...Unethical Research Practices Unethical research is commonly found within pharmaceutical companies. In a hurry to get new drugs to market, companies will often cut corners during the research process. Pharmaceutical companies will spend millions of dollars on drug research, but very little on unethical drug promotion (Parmar, Jalees, 2004). The purpose of this paper is to inform the reader of how unethical research practices can lead to death from both past and present case studies. Present Rizwan Rahim Ahmed and Dr. Ahmed Saeed conducted a case study concerning ethical and unethical pharmaceutical marketing practices in Karachi City, Pakistan (Ahmed, Saeed, 2012). The results were very alarming to the world. The study indicated that doctors, hospital administrators, and pharmacies were receiving kickbacks from the pharmaceutical industry for prescribing their drugs to patients. The case study concluded that participants had different levels of blame. For example, the study shows that four out of five doctors were receiving money from these companies. Still today the government of Pakistan turns a blind eye to this type of unethical behavior. Research found that doctors were prescribing unnecessary drugs to patients regardless of the medical outcome. The more medicine they prescribe, the more money they would receive from the pharmaceutical companies. The study concluded that this type of unethical practice is common throughout the world but severe with regard to developing...
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...country such as cardiovascular diseases and infections. | The advantage of Reproductive Health Bill in the Philippines is that hopes to provide midwives for skilled attendance to childbirth and emergency obstetric care, even in geographically isolated and depressed areas. Thus, the one of the causes of maternal mortality, that arising from unattended births, will be addressed. | Catholic Church teaches that married couples may take advantage of the natural cycles of the reproductive system and use their marriage precisely those times that are infertile (natural family planning); in which case the RH Bill provided otherwise. | The RH Bill can greatly alter the increasing percentage of victims of sexually transmitted diseases like HIV, Syphilis, Gonorrhea and more. | INSIGHT: It is not fair for me to make a firm stand on the issue of institutionalizing the Reproductive Health Bill for the very fact that I, like most of us, have not read the entire provisions of the Bill. And I know for sure, that most of those who continuously blabber about the negativity of the bill have not read the entire legislation as well. It is pitiful to think that most of us battle and argue...
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...natural history of syphilis is very variable. The course of the infection spans many years and may lead to various clinical presentations, which are classified into early (infectious) and late (non-infectious) stages. Early syphilis may be further divided into primary, secondary, and early latent syphilis; late syphilis includes late latent and the various forms of tertiary syphilis. The immune response to syphilis involves production of antibodies to a broad range of antigens, including non-specific antibodies (cardiolipin or lipoidal) antibody and specific treponemal antibodies. The bacterium Treponema pallidum is a spirochetal bacterium that is the cause of syphilis. T. pallidum is a spirochete it can range from 6 to 20 um in length and 18 to 20 um in diameter it requires low amounts of oxygen which it is able to draw from the atmosphere around it. Spirochetes are usually Gram negative but T. pallidum will not show up on a gram stain because the organism is too thin. It can however be detected using special stains such as the Dieterle stain. Spirochetal bacterium have long helical shaped cells the reason for the helical shape if because of the different arrangement of the axial filaments which is known as endocellular flagella the filaments run the length of the cell causing the spiral shape, these flagella are used to move the spirochete. Spirochetes are usually found in liquid environments such as blood, lymph or water. (Encyclopedia Britannica 2010.) Syphilis can present in...
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...Legalizing Prostitution BCOM/275 September 17, 2012 Betty Bernstein Legalizing Prostitution Prostitution is the oldest profession in the world and is a touchy subject for many because it is filled with vagueness’s and double standards. Even the very definition of the word is perplexed now days. Along with the new definition in Webster it’s really hard to figure out exactly what makes prostitution illegal. According to ProCon.org (2012), “We generally think of the transfer of money as the element that makes prostitution a crime (although money plays a subtle part in all sorts of sexual relationships). Yet in a number of states, as well as in Webster's newest dictionary, the definition of prostitution includes not only the exchange of money but also the rather vague concept of promiscuity... for example, forbid[ding] both getting paid for sex and the offering of the body for indiscriminate sexual intercourse without hire.” In the article entitled “Ten Reasons for Not Legalizing Prostitution and a Legal Response to the Demand for Prostitution” the author, Janice G. Raymond expounds on the topic of prostitution and reasons not to legalize the profession. The article is very informative and brings up some valid points and evidence to support her theories. Two of the reasons that were listed in the article lacked credibility, reliability, and validity. The reason in the article that Raymond lacked these things was reason number six, which basically stated that she interviewed...
