...Human Nature: In the case of the War in Afghanistan, al-Qaeda made the decision to perpetrate a terror attack after weighing the costs and benefits of doing so. Liberalism states that they sought to further their own self-interest by asserting their sovereignty which they believed to be threatened by increasing Western involvement. The US and the rest of the international community responded by seeking conflict in Afghanistan, cooperating in order to further the long-term mutual interests of NATO and the UN's member nations by reinstating the international regime of anti-terrorism established by the UN (UN Actions to Counter Terrorism). Additionally, when examining the potential long-term benefits for joint international action (something that...
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...Australia and Terrorism Terrorism is not a new term and can be defined as “the unofficial or unauthorized use of violence and intimidation in the pursuit of political aims” (Dictionary, 2014). The emergence of terrorism was significant in history, and in more recent times, has become a threat to Australian Borders. The effectiveness of the law in preventing and reducing levels of terrorism is highlighted through the use of case studies and evaluation. The Hilton bombings The relationship between Australia and Terrorism is specifically highlighted in the Sydney Hilton Bombings on the 13th February 1978. This was the first experience of Terrorism in Australia and created the need for better security and the implementation of effective protection...
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...Extremist Anti-Abortion Group Introduction Gandhi is reported to have said, “there are many causes that I would die for yet there is not a single cause that I would kill for”. Ghandi's words have the ring of a distant past when the ideals of social and political activism maintained a common sense. Today, terrorists around the world are willing to kill and die for causes that seem unclear and often contradictory. This new method of violence reflects the politics of the anti-abortionist movement that is willing to kill to save lives or willing to die to become enshrined as a martyr. Terrorism is defined by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) as "...a violent act or an act dangerous to human life, in violation of the criminal laws of the United States, or of any state, to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives" ("Terrorism 2000/2001"). The violent faction of the anti-abortion movement certainly fits this description. It is a form of war that is being waged against the domestic social structure with wide ranging implications. The violent anti-abortion groups are a contradiction of values and the extremist motivations behind them make it a dangerous and terrorizing movement. Literature Review Understanding the motivation behind the anti-abortion terrorism is an important step in curtailing the violence. The movement is an oxymoron where killing takes place to save lives. The anti-abortion...
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...Extremist Anti-Abortion Group 1 Gandhi is reported to have said, “there are many causes that I would die for yet there is not a single cause that I would kill for”. Ghandi's words have the ring of a distant past when the ideals of social and political activism maintained a common sense. Today, terrorists around the world are willing to kill and die for causes that seem unclear and often contradictory. This new method of violence reflects the politics of the anti-abortionist movement that is willing to kill to save lives or willing to die to become enshrined as a martyr. Terrorism is defined by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) as "...a violent act or an act dangerous to human life, in violation of the criminal laws of the United States, or of any state, to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives" ("Terrorism 2000/2001"). The violent faction of the anti-abortion movement certainly fits this description. It is a form of war that is being waged against the domestic social structure with wide ranging implications. The violent anti-abortion groups are a contradiction of values and the extremist motivations behind them make it a dangerous and terrorizing movement. Literature Review Understanding the motivation behind the anti-abortion terrorism is an important step in curtailing the violence. The movement is an oxymoron where killing takes place to save lives. The...
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...Case Study Paper Assignment IR 6629 The Theory and Practice of International Relations NOVEMBER 17 TERRORIST GROUP INTRODUCTION: Terrorism has been one of the hottest topics in the current world affairs. The whole world is threatened by terrorist attacks of different types by different terrorist organizations. The terrorist groups have been using various strategies to pressurize the world to fulfill their demands. Their strategies include bomb blasts, murders, kidnapping and damage to property. Currently Al Qaeda is the most talked about Islamic terrorist organization that has changed the face of the world since September 11, 2001. The group has forced many countries to change their foreign policy. However to think that terrorists are always Muslims is wrong. There are a number of non Muslim terrorist organizations that are using destructive tactics to accomplish their goals. Among the non Islamic groups the most deadly terrorist organization is considered to be November 17 which has its bases in Greece. In this paper I aim to discuss the origins of the November 17 terrorist group. My reason for selecting this group is that it is interesting to know that the group has been declared the most deadly terrorist group in Europe despite the fact that it has a very small strength. I intend to discuss the aims, objectives, strength and strategies of this group. I will try to compare it with other non terrorist organizations in Greece seeking similar goals. I will discuss...
