...Unit July 2011 Table of Contents Mortality Consumption Prevalence of Tobacco Use and Cessation Tobacco Advertising and Promotion State Laws and Secondhand Smoke International Smoking Prevalence List of Tables Table 1: Smoking-Attributable Deaths Among Adults, 2000-2004 and Projected Smoking-Attributable Deaths Among Youth, 2003-2004 Table 2: Cigarette Consumption, United States, 1900-2007 Table 3: Number of Adults Who Were Current Smokers by Sex, Race, and Age, Selected Years, 1965-2009 Table 4: Percent of Adults Who Were Current Smokers by Sex, Race, and Age, Selected Years, 1965-2009 Table 5: Age-Adjusted Prevalence (%) of Current Cigarette Smoking by Persons 25 and Older by Sex, Race and Education, Selected Years, 1974-2009 Table 6: Percent of Adults Who Smoke by the Number of Cigarettes Smoked Daily and the Percent Who Smoked >24 Cigarettes Daily by Sex, Race, Hispanic Origin, Age and Education, Selected Years, 1974-2009 Table 7: Percent of Young Adults (Ages 18-24) Who Were Current, Former or Never Smokers by Sex, Race and Education, 1965-2009 Table 8: Current Cigarette Smoking Prevalence (%) Among Adults by State, Selected Years, 1984-2009 Table 9: Percent of Adults Who Use Other Tobacco Products by Age and Sex, 2002-2009 Table 10: Percent of All Middle and High School Students Who Were Current Users of Tobacco Products by Sex and Race/Ethnicity, 2000-2009 Table 11: Percent of High School Students Who Reported Current Cigarette Smoking By Sex...
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...and the other half is physical.” - Yogi Berra "Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration." - Thomas Edison Preface You know what a percentage is. 2 out of 4 is 50%. 3 is 25% of 12. Etc. But do you know enough about percentages? Is a percentage the same thing as a fraction or a proportion? Should we take the difference between two percentages or their ratio? If their ratio, which percentage goes in the numerator and which goes in the denominator? Does it matter? What do we mean by something being statistically significant at the 5% level? What is a 95% confidence interval? Those questions, and much more, are what this book is all about. In his fine article regarding nominal and ordinal bivariate statistics, Buchanan (1974) provided several criteria for a good statistic, and concluded: “The percentage is the most useful statistic ever invented…” (p. 629). I agree, and thus my choice for the title of this book. In the ten chapters that follow, I hope to convince you of the defensibility of that claim. The first chapter is on basic concepts (what a percentage is, how it differs from a fraction and a proportion, what sorts of percentage calculations are useful in statistics, etc.) If you’re pretty sure you already understand such things, you might want to skip that chapter (but be prepared to return to it if you get stuck later on!). In the second chapter I talk about the interpretation of percentages, differences...
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...A RESEARCH REPORT ON “SHISHA CULTURE: WHY IS INCREASING IN YOUTH OF PAKISTAN?” Prepared for Karachi University Business School Prepared By Um-e-Amama Areeb Gul khan ENROLEMENT NO: BAC/UCGI/3418/2007 BS VIII University of Karachi A RESEARCH REPORT ON “SHISHA CULTURE: WHY IS INCREASING IN YOUTH OF PAKISTAN?” Prepared By Um-e-Amama Areeb Gul khan ENR NO: BAC/UCGI/3418/2007 BS VIII University of Karachi PREFACE It is mandatory for every student of bachelors of business administration from University College affiliated to KARACHI UNIVERSITY, to make a Research Report. My experience during the research period has been very exciting and knowledgeable. Now I have a broader idea about the subject and my vision has expanded which will be helpful for me in my professional and personal life. In this report I describe the history and hazards of smoking shisha culture and why it increase in youth of Pakistan. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, I would like to say Alhamdulillah, for giving me the strength and health to do this report work until it done not forgotten to my family for providing everything, such as money, to buy anything that are related to this research report and their advise, which is the most needed for this research report. Internets, books, computers and all that as my sources to complete research report. They also supported me and encouraged me to complete...