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...Joshua Ezewuxie Candide set 2 * In the beginning of chapter the 12, the old women continues her story about the eunuch who attempted to rape her but enjoyed his company for the time being. In her thoughts of suicide she never mentioned a religious reason for not committing suicide but for the simple fact she loved life. “I have been a hundred times upon the point of killing myself, but still I was fond of life.” The satire I see in here, is how Voltaire uses the story of her life to explain her misery compared to the few people she knew who ended their misery on their own. Her philosophy explained her curiosity as to what makes the people want to live even though life is often a curse. In the end of the chapter she advises Cunegonde and Candide to ask each of the passengers on the ship to tell their story, every single one of them has been through misery and pain but still alive. “Therefore take my advice: divert yourself, and prevail upon each passenger to tell his story.” 4. In these two chapters, Candide is holding on to the love he has for Cunegund. This is what is helping him have hope throughout the journey, maintain a positive attitude. “Candide, however, had one advantage over Martin: he lived in the pleasing hopes of seeing Miss Cunegund once more.” As martin continues with his negativity about the world and God, Candid still believes there is some good in this world and there is hope. The negativity Martin has for the world and God is quite understandable...
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...when early syphilis goes untreated than from the files of Boeck of Oslo, Norway. His scientific conviction as to the inadequacies of the specific treatment of the day led him to withhold treatment from approximately 2,000 patients with primary and secondary syphilis during the twenty-year period, 1891–1910. Community protection from infection was aided by the hospitalization of these patients until all traces of the disease had disappeared (from 1 to 12 months, average 3.6 months). In 1929, his successor, E. Bruusgaard, reported on a follow-up study of 473 of these patients and provided information on the outcome of untreated syphilis, which has formed the basis for prognostic statements on syphilis for more than twenty-five years. Now, in the department of Bruusgaard's successor, Danbolt, the entire material has been restudied successfully by Gjestland. This restudy represents a striking example of the application of the modern epidemiologic approach. In addition to the scientific contribution of this investigation, an outstanding illustration of international scientific cooperation has been demonstrated. The remarkable degree of success in obtaining significant information on approximately 80 per cent of the study group, 1,404 Norwegian residents of Oslo of 1891–1910, was undoubtedly due to the careful planning which preceded the tracing efforts. This planning included: (a) a consideration of the nature, extent, and significance of the problem of untreated syphilis; (b) an...
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...of them are; Syphilis, Gonorrhea, Genital Herpes, HIV/AIDS, Chlamydia, Trichomoniasis and HPV (Barlow, 2011). Most of these genitourinary diseases affect both genders, but they have been known to cause severe health problems in women than in men. For instance, if an expectant mother catches STDs, this can have serious health implications for the infant (Iannini, 2003). Genitourinary diseases that are caused by parasites or bacteria are treatable by use of antibiotics and other types of medicines. Those that are caused by viruses are untreatable; currently there is no cure for them (Markos, 2003). Drugs sometimes control STDs caused by viruses. Also correct and consistent use of latex condoms significantly reduces chances of contracting an STD even though they are not a hundred percent effective (Pattman, 2010). Initially, most genitourinary infections do not have symptoms. This fact poses a greater risk of infecting others. Some symptoms of these diseases might include; discharges both vaginal and penile, pelvic pain and pimple like ulcers around the genitals (Miller, 2003). In women, STIs acquired before conception may result in serious health implications for the baby. Sometimes it is hard for women who had STIs to become pregnant (Rogstad, 2011). Approximately 30 different parasites, bacteria and viruses can cause STIs. A perfect example of genitourinary infection caused by parasites is Trichomoniasis, those caused by bacteria include; Chlamydia, syphilis, gonorrhea and...