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...to getting involved in fights • Inability to tolerate boredom • Disregard for right and wrong • Poor or abusive relationships • Irresponsible work behavior • Disregard for safety Background of World Anti-Terrorism Day: Terrorist activities have increased multi-fold over the last decade. A global initiative uniting all nations is required to combat terrorism. After the 9/11 terrorist attack on the U.S, terrorism has become the primary cause of concern for nations. History of World Anti-Terrorism Day: The concept of World Anti-Terrorism Day was initiated because thousands of youth are lured into the folds of terrorist camps and organizations each year. May 21 is observed as Anti-terrorism day every year. Purpose of World Anti-Terrorism Day: The Purpose of observing World Anti-Terrorism Day is to: Spread the message of global peace and non-violence. Deter vulnerable youth from following cult practices and being misguided. Commemorate and honor the sacrifices made by thousands of soldiers who battled against terrorism. Pay homage to the victims who lost their lives in terrorist attacks. Device ways and hold awareness programs to protect the future generations from radical influence. Important Features of World Anti-Terrorism Day: Features on...
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...Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001, is a basically an anti-terrorism law that was rather hastily passed as a result of the September 11, 2001 attacks. It primarily aims at deterring and punishing acts of terrorism committed in the United States and elsewhere (USA PATRIOT Act, n.d.). However, while it appears to have noble aims of safeguarding American lives and property, the act needs to be repealed or, if not, amended so that the privacy freedoms of citizens are not trampled upon. The USA PATRIOT Act also aims at expanding the investigatory tools of law enforcement and, as well, give authorities from the executive branch more teeth against money laundering and terrorism financing and criminal abuse of financial institutions (USA PATRIOT Act, n.d.). As part of its broadening of law enforcement agencies' investigative powers, the law increased same agencies' surveillance powers, rendering amendments to the Wiretap Statue, Electronic Communications Privacy Act, and the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (Study guide, n.d.). This means that the government is allowed to considerably obtain even personal information about its citizens and detain aliens even without publicly acknowledging such (Mayeux, 2003-2004). In more lay person's terms, the Patriot Act seeks to accomplish its anti-terrorist objective by allowing government to wiretap more, Internet activities included, and access student, library, and book records and, in the case of aliens, arrest them secretly. The anti-terrorism...
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...Terrorism has not just emerged, instead it has evolved over many years and has undergone many and varied cycles in its evolution. The term terrorism is most commonly used to describe actions which are violence based and are used to promote fear in people. (Mannik 2009: 152 – 153) Rapoport (2004) came up with a way of describing the fluctuations over time of terrorism. He was able to separate and describe four distinct periods of time which he referred to as 'waves of terrorism'. (Rapoport 2004 :46 -47) These waves are used as markers through which an understanding can be gleaned of how terrorism goes through changes or cycles. This paper will identify the four waves of terrorism as set out by Rapoport and define the characteristics of each wave. Terrorism has many and varied definitions and yet all are consistent in identifying it as an act of violence used to gain influence for a cause or an ideological belief. (Mannik 2009: 152 - 153) Most acts of violence are deliberate, targeted and serve a purpose for the groups goals.(Kydd & Walters 2006: 49-50) In this sense waves of terrorism, then, can be seen as a type of revolution where there is an uprising against the political state of the time. (Rapoport 2004: 49 -50) Whilst terrorism has existed throughout history and has employed violent methods to achieve their aims and objectives it can also be seen that terrorism follows distinct patterns. These patterns occur in cycles which were identified by Rapoport...
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...Terrorism from the left and right Terrorism can be defined as the indiscriminate use of violence to cause fear amid people to achieve an objective that may be financial, political, and religious or based on some specific ideology (Fortna, 2015). Terrorism from the left and right refers to left-wing terrorism and right-wing terrorism. Also, Left-wing terrorism can be related to Marxist–Leninist or revolutionary terrorism. It usually targets capitalists or conservative regimes to overturn their rule and replace them with socialist systems. Occasionally, left-wing terrorism may be witnessed in governments that are socialists as a form of rebellion against the regimes that are in power. Right-wing terrorism, on the other hand, refers to a type...
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...The United Nations General Assembly had started to address and refer terrorist acts as a discrete subject in 1972; it has since adopted several resolutions that call on states to combat terrorism. Moeckli (2008) argues in his paper “The Emergence of Terrorism as a Distinct Category of International Law” that the most significant Security Council measure adopted against terrorism is the Resolution 1373 of September 28, 2001. Subsequently, succeeding the 9/11 events, the resolution adopted under the Chapter VII of the United Nations Chapter “requires member states to create a legal and institutional framework to prevent and suppress the financing, preparation, and commission of terrorist acts and to cooperate with other states in this effort ”. Because the Resolution 1373 imposes a body of rules with general application, and a set of details obligations to all member states; Ward (2003) argued that it is “one of the most comprehensive and far-reaching resolutions adopted in the history of the Security Council”. Immediately...