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...observations in one sample are independent of those in the other sample Example: Randomized experiments that randomly allocate subjects to two treatments Example: An observational study that separates subjects into groups according to their value for an explanatory variable Dependent samples: Dependent samples result when the data are matched pairs – each subject in one sample is matched with a subject in the other sample Example: set of married couples, the men being in one sample and the women in the other. Example: Each subject is observed at two times, so the two samples have the same subject Categorical response variable: For a categorical response variable - Inferences compare groups in terms of their population proportions in a particular category - We can compare the groups by the difference in their population proportions: (p1 – p2) Example: Experiment: Subjects were 22,071 male physicians Every other day for five years, study participants took either an aspirin or a placebo The physicians were randomly assigned to the aspirin or to the placebo group The study was double-blind: the physicians did not know which pill they were taking, nor did those who evaluated the results What is the response variable? The response variable is whether the subject had a heart attack, with categories ‘yes’ or ‘no’. What are the groups...
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...A RESEARCH REPORT ON “SHISHA CULTURE: WHY IS INCREASING IN YOUTH OF PAKISTAN?” Prepared for Karachi University Business School Prepared By Um-e-Amama Areeb Gul khan ENROLEMENT NO: BAC/UCGI/3418/2007 BS VIII University College Affiliated with University of Karachi A RESEARCH REPORT ON “SHISHA CULTURE: WHY IS INCREASING IN YOUTH OF PAKISTAN?” Prepared By Um-e-Amama Areeb Gul khan ENR NO: BAC/UCGI/3418/2007 BS VIII University College Affiliated with University of Karachi PREFACE It is mandatory for every student of bachelors of business administration from University College affiliated to KARACHI UNIVERSITY, to make a Research Report. My experience during the research period has been very exciting and knowledgeable. Now I have a broader idea about the subject and my vision has expanded which will be helpful for me in my professional and personal life. In this report I describe the history and hazards of smoking shisha culture and why it increase in youth of Pakistan. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, I would like to say Alhamdulillah, for giving me the strength and health to do this report work until it done not forgotten to my family for providing everything, such as money, to buy anything that are related to this research report and their advise, which is the most needed for this research report. Internets, books, computers and all that as my sources to complete...
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...Smoke-Free Ontario Strategy Evaluation Report Ontario Tobacco Research Unit November 2012 Smoke-Free Ontario Strategy Evaluation Report Suggested Citation: Ontario Tobacco Research Unit. Smoke-Free Ontario Strategy Evaluation Report. Toronto: Ontario Tobacco Research Unit, Special Report, November 2012. Ontario Tobacco Research Unit ii Smoke-Free Ontario Strategy Evaluation Report Acknowledgements Many people were involved in the preparation of this report. Key authors are Robert Schwartz, Shawn O’Connor, Alexey Babayan, Maritt Kirst, and Jolene Dubray. Marilyn Pope, David Ip, Pamela Kaufman, and Marian Smith provided editorial comments on an earlier draft and Sonja Johnston provided production assistance. The interpretation and opinions expressed in this report are the responsibility of the Principal Investigators of the Ontario Tobacco Research Unit (OTRU): Susan Bondy, University of Toronto K. Stephen Brown, University of Waterloo Joanna Cohen, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, University of Toronto Roberta Ferrence, University of Toronto, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health John M. Garcia, University of Waterloo Paul McDonald, University of Waterloo Robert Schwartz, University of Toronto, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Peter Selby, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto Ontario Tobacco Research Unit iii Smoke-Free Ontario Strategy Evaluation Report Table of Contents Acknowledgements...
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...prevalence of obesity in Australia is 20.5%: 19.1% for males and 21.8% for females. The prevalence of being overweight but not obese was 39.1%: 48.2% for males and 30.2% for females. The number of overweight and obese adults increased from 4.6 million in 1989–90 to 5.4 million in 1995, 6.6 million in 2001 and 7.4 million in 2004–05. Approximately 25% of children are overweight or obese, up from an estimated 5% in the 1960s. (ABS, 2007) (Allman, AI. 2008) In Sydney, 57 per cent of people are overweight or obese, compared to 67 per cent in other areas. This figure is relatively low in comparison to other major cities such as Perth (72 %), South Australia (61.5%) and Victoria (68%). (Markey, A. & Watson, C, 2011). When looking at the population and demographics of obesity it is seen In 2007-08, higher proportions of males aged 18 years and over were overweight or obese (63%) than were females (48%). (ABS, 2007) When comparing age groups in general, rates of overweight/obesity are higher in older age groups, although males and females in the oldest age group (75 years and over) had lower rates. Adult male overweight/obesity rates are higher than female rates across all age groups. (ABS, 2007) In 2004-05, 62% of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander males and 58% of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander females aged 18 years and over were overweight or obese. For both Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander males and females, the rates for overweight/obesity were higher in older...