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...to conduct a study that would study syphilis in black men for 6 to 9 months, a year at the most (Gray, 1998). Then do a follow up with treatment. Others involved in the study had a different idea. They wanted to study the natural history of syphilis, and so they did for 40 years, 1932 - 1972. Syphilis is an infectious disease (CDC, 2009) that is caused by bacterium, Treponema palladium a spirochete capable of infecting almost any organ or tissue in the body and causing protean clinical manifestations (CDC, 2009). Transmission occurs most frequently during sexual contact, including oral sex, through minor skin or mucosal lesions; sites of inoculations are usually genitals but may be extragential (CDC, 2009). The risk of developing syphilis after unprotected sex is 30-50% (Engineering, 2006). If left untreated it causes death. Before death occurs the individual infected suffers tremendously. The Tuskegee Study was initiated by the Public Health Service of Macon County, Alabama. It took place on the campus of Tuskegee Institute at John A. Andrews Memorial Hospital. The incidence of syphilis was 36% among the 27,000 residents of Macon County, Alabama were infected with syphilis, giving this place syphilis prevalence among the greatest in the United States (Gray, 1998). Tuskegee residents were 82% black. This is the reason why Macon County was chosen to study the natural history of syphilis; it had the highest incidence of syphilis in the nation. Subjects were recruited...
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...Syphilis By: Roshni Patel Transmission: * Syphilis is primarily transferred through sexual contact. This can be from open sores around or inside the gentiles or mouth and the mucous membrane (1). * The disease can also be spread from the mother to the fetus via the placenta in utero, this normally occurs during the late stage of pregnancy (3). * Human to human contact thus far is the only known way to acquire syphilis (7). Reservoirs: * The bacterium lives in the human genital tract of infected males and females (5). Etiologic Agent: * Treponema Pallidum (5). Microorganism General Characteristics: * T. pallidum is a spirochete, which is a type of bacteria that is helically shaped and the gram stains are usually negative. This pathogen is only found in humans and does not naturally occur in other species. This microorganism is transmitted through penetration of the spirochetes through mucous membranes or abrasions on the skins surface. T. pallidum is easily broken down which causes it to lack the capability to survive of dry, disinfected surfaces (3). * Silver imprinting methods can be used to view the bacterium by dark field microscopy. The flagella of the spirochete move in the periplasmic space along the flagella bundle, this causes the bacterium to move in a corkscrew structure. The bacterium promptly rotates along its longitudinal axis and then bends and snaps to its full length. The bacterium can range in cell size from...
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...When looking for information concerning the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, there is a small assortment of books to choose from. I chose The Tuskegee Syphilis Study by Fred Gray because he was the lawyer in the lawsuits against the government, and I thought that he would be able to provide the most in-depth analysis of the event because he was actually involved in it. It was also written fairly recently, so that enables the book to analyze the long term effects that it has had on African-Americans, the South, and history in general. Gray’s book provides a very informative study, but if you’re looking for more information, check out James Jones’ Bad Blood. Gray takes a lot of information from this book which was written about 20 years before his. When searching the web for information on the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, the results were quite slim. Most of the results involved syllabi for college classes or websites much like our own that were prepared for a class. The website that I reviewed is from the Tuskegee University National Center for Bioethics, which was actually created from President Clinton’s apology and ideas for improvement of racial relations and medical testing. The webpage’s main purpose is to educate the public about the atrocities that were performed on African-Americans in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, and to help prevent an event like this from ever happening again The Tuskegee Syphilis Study by Fred D. Gray examines a medical study that occurred in...
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...One can learn a great deal about women’s history from studying women in a particular situation. Discussion of prostitution, a topic that has long excited widespread interest, incorporates ethnographic, historical, philosophical, medical, religious, and sociological elements and can tell much about different societies’ attitudes toward women. Popular attitudes toward prostitution also provide information on a particular society’s beliefs about race, class, gender, and age, as well as eugenics and hygiene, not to mention gender difference in marriage. The variety of sources described here can be employed as a model for students interested in other women’s history topics. Courtesans, or upper-class prostitutes, are among the women often mentioned in traditional histories, from the hetaerae of Ancient Greece, through the Byzantine Empress Theodora, to Diane de Poitiers, the 16th-century mistress of Henri II, King of France. Courtesans have been the subject of Japanese woodcuts, “Pictures of the Floating World,” dating from the Edo Period , and of European portrait painters. Some, like the Madame de Pompadour and Madame du Barry, the mistresses of French King Louis XV during the mid-18th century, came to wield significant power. These women, however, represent only a small percentage of prostitutes, many of whom lived—and still live—in poverty. Both men and women have been employed as sexual laborers throughout history. When Western governments began attempting to regulate prostitution...
