...Ice melting • There are about 5, 614, 000 miles³ (24, 062, 913.678268 km³) of ice on earth. • Some scientists say it would take more than 5,000 years to melt it all. • Sea level would rise by 216 feet. • East Antarctica—the east Antarctica ice sheet is so large that it contains 4/5 of all the ice on earth. Source: www.ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2013/09/rising-seas/if-ice-melted-map) • The current sea-level rise is about 3mm/year Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/current_sea_level_rise Some examples of glaciers on Earth • Arctic Sea Ice › Location: Arctic Ocean › has shrunk by 6 percent since 1978 with a 14 percent loss of thicker, year-round ice. Has thinned by 40 percent in less than 30 years. • Greenland Ice Sheets › Location: Greenland › has thinned by more than a meter a year on its southern and eastern edges since 1993. • Columbia Glacier › Location: Alaska, U.S. › has retreated nearly 13 kilometres since 1982. In 1999, retreat rate increased from 25 metres per day to 35 metres. Physics SPECIFIC LATENT HEAT (L) - the specific latent heat of a material is the amount if heat required to chance the state if 1 kilogram of the material without changing its temperature. (Unit: J/kg) • Specific latent heat (L)- 334 kJ/kg • Heat required to change the state of ice to liquid (Q)- 8.037042 x 1024 J Sources: Lf – www.engineeringtoolbox.com/latent-heat-melting-solids-d_96.html Q – I calculated it. In this presentation we will be talking...
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...Researchers were astounded when, in the fall of 2007, they discovered that the year-round ice pack in the Arctic Ocean had lost some 20 percent of its mass in just two years, setting a new record low since satellite imagery began documenting the terrain in 1978. Without action to stave off climate change, some scientists believe that, at that rate, all of the year-round ice in the Arctic could be gone by as early as 2030. This massive reduction has allowed an ice-free shipping lane to open through the fabled Northwest Passage along northern Canada, Alaska and Greenland. While the shipping industry—which now has easy northern access between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans—may be cheering this “natural” development, scientists worry about the impact of the resulting rise in sea levels around the world. The Impact of Rising Sea Levels According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, made up of leading climate scientists, sea levels have risen some 3.1 millimeters per year since 1993. And the United Nations Environment Program predicts that, by 2010, some 80 percent of people will live within 62 miles of the coast, with about 40 percent living within 37 miles of a coastline. The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) reports that low-lying island nations, especially in equatorial regions, have been hardest hit by this phenomenon, and some are threatened with total disappearance. Rising seas have already swallowed up two uninhabited islands in the Central Pacific. On Samoa, thousands...
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...has can be controlled and not be as bad if we start doing something about it today. Once the environment is gone, it’s gone for good. One of the most concerning environmental issues the world faces today is the issue of global warming. Global warming just doesn’t affect a small part of the world, it affect the entire thing all the way from the United States to Europe. One way that global warming affects humans is by causing the overall world temperatures to increase. That ends up causing a number of problems such as the raising in sea level, changing in agriculture, and an increase in some deadly illnesses (Leonard). If the temperatures continue to raise that is going to lead to major ice caps and sea ice melting. Recent studies have shown that if nothing is done to try to stop this, the Greenland ice cap will start to melt. That would result in major flooding. For example the flooding would be so serve that it would come close to wiping out half a Florida (Leonard). When temperatures shift it causes the climate to change, which then results in a change of food and habitat. A main problem that is caused is food that is already growing in the tropics are already being grown in their maximum temperature...