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...unhealthy habit of tobacco smoking (Albert Health Services, 2012). Discussion Tobacco smoking is really injurious to health. The smoke of tobacco contains several dangerous chemical. These chemicals are injurious to both smokers and nonsmokers. There are more than 7,000 chemicals in the tobacco smoke. Al large amount of them, around 250 chemicals, are very harmful. These harmful chemicals include carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, and ammonia. The habit of tobacco smoking is very dangerous for health. It affects almost every organ and part of the body. The ultimate impact of smoking is the diminishing of overall health (Propel, 2012). Health Consequences of Smoking There are millions of Canadian who smoking has caused lots of problems. It is also the primary cause of cancer. This cancer even leads to death. It cause causes to several parts of the body including lungs, larynx, throat, mouth, kidney, pancreas, bladder, and stomach. It also causes heart deceases and heart stroke. The habitual smokers are at higher risk that they develop airway infections and pneumonia (Schane et al, 2010). If a smoker is pregnant then there are heavy chances that she might give too early birth, and the birth weight may also be very low. A female...
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...Lecture 12: Introduction to Survival Analysis In many biomedical studies, the outcome variable is a survival time, or more generally a time to an event. We will describe some of the standard tools for analyzing survival data. Most studies of survival last a few years, and at completion many subjects may still be alive. For those individuals, the actual survival time is not known – all we know is how long they survived from their entry in the study. Similarly, certain individuals may drop out from the study or be lost to follow-up. Each of these cases is said to be censored, and the recorded time for such individuals is their time until the censoring event. Example: HPA staining for breast cancer survival We consider data from a retrospective study of 45 women who had surgery for breast cancer. Tumor cells, surgically removed from each woman, were classified according to the results of staining on a marker taken from the Roman snail, the Helix pomatia agglutinin (HPA). The marker binds to cancer cells associated with metastasis to nearby lymph nodes. Upon microscopic examination, the cancer cells stained with HPA are classified as positive, corresponding to a tumor with the potential for metastasis, or negative. It is of interest to determine the relationship of HPA staining and the survival of women with breast cancer. The survival times in months Ti and staining results (xi = 0 for negative and xi = 1 for positive) for the 45 women are presented in the following table. Also included...
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...essential to find out more about the reasons and compulsiveness of the college smoker in order to help the smoker cope with situations that cause them to smoke. College students have had lower smoking rates than people the same age who are not in college, but the gap is narrowing. It shrunk from 20.0% in 1980 to 10.0% by 1999 (Halperin, 2002). Surprisingly, most of the people who start smoking in college only smoke socially and when around others. Most of those who exclusively smoke during parties do not even consider themselves as smokers (Kimberly Waters 2010). The rest who were smokers before they entered college are mostly the ones that smoke cigarettes habitually and by themselves (Patterson, F 2004). For many students, smoking is synonymous to college life. Most college students are bound to enjoy partying and found freedom when they reach the legal drinking age. Many develop the habit of smoking when they are drinking. Students may believe that smoking calms them during high-stress situations like class workload, earning money while at school and social difficulties (Ireland, Jae. 2010). Social statuses were a factor in why students smoke. Areas where people have low income were more likely to smoke because of the marketing and availability of tobacco products. A study taken in Karachi, Pakistan showed that students from low-income areas with fewer resources are more likely to become smokers. Tobacco products were easily accessible in these areas (Rozi et.al 2007)...
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...This essay analyzes Hauora issues of Maori people in New Zealand, providing the most fundamental and crucial elements and moments of its continuous effects from the colonial era until now. In this essay I mainly discuss about the issues of the Maori health before colonization, during colonization, and after colonization. I had used the different methods of research to analyze the data for the issues of Maori health. The research methods used are complete online research method text, course resources and reading and analyzing data from different books as literary review. A systematic review of the literature was undertaken to locate relevant information on Maori health. The review formed the body of work on which this essay was based. The literature search was limited to work published between 1900 and 2010 in six subject areas: Maori health in early 1900 till present day, Maori concepts and models, Maori health models, Maori and disability, Treaty of Waitangi and Maori health. The databases searched included all of the New Zealand university library catalogues, the City Library and Google Scholar. Sources that appeared to be relevant were entered into the Reference. In 1769 James Cook concluded that Maori were healthy race .Prior to settlement by Europeans, Maori had been protected from many illnesses because of New Zealand’s Isolation from the large population centers of the world. Now a day’s Maori are recognized as being over represented statistically in poor health issues...