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...transactions with clean money for the purpose of concealing or disguising the future use of that money to commit a criminal act could be called reverse money laundering. Introduction A new form of money laundering involves not the proceeds of past crimes, but money intended to be used to commit crimes in the future. Terrorism causes enormous costs to society. Since the 9/11 attacks, the “war on terror” has therefore been an important challenge to all civilized countries. In the present contribution we analyse the root causes and costs of terrorist activity, thereby setting the stage for discussing the need for measures against terrorist financing. We argue that running a terrorist organization requires substantial financial resources which are transferred to the groups through clandestine and often illegal channels. Anti‐money laundering policies may appear useful measures to stop transfers to terrorist groups; however, they are not sufficient means to deal with all facets of terrorist financing. Compared to similar activities of organized crime, terrorist financing involves “reverse” money laundering. This is a consequence of some fundamental differences between terrorism and organized crime, which also lead to different implications in terms of choosing appropriate counter‐measures. Since the mid-4980s, virtually all of the developed countries, and many of the developing countries, have enacted legislation to make money laundering a criminal offence. The statutes differ in complexity...
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...Terrorism: A Global Threat Bashir Ahmad “Fighting terrorism is not unlike fighting a deadly cancer. It can’t be treated just where it’s visible – every diseased cell in the body must be destroyed.”-David Hackworth I. What is Terrorism? Terrorism is defined as “the calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological.” Terrorism is also defined as the “unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives.” The U.S. Department of State defines “terrorism” to be “premeditated politically-motivated violence perpetrated against non-combatant targets by sub-national groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience.” Some facts about terrorism: 1. Terrorism is the act of destruction performed by a person or group of persons on behalf of an established government. 2. Terrorism is the act of destruction performed to restore the imaginary injustice. 3. Terrorism is the destruction of people on behalf of an established government agency against another country, is considered as war, not terrorism. 4. If destruction of people or property is undertaken by or on behalf of an established government on its own territory, it is considered...
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...Chapter 1 – Media’s Perception of Terrorism and Influence over the Audience By principle, the media should be impartial, unbiased and independent while illustrating their duties. The main aim and task of the media is to give accurate information to the public which should be based on the truth. During times of war the western media has become a place where the opinion of the audience at home is of vital importance to the success and failure of the war being fought against terrorism. In today’s time, the media is the main means of expression through which people receive information on terrorism or any other conflict, which then enlighten us about the unfolding events. Since the western media undisputedly is the most powerful, it has the means to present government actions in a supportive way, expose atrocities on either side and raise issues to the public which assist their governmental agenda. Here the question that comes to mind is whether the western media portrays terrorism, Muslims and Arabs in an accurate aspect. The western media uses certain techniques to depict terrorists in their own view which have had disastrous effects on Arabs as well as Americans all over the world. It is very unfortunate that despite all the recent terrorist attacks, weather they were significant or minor, the media still has not come up with a definitive definition of “terrorism” and “who is a terrorist”. The main issue with western media reporting on terrorism is their flaw of having discrepancies...
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...Money laundering and terrorism financing risks in Botswana introDuction Botswana has a relatively good legal foundation to fight financial crime in general. With the second reading of the Financial Intelligence Bill and the regulation of non-financial institutions prone to money laundering, the legal framework will be remarkably enhanced. However, Botswana has not yet undertaken an assessment of its risks and vulnerabilities to money laundering and the financing of terrorism in terms of international requirements. Significantly, Botswana’s legal framework does not recognise the risk of money laundering in either limited- or high-risk situations. This is in spite of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) espousing a country-specific risk analysis and application of a regulative framework for all forms of business relationships. The rationale for adopting the risk-based approach is that a better understanding of the extent, form, production and disposal or use of the proceeds of crime helps to determine the appropriate interventions. Tentative steps towards establishing trends in money laundering and the financing of terrorism have been taken over the past few years. A team of World Bank experts visited Botswana at the end of 2006 to assess the implementation of the FATF anti-money laundering and counter-financing of terrorism (AML and CFT) standards. In early 2007 the Directorate on Corruption and Economic Crime (DCEC), in collaboration with the Institute for Security Studies (ISS)...
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...extensive. A great number of new forms of determinative legislation has been imposed in order to avoid certain terrorist actions. Nevertheless, it should be mentioned that a great amount of these particular measures collide and violate the human rights. The matter is that democratic and liberal values are overwhelmingly threatened in the name of the national security. In this way, not only a sacrifice of pure civil liberties comes along but precautionary measures are taking place in the form of preventive wars as well. These wars are supposed to constitute anti-terrorism measures. Basic human rights experience vague violation and this solely effect does not comprise a form of fundamental anti-terrorism measures. A vast number of innocent civilians is being enforced to embrangle in situations that are not involved while they also have to encounter potential disgraceful incidents. The truth is that anti-terrorism measures ought to exist, so that certain terrorist actions are prevented; yet they should be demonstrated and implemented in a form that their function operates in favour of the human rights. THE CASE OF MUSLIMS IN GREAT BRITAIN-ISLAMOPHOBIA As far as Muslims in Great Britain are concerned, they formulate one of the most significantly pressing concerns. A massive increase of attacks is taking place on the minority of Muslims in Britain. A great number of apparently rising threats to civil liberties appear in the form of certain security...
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