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...Climate Change and the IPCC o What is the IPCC? - Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change, created in 1988, first assessment report in 1990 launched global awareness of climate change issue. How the IPCC works - Thousands of scientists contribute to writing and reviewing reports. Does not carry out new research or monitor climate related data. There are 3 working groups and a special tasks force. Terminology – 99%-100% (Virtually Certain) 90%-100% (Very Likely) 66%-100 (Likely) 33%-60% (About as likely as not) 0%-33% (Unlikely) 0%-10% (Very Unlikely) 0%-1% (Exceptionally Unlikely) o Causes of climate change Relative forcing components – Long-live greenhouse gases (Global), Ozone (Continental to Global), Stratospheric water vapor from methane (Global), Surface albedo, Aerosol (Direct Affect, Cloud Albedo Affect, Surface to Continental), Linear Contrails (Continental) , Solar irradiance (Global) Earth’s energy budget & human use Quadrillion BTU 100% Incoming Solar Energy Wood 64% - Radiated to space Coal 51% - Absorbed by land and oceans Oil &Gas 23% - Carried to clouds Hydropower &Nuclear (1900-) 20% - Reflected by clouds 16% - Absorbed by atmosphere 15% - Radiation absorbed by atmosphere 7% - Conduction and rising air 6% - Reflected by atmosphere 6% - Radiated directly into space 4% - Reflected from Earth’s surface 3% - Absorbed by clouds Greenhouse gases (types and impact)...
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...any large mass of perennial ice that originates on land by the recrystallization of snow or other forms of solid precipitation and that shows evidence of past or present flow. Exact limits for the terms large, perennial, and flow cannot be set. Except in size, a small snow patch that persists for more than one season is hydrologically indistinguishable from a true glacier. One international group has recommended that all persisting snow and ice masses larger than 0.1 square kilometre (about 0.04 square mile) be counted as glaciers. Glaciers are classifiable in three main groups: (1) glaciers that extend in continuous sheets, moving outward in all directions, are called ice sheets if they are the size of Antarctica or Greenland and ice caps if they are smaller; (2) glaciers confined within a path that directs the ice movement are called mountain glaciers; and (3) glaciers that spread out on level ground or on the ocean at the foot of glaciated regions are called piedmont glaciers or ice shelves, respectively. Glaciers in the third group are not independent and are treated here in terms of their sources: ice shelves with ice sheets, piedmont glaciers with mountain glaciers. A complex of mountain glaciers burying much of a mountain range is called an ice field. Distribution of glaciers A most interesting aspect of recent geological time (some 30 million years ago to the present) has been the recurrent expansion and contraction of the world’s ice cover. These glacial fluctuations...
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...Risks Of Plastic Surgery By Patricia Wagner - 2012 As techniques are becoming more refined, it seems that complications for plastic surgery are a rarity nowadays. However, every person who is considering having plastic surgery should be aware of its possible risks and dangers. Complications from plastic surgery can range anywhere from scarring to fatalities. The effects of surgery can at times traumatize the patient both physically and psychologically. Even though complications are not as common today, the patient still has to keep the dangers of plastic surgery in mind. One of the most common risks of plastic surgery is scarring. Most surgeons today will try to hide the incision line in inconspicuous places. However, most surgeries will still end with permanent scarring. Infection, hematomas and bleeding are all possible after surgery. However, these complications are usually treatable if they are caught early enough. One very serious complication that people should be aware of when considering plastic surgery is nerve damage. Some people who opt to have plastic surgery will lose the feeling in the operated area while other patients may experience trouble moving muscles in the operated area. The procedure you are having done will determine the risks involved. Smokers, diabetics, people with heart conditions and certain allergies are much more likely to have complications that other people of good health can avoid. Before undergoing plastic surgery, you...
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...Yosiah Prof. E Science and Human Values Within the past century and a half concentrated greenhouse gas has had an enormous effect on the polar ice caps. The melting of these ice caps cause fresh water to be added to the north Atlantic current in large amounts triggering an ice age. When this effect takes place over time it can disrupt our warm climate and cause more frequent and more dangerous natural disasters, mostly our warm climate. Hurricane Katrina is only a glimpse of what will happen on a larger scale if nothing is done to reciprocate it. Unfortunately oil profiting is the culprit, burning large amount of fossil fuels, and pollution degenerates our fragile climate globally also. We have become so dependent on it; alternatives must be made available and educated on a world wide scale. America and China could be the automobile that puts everything in motion. Once they start it as forerunners the world will follow suit. The day After tomorrow shows evidence such as polar caps and great visual affects of ice caps the size of small states breaking off and melting into the north Atlantic current. Meetings were held at the U.N. to create awareness and begin preventative measures necessary for future generations. The results were meet with denial and financial strains it could cause. Commencing the meeting signs shortly started to become evident. At the headland the center in Scotland, were observatory research is conducted, they noticed a boy has a temperature drop...
