms, animals are crammed by the thousands into filthy, windowless sheds and confined to wire cages, gestation crates, barren dirt lots, and other cruel confinement systems. A. Supporting Evidence PETA made a investigation at Agriprocessors in 2004 revealed almost 300 instances of inhumane slaughter, in which cows' sensitive faces were shocked with electric prods, fully conscious cattle had their tracheas and esophagi ripped from their throats with meat hooks or knives, and they writhed in pools of their own blood, trying desperately to stand up for up to three minutes as...
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