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...I have been looking at trend and patterns of health and illness of different social groups. Some factors that could affect this are gender, social, geographical location, ethnicity and age. I have used several statistical sources to find out if social class does affect health and illness. The world health organisation states “a state of complete health physical, metal and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Social class is an informal ranicing of people, based on their income, occupation, education, dwelling and other factors. This may be referred to as a socio – conic backgrounds. Morality (death) and morbidity (sickness) vary greatly among different social class. Social class factors that cause inequalities are income, occupation, education and environment. Cultural or behavioural This explanation looked at the behaviour and lifestyle choices of people in the lower social classes. It appeared lower social class smoked more, drank more alcohol, take less exercise and eat more junk food. Poor lifestyle choices were linked to a range of chronic – illnesses, heart disease, cancer, diabetics and bronchitis. Personally I think that the message people have about alcohol, smoking and drugs is that they do it to look cool in front of their friends or that they have been peered pressured into it especially with alcohol. Only 65 per cent of people actually drink alcohol and smoke to be more socially with friends. the people who drink 60 per cent of...
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...Written Report Adam Hassen, Matt Herrig, David Indehar Statistics 12/10/2012 SITUATION: We are investigating the amount of cigarettes smoked by the population of smokers in the metropolitan area. The metropolitan area is defined as the greater metro area of Minneapolis and Saint Paul, and near suburbs. Furthermore, we are attempting to make inferences on meaningful and relevant correlations and trends within the data, among other insights in to the population. SAMPLING METHOD/DATA COLLECTION METHOD: We obtained our samples by walking around Downtown Minneapolis individually (with each group member surveying different sections of the downtown area), seeking out individuals that were smoking and occasionally asked various people that were loitering outside. We would then introduce the project and ourselves, explain to them the situation, and ask them if they were willing to partake in the survey. If they agreed to participate, we would hand the participants the survey to complete, or upon their request, simply ask them the questions and record their answers. We did this on three separate occasions. Roughly 40 percent of our sample was acquired between 5:00PM and 8:00PM on Tuesday night, 30 percent between 11:00AM and 2:30PM on Wednesday, and the remaining 30 percent between 4:00PM and 6:00PM on the same Wednesday. Some bias that could be influencing our data is the fact that, in general, the population of downtown Minneapolis is somewhat more likely to consist of individuals...
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...Business of Women, Buddle attempts to highlight the key features of entrepreneurial women in the 1900’s in Western Canada, exploring how and why women entered the business world. In this book, Buddle examines case studies and primary documents in order to expose the world of female entrepreneurs. Buddle focuses on issues of gender and class relations that influenced the ability of women to become self-employed. Although the information presented in this book represent the period of 1901 to 1951, I will attempt to draw connections, through the use of a summary and analysis, between the materials presented in this book to 21st century businesswomen. In the first part of The Business of Women, Buddle addresses reasons why women were more likely to be self-employed in British Columbia. Buddle highlights frontier characteristics that depict why a larger proportion of women in British Columbia were married and were self-employed. In British Columbia, women married in higher proportion, compared to the rest of Canada. Many males arrived in British Columbia in the 1850’s during the gold rush and many men settled in Western Canada in order to work in the logging, fishing, and mining industry. These influxes of male wage-earners lead to an overabundance of men in the province (26). The gender imbalance resulted in women finding it easier to marry, while men found it much more difficult. Women worked during their marriage when their spouses could not provide sufficient financial support...
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...independence and feel empowered, and equating their struggles and triumphs during a new era of equality, the Phillip Morris Company launched one of the most successful cigarette campaigns in history geared towards the feminist movement that spanned over a 30 year period. This ingenious campaign not managed to interpret feminism into something to sell, but it paved the way for inverted feminine ideology while female consumer simultaneously became enslaved by the very tobacco company that sought to empower them. As the proportion of female smokers soared to 33%, tobacco companies began to see them as means to increase sales. One such company was the Phillip Morris Company. Riding high on a successful campaign strategy that catapulted Marlboro sales to the top, the company sought out the very advertising agency that had engineered that campaign, the Leo Burnett Agency, to conceptualize and market its women’s specific cigarette. The agency drew its inspiration based on the name Virginia (a previous acquisition of Phillip Morris known as Virginia Rounds), and the rising trend of smokers noted moving toward a longer cigarette it had in its arsenal, Silva Thins. Provided with the name, Virginia Slims, Burnett began to work his magic. The most unique part of the process had to be the means in which it was originally marketed. Far before the development of the product ever went to market, Burnett marketed his concept and campaign to the gender specific segment first. The new brand was so successful...
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