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...Examine the evidence used to investigate long, medium and short term climate change. (15 marks) We know climate change is happening because we have wetter/dryer and warmer changes in normal patterns and sea levels have rose. Climate change has three sections; long term, medium term and short term. The evidence used to investigate long term climate change is ice cores and pollen. Long term is up to 450,000 years and the evidence is averagely reliable. Ice cores are used by drilling deep into the ice sheets, ice sheets are made up of layers of ice – one layer is formed every year. They then analyse the gases trapped when the ice is formed to tell what the temperature was each year, they can now figure out how temperature has changed overtime. An example of this is a core has been extracted from the Antarctic ice sheet to a depth of 3000m and has been used to tell the temperature for the last 400,000 years. Secondly, the evidence used to investigate medium term climate change is tree rings and glaciers. Medium term is a couple of thousand years and the evidence is quite reliable. Tree rings are used because a new tree ring is formed every year and if conditions were good the tree ring produced will be thick. The thicker the tree ring the better the climate conditions. Tree rings can show and date climate conditions for up to 10,000 years. Finally, the evidence used for short term climate change is the Met Office. Short term can be up to a time period of 50 years and the evidence...
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...Suggest why some groups and communities view the melting of Greenland’s ice sheet as an opportunity rather than a threat. (10) Some groups and communities view the melting of Greenland’s ice sheet as an opportunity rather than a threat because the melting ice creates some commercial advantages for the Arctic region; the Northern Sea Route, North of Canada, is the quickest way of travelling from Europe to the Pacific and Asia. This also increases the tourism opportunities because 30% of Inuit earn income from sculpture and printmaking for tourists, as the tourist ships are able to transport to the northern Canada. As the rapidly melting ice offers commercial opportunities in shipping, tourism and oil and gas extraction, the world’s largest economies are struggling but as well as trying to achieve and get hold of the region within the Arctic. A region in the Arctic thought to be contain 30% of the world’s undiscovered gas and 13%% of undiscovered oil. In addition, more oil can be used by groups of Inuit for essentials like the uses of fossil fuels. In Alaska, due to the new drilling activity, it creates new job opportunities and incomes for the local economy, which means more Inuit, get the job opportunities like this. Furthermore, there are currently four more mining operation being setting up and soon, it will provide jobs for natives in Greenland. In 2007, the Northwest Passage between Canada and Arctic melted enough to allow shipping for the first time and also allow more...
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...Polar ice caps are sheets of ice close to the North and South poles. They are formed because they are in high-latitude regions, which results in less exposure to the heat from the sun, causing the temperatures to be very cold. Average temperatures at the North and South poles have begun to get hotter because of environmental changes, like global warming and gas emissions, causing ice caps to melt and often times, break apart. (What is a Polar Ice Cap, 2015) Why did I choose this topic? This topic is interesting for me because it proves that we, as humans, have destroyed our earth. It shows that even though we talked as a whole about fixing the global issues of our earth that we created, we didn't act fast enough to fix it, and now we are facing those consequences....
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...Melting Ice and Rising Seas Sea ice is the frozen seawater which covers 20 million square kilometers of the polar, the ice is only a few meter thick. Glaciers and land ice can be up to more kilometers thick. Because of the climate change caused by CO2 emission and other natural events like volcanos, the sea ice, glaciers and land ice started to melt. Since 1980 the climate changed by 0,5Cº and continuously rises. If all the global land ice would completely melt the ocean level would raise about sixty meters. The sensitivity in the arctic is very high and responds quickly to changes, because of the climate change the acritical sea ice started to melt and where before was ice is now open sea. Ice is reflecting most of the sun heat and by this avoiding that the ice sheet is heading up too much. Instead water doesn’t have this ability the open water around the sea ice is heading up the area, which leads again to a more faster melting of the arctic sea ice. In 40 years one third of the arctic sea ice amount dropped down, which is half the size of Australia. The reduction of the sea ice leads also to a change in the golf string, which is affecting the global circulation and weather. Because of the open sea area now in the arctic new ship routs are now available, which have also an impact of the environmental in the arctic. Over the next or three decades, there will be no artic summer sea ice anymore. Not only that the reduction of the arctic sea ice have an impact on the golf stream...
