...the Jews. More recently we have experienced the ethnic cleansing in Bosnia and genocide in Rwanda. Racial and religious bias seems to be the inspiration for most hate crimes in the United States. Even as the United States was being settled in the 16th and 17th centuries, the Native Americans were the victims of intimidation and violence. During the last two hundred years, examples in the United States include lynching of African Americans, cross burnings to dive black families out of white neighborhoods, assaults on gay and lesbian people, and painting swastikas on Jewish synagogues. In the United States, over 8, 000 hate crimes were reported in 1995. Over one third were against African Americans, while the others were motivated by biases anti white, anti Jewish, anti gay, and anti Hispanic. Nearly 7 years ago a former Ku Klux Klansman, Thomas E. Blanton Jr. was convicted for blowing up a church in Birmingham and killing four young black girls in 1963. Also in 1963, Alabama Governor George C. Wallace ordered National Guard Troops to block black students from entering public schools. Birmingham safety commissioner Eugene “Bull” Conner turned German shepards and fire hoses on peaceful demonstrators. These are just a few examples of cases less than 50 miles from Ragland. Hate crime laws fall into several categories: (a) specific bias motivated acts as distinct crimes; (b) criminal penalty enhancement; (c) creation of a distinct civil cause of action for hate...
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...white male from the age 16-25, 80 percent of the reported hate crime offenders also committed previous crimes against people, the most frequent crime is intimidation. Basically majority of hate crimes are committed by young people who contain some form of disdain or even hatred for someone of a particular group. Who commits hate crimes (2003) Hispanics, gay men, Jews and blacks were the most often targets of hate crimes in the year of 2012. In total there were 7,164 people who were victims of hate crimes which is a decreasing number compared to the results in the prior year. Based upon the report approximately half of all the reported hate crimes were racially motivated, with 22 percent anti-white and 66 percent deemed anti-black; which is also a decreased from the prior year. Nineteen percent of the reported hate crimes were motivated base upon a bias against sexual orientation, 28 percent as anti-homosexual, 12 percent as anti-female homosexual, 53 percent were anti-male homosexual. Dahl, Julia (2013) Hate crimes delivers much of a broader impact within the community because the crime is motivated by bias, the point of hate crimes is to send a message of violent intolerance towards someone of a particular group. Victims of the crime are based upon the characteristics such as their religion or race can cause those in the community who have the same characteristics to share feelings of being the victim and vulnerable. The violent message of intolerance that is delivered from...
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...problems, he adds. People who commit bias crimes are also more likely to deliberate on and plan their attacks than those who commit more spontaneous crimes. Gay-bashers, for instance, commutes long distances to pursue their victims in spot they’re likely to find them, suggesting a strong premeditative component to these crimes. In addition, those who commit hate crimes show a history of such actions, beginning with smaller incidents and moving up to more serious ones. Unfortunately, the current social climate may give such individuals a chance to act out their feelings in ways that are more socially acceptable than usual. "A crisis such as this may give them permission to have and express these feelings," he says. "People who have had painful experiences and no opportunities to heal tend to be more hostile in general, and they more easily channel their hostility toward groups the society is also against (Deangelis, 2001). Blacks were the group most likely to be the targets of race-based hate crimes, according to a new federal report. The report, compiled by the FBI's civil rights division, found that the large majority of racial bias crimes were "motivated by anti-black bias." Latinos were the targets of 66 percent of all hate crimes motivated by ethnicity or national origin. Jews were the targets of most crimes against religious groups, and most crimes against a particular sexual orientation or gender were motivated by "anti-homosexual male bias." The number of hate crimes remained...
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...Early childhood children can identify different color, language, gender, and physical. Children watch the how people are different and yet the same. They understand their native language and recognizes the differences of another language. An anti-bias curriculum help children to embrace as teachers nurture the development of each child’s ability respect issues of diversity and be fear in the classroom. Teachers can create an Anti-bias classroom and the classroom environment should be Multicultural friendly that implement the education which have an active approach to challenge all prejudices, stereotypes or bias. In my opinion an Anti-Bias education is relevant because it reflects on education as a whole that is not based on if people are comfortable with the topics. Educators should have a specific goal for children and give them a clear cut educational experience. It explains how teachers should allow children to talk about what is going on in their world. Even in preschool children are expose to racism and prejudice, by implementing an Anti-bias curriculum children will have an opportunity to defect discrimination. For example, a child told another child that she do not want to play with her because the other child hair wasn’t done. This situation needed to be address right away because you would not want the any child to feel bad about him or herself, because the other children do not want to play with them. Perception by children that they are not good because of their...