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...Political Forum Northwestern State University Currently Louisiana is higher than the national average for sexual transmitted diseases. In 2012, Louisiana had the highest rate for congenital syphilis, 2nd highest rate for gonorrhea, 3rd highest for primary and secondary syphilis, and 4th highest for chlamydia (LDHH, 2012). The United States has the highest rate of STDs in industrialized countries with roughly 20,000,000 new cases each year with the majority of the cases occurring between people age 15-24. STDs care totals on average 17,000,000,000 dollars per year. Proposed bill H.RES.192-Supporting the goals and ideas of National STD awareness month Purpose To provide support to National STD awareness month as sexual transmitted diseases greatly impact health. Reflects the importance of preventing, treating, and diagnosing STD with urgency in public health. Summary of bill- Stresses the importance of STD awareness month and the effect of STDs. Calls on Americans to learn about STDs and the current prevention techniques (National Library of Congress, 2014). Recommends that all sexual active individuals get tested for STDs. Mainly, the bill encourages government and non-profit organizations to observe STD awareness month with activities and programs aimed at increasing the public awareness of STDs. Elected Official I would contact Steve Scalise. He is the current 1st Congressional District representative for St. Tammany Parish. With a strong root in family values, I believe...
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...emanated from parasites and bacteria in unhygienic water. People would swallow the tobacco and the tobacco would exterminate the parasites in the victims’ gastrointestinal system. Much analogous to parasites, people commenced to apprehending other diseases that caused them to become terminally ill. The Old World was the one liable for the augmentation of these diseases. The Old World bestowed upon the New World diseases such as mumps, measles, and smallpox. After these diseases undertook effect, the civilization’s population plummeted drastically. In remuneration for the Old World’s munificence, the New World bestowed upon the Old World with an additional disease that also deteriorated the population ominously. This disease was differentiated syphilis. Another commodity that was bequeathed with the New World were people. People from the Old World such as Africans, were forced to migrate to the New World by the African Diaspora. The New World forced those who migrated to be slaves by working for them. Though the Columbian Exchange transported dreadful occurrences such as disease and slavery, it also transported advantageous occurrences that have caused the world to revolutionize for the...
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...Bacterium Research: Thiobacillus Thiobacillus are small, Gram-negative, rod-shaped cells (0.3–0.5 × 0.9–4.0 µm). Some species are motile by means of polar flagella. No resting stages known. Energy is derived by the oxidation of one or more reduced sulfur compounds, including sulfides, sulfur, thiosulfate, polythionates, and thiocyanate. Sulfate is the end product of sulfur-compound oxidation, but sulfur, sulfite, and polythionates may be accumulated by most species, sometimes transiently. All species can fix carbon dioxide by means of the Benson–Calvin cycle and are capable of autotrophic growth; some species are obligate chemolithotrophic, (this means a bacterium that obtains its energy from inorganic compounds containing iron, nitrogen, or sulfur, and not from living on decaying organisms) while others are chemoorganotrophic. The genus currently includes obligate aerobes and facultative denitrifiers. Denitrifiers contribute to the nitrogen cycle which consists of the ongoing processes that Nitrogen has to undertake as it is the largest gas compound in the atmosphere. Their primary purpose being to metabolize nitrogenous compounds, with the assistance of the nitrate reductase enzyme, to turn oxides back to nitrogen gas or nitrous oxides for energy generation. The process of denitrification lowers the fertility rate of reproduction of the soil and thus is less common in areas where the land is rather well-cultivated. But this loss of nitrogen to the atmosphere can eventually...
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...Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment The Tuskegee Syphilis experiment was a 40 years study from 1932 to 1972 in Tuskegee, Alabama. The experiment was conducted on a group of 399 impoverished and illiterate African American sharecroppers. This disease was not; however revealed to them by the US Government. They were told they were going to receive treatment for bad blood. The study proved to be one of the most horrendous studies carried out that disregarded the basic ethical principles of conduct. It symbolized medical and disregard for human life. Standard medical treatment at the time were toxic, dangerous and, often time questionable in respect to effect. Some of the studies were being addressed to determine if a patient was better off not being treated at all. Researchers also tried to prolong any treatment to study the different stages of syphilis so they may be able to find a more suitable means of treatment. Medical ethics during this time did not have standard for informing patients. Information often withheld regarding their condition so patients often went through testing and treatment with little knowledge of consequences. By experiencing the study the participants were kept in the dark about the disease so they would co-operation. During this time these men were considered subjects, not patients. They were not considered patients, but clinical material instead of sick people. Most of the experiments data was collected from autopsies. These men were left to...
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