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...pre-industrial ranges and for 3 years in a row, that has been the hottest 12 months on file. Though the scientific proof seems frantic in favor regarding global warming, there are those, for more than a few reasons, who trust that global warming is a hoax yet not empirically verified. This is disappointing, as the future concerning our planet is at stake, then the final thing we have to do in this crucial period is argued whether or not our world is being destroyed. In rule to enlighten these who believe global warming is not currently happening, I will give evidence that will prove that global warming is real due to sea levels rising, international temperatures rising, warming oceans, shrinking ice sheets, melting Arctic sea ice, glacial retreat, intense weather events, sea...
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...Arctic Case Study Produce a case study file on Global Warming in the Arctic You should include: i. A map/definition of the Arctic ii. Evidence for the extent of warming iii. Key environmental, social and economic changes iv. Are there any advantages to global warming in the Arctic? v. Global concerns. Definition The Arctic is a polar region at the top of the world in the northernmost region of the Earth. The Arctic consists of the Arctic Ocean and parts of Canada, Russia, the United States, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Iceland. Evidence for the extent of global warming The average Artic temperatures have risen at 2 times compared to the of the world with the increase being 3-4°c in the last 50 years. In the next 100 years people predict that temperature of land will rise by 3-5°c and 7°c over the oceans. The ice withdrawal was at it smallest ever with its biggest ever retreat since records began, US scientists have confirmed that this is true. Also the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) said the extent of the retreat was 4.13 million sq km. which breaks all previous records breaking the previous record of 5.32 million sq km in 2005. This allowed the Northwest Passage to be declared open. There are concerns that Arctic will shrink, and with the melting glaciers and other ice in Greenland, could soon contribute to a substantial rise in sea levels worldwide. And sea levels have risen significantly with the sea levels rising...
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...First of all with Climate Change it changes the temperature of even one of the coldest part’s of the world, which causes Arctic Sea Ice to melt. Since 1979 the Arctic sea ice has declined .Each decade the Arctic sea ice is declining by 13.3 percent per decade (NASA, 2017). Study shows that in the next 100 years or sooner the world’s glaciers will have disappeared as will the polar ice cap, and the huge Antarctic ice shelf. Scientist believe that snow will become a rare phenomenon at what are now the world’s most popular ski resorts. (National Climate Assessment, 2012). This shows how much Climate Change can affect even the coldest parts of the world to where it would cost the ice to melt. With the Climate Change melting the glaciers,...
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...world? In the past years, scientific evidence for the warming of the climate system has been tracked down and is very unequivocal. According to National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), these are the signs that we are in a state of a climate change: The sea level rise – global sea level rose about 17 centimeters (6.7 inches) in the last century. Global temperature rise – all three major global surface temperature reconstructions show that Earth has warmed since 1880. Warming Oceans – the oceans have absorbed much of this increased heat, with the top 700 meters (about 2,300 feet) of ocean showing warming of 0.302 degrees Fahrenheit since 1969. Shrinking ice sheets – the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have decreased in mass. Declining Arctic sea ice – both the extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly over the last several decades. Glacial retreat – glaciers are retreating almost everywhere around the world – including in the Alps, Himalayas, Andes, Rockies, Alaska and Africa. Ocean acidification – since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the acidity of surface ocean waters has increased by about 30 percent. And of course the occurring of extreme events, 2 years ago, our country was hit by a strongest typhoon to be made in the history; Typhoon Yolanda with an international name Typhoon Haiyan. Those were devastating moments as Filipinos; it took a way thousands of lives, homes, businesses, and totally everything. Now, we are experiencing...
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