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...understand what a hate crime is and how it is classified. When considering both crime and law, hate crimes occur when a perpetrator targets a person or group because of their perceived social group. This could be racial, religious, sexually orientated or gender based. The term “hate crime” generally refers to criminal acts that are motivated by a perpetrators conscious or unconscious prejudices. While there are many different classifications of hate crimes, racist anti-black bias is the most frequently reported hate crime motivation in the United States. Of the 8,208nhate crimes reported to the FBI in 2011, 48% were race related- 70% having an anti-black bias. Hate crimes are classified based on whether the crime is motivated by the victims actual or perceived personal characteristics. It must be prove that the perpetrator committed the crime because of the victim’s race, religion or some other personal characteristic. A lot of crimes committed are not classified as hate crimes because intent is harder to prove with bias based crimes. It is very difficult to prove a perpetrators belief system and if their motivation was solely biased based. The legislature choses what prejudices they officially want to...
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...continued to report on “black crime” and its link to crack cocaine. Soon cocaine specifically crack became the focal point of Congress legislation. The image of cocaine had shifted from the glamorous and wealthy to the violent inner-city gang banger. Len Bias was perceived as a crack cocaine overdose user an a up and coming NBA draft pick led to the most punitive anti-drug legislation passed and also expedited the process. The death of Bias, a clean cut African-American kid from a good family future shifted the public image of cocaine from glamorous and wealthy to the inner-city violence and African-Americans. Anti-drug Abuse Act of 1988 enacted mandatory...
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...03-Banks.qxd 1/30/04 4:52 PM Page 57 3 Racial Discrimination in the Criminal Justice System ETHICAL BACKGROUND It is generally agreed that discrimination based on ethnic origin is morally wrong and a violation of the principle of equality. The equality principle requires that those who are equal be treated equally based on similarities, and that race is not a relevant consideration in that assessment (May and Sharratt 1994: 317). In other words, it is only possible to justify treating people differently if there exists some factual difference between them that justifies such difference in treatment (Rachels 1999: 94). Equality is a nonspecific term that means nothing until applied to a particular context. Thus, in a political context, equality means equal access to public office and equal treatment under the law, and equal treatment extends to equality in terms of job hiring, promotion, and pay. Race refers to groups of persons who are relatively alike in their biological inheritance and are distinct from other groups (American Anthropological Association 1997: 2). Ethnicity is a cultural phenomenon referring to a person’s identification with a particular cultural group (Hinman 1998: 403). Race is socially constructed, and the notion that persons “belong” to a particular race was developed in the last century based on the belief that there was a biological basis for categorizing groups of people. Biologically, however, the term race has no meaning, yet society...
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...including Hispanics just because they could pass as white. A large number of studies have examined the relationship between percentage of Black population in an area and crime with the majority finding a higher percentage of Blacks in the area to be associated with more violent crime and most have found such a relationship with other types of crimes. People think Whites are more likely to commit white-collar offenses when this is untrue. The reality is, Blacks are 3-5 times more likely than Whites to be in prison for fraud, bribery, racketeering, and embezzlement. White offenders often include Hispanics, North Africans, Arabs, Turks, Persians, and people from central Asian countries. In 2013...
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...There are few societies in the world’s modern history that have been more invested in the concept of race than the United States. In fact, the first black president, Barack Obama, will end his term in office in 2016 and while this may seem like a respectable accomplishment for the United States in regards to our history with racism and inequality, I only have to speak to my relatives to understand we have a long way to go until Americans see individuals for their accomplishments rather than their race. In President Obama’s inaugural address he made a hint to the end of a racial era. “…because we have tasted the bitter swill of civil war and segregation, and emerged from that dark chapter stronger and more united, we cannot help but believe that the old hatreds...
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...the idea that one's own race is superior. 2. a policy, system of government, etc., based on such a doctrine. 3. hatred or intolerance of another race or other races. [1865–70; < French racisme. See race2, -ism] rac′ist, n., adj. →Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary, © 2010 K Dictionaries Ltd. Copyright 2005, 1997, 1991 by Random House, Inc. All rights reserved. racism 1. a belief that human races have distinctive characteristics that determine their respective cultures, usually involving the idea that one’s race is superior and has the right to control others. 2. a belief in a policy of enforcing the asserted right of control. — racist, n., adj. discrimination on the basis of race, especially against blacks and other non-whites. See also: Discrimination →Ologies & -Isms....
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...CONFLICT, 2nd ed., (Academic Press, expected 2008). Hate Crimes Jack Levin and Jack McDevitt Northeastern University I. Legal Distinctions II. Hate Crimes and Prejudice III. Why Treat Hate Crimes Differently? IV. Problems in Collecting Hate Crime Data V. Types of Hate Crimes VI. Organized Hate Groups VII. VIII. Are Hate Crimes on the Rise? Responses to Hate crimes IX. Conclusion GLOSSARY Defensive Hate Crimes Hate offenses aimed against particular “outsiders” who are regarded as posing a challenge to a perpetrator’s neighborhood, workplace, school, or physical wellbeing. Ethno-violence Acts of hate that do not necessarily rise to the legal standard of a crime, but contain an element of prejudice. Hate Crimes (also known as Bias Crimes) Criminal offenses motivated either entirely or in part by the fact or perception that a victim is different from the perpetrator. Mission Hate Crimes Hate offenses committed as an act of “war” against any and all members of a particular group of people. Modern Racism victim. Prejudice A negative attitude toward individuals based on their perceived group Subtle and institutionalized forms of bigotry based on the race of the membership. Retaliatory Hate Crimes terrorism. Thrill Hate Crimes Hate offenses typically committed by youngsters who are motivated by Hate offenses designed to get even for hate crimes or acts of the desire for excitement. HATE CRIMES are criminal offenses motivated either entirely or in part by the...
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...of advocates pushing for advanced drug policies, states that, “The first anti-opium laws in the 1870s were directed at Chinese immigrants. The first anti-cocaine laws, in the South in the early 1900s, were directed at black men. The first anti-marijuana laws, in the Midwest and the Southwest in the 1910s and 20s, were directed at Mexican migrants and Mexican Americans.” A large amount of the drug laws that are still in place today were initially established based less on science and testing and more on disparaging communities of people of color. This was displayed in the mid- 20th century when U.S. lawmakers stated that the term, marijuana, was Mexican slang for cannabis and enacted a ban on the drug that was laden with racist anti-Mexican rhetoric (About News). This type of bias criminalization was also demonstrated in...
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...achievement. They focus on the range of labels that teachers will provide them with due to their different ethnic backgrounds. Their studies prove that teachers often see black and Asian pupils as far from being the ‘ideal pupil’. An example of this is that black pupils are often seen as a disruption to the class and the Asians as unreceptive. These negative labels may lead teachers to treat ethnic minority pupils differently and this could result to failure. A good example of black labelling is from the studies by Gillborn and Youdell; Gillborn found that teachers were quick to tell black students off for behaviour rather than others. They found that black pupils were expected by teachers to disruptive and have behavioural problems which would be seen as threatening or challenging authority. When this was interpreted wrongly, this resulted in negative feedback from the black students which also resulted in further conflict. They both conclude that most of the conflict that occurs between white teachers and black pupils comes from the racial stereotypes that teachers hold. Bernard Coard explains how the ethnocentric curriculum may create under-achievement. An example of this is the history of Britain, which are supposed to bring civilisation to the 'primitive' peoples they colonised. Therefore, this image of black people as inferior undermines their self-esteem and leads to their failure. However, this is not clear as what the impact the ethnocentric curriculum has. For example,...
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...predominately white neighborhood. One was wearing her school cheerleading outfit and the other was wearing a hoodie, and it was covering her head. Which one will be racially profiled? Hate crimes happen in small towns and large cities. They happen in every state: north, south, east, and west. They involve everything from simple graffiti to brutal murders. They may be called hate crimes, bias crimes, civil rights crimes, or ethnic intimidation. Hate crimes are crimes committed because of the race, releigion, sexual orientation, or other group memebership of the victim. The precise groups that are included in the definition of hate crime vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. African-Americans have been targeted for generations. There have been many white against black crimes, and police against black crimes. Has there been any improvement in the last 50 years? Racially motivated attacks agaist African-Americans rose more than 8% in 2008. While crimes against blacks rose, attacks against whites declined during the same time period. Racially motivated attacks continued to account for about half of all bias crimes. Now that we have our first African-American president whose place of birth and presidential legitimacy are still being questioned by extremist, the number of hate crimes has undoubtedly increased in 2009. (Encyclopedia of...
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...Even though self-report measures of prejudicial views have declined rapidly, researchers have found pro-white and anti-black biases still happens below the conscious level. Such findings raise the questions of whether humans inherently have racial bias and whether these automatic biological processes can be counteracted through social intervention. The purpose of this paper is to propose mechanisms of racial bias and demonstrate their operation in relation to personal identity at the biological, psychological, and social level. An individual’s perception of himself and others depends on the personal, relational, and the collective phenomenon of identity. An understanding of how identity operates as a mechanism of racial bias at the psychological...
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