...According to official statistics in 2000, 26 white people were arrested per 1000 of the population, with 113 per 1000 for ‘blacks’. According to the British Crime Survey the majority of crime is intra-racial, with 88% of white victims stating that white offenders where involved, 3% claiming the offenders were black, 1% Asian and 5% ‘mixed’. In British prisons, the number of African-Caribbean prisoners is proportionately, 8 times higher than would be expected. Hall et al.’s study of street crime (‘mugging’), known as policing the crisis, shows a particular kind of Marxist approach. According to Hall, the late 1970s were a time of crisis for British capitalism. The country was undergoing industrial arrest, there was a collapse in the economy and the political unrest in Northern Ireland was harsh. When capitalism is in crisis the normal methods of control of the population may be to a unsatisfactory standard, and it’s sometimes necessary to use force. However, using obvious repression needs some form of reason. It was in these circumstances that the media, basing their reports on police briefings, highlighted a huge increase in ‘mugging’. According to Hall, the focus on a relatively small problem, caused by a group who were already viewed negatively, served the purpose of drawing attention away from the crisis and focusing blame on young African-Caribbean males. This ‘moral panic’ then increased numbers of police on the streets, acting in a more repressive manner. Therefore,...
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...to maintain freedom and equality in this society. Liberal Culturalism, proposed by Kymlicka, and the politics of positional differences, proposed by Young, are two positions in this philosophical debate which recognizes the need for group rights and advocates on its behalf. While these two positions have very similar qualities, the politics of positional difference has the most convincing argument in this philosophical debate, due to its...
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...My Country is Canada Name Institutional Affiliation Date My country Canada consists of ten provinces and three territories. It borders USA on the North and USA Alaska on the South East. My country is one of the largest in the world consisting of 9.98 million square kilometers. Originally, my country was inhabited by Aboriginal people. However the British and French invaded the land establishing significant administrative settlements. There have been changes in how people relate to each other in my country. Territories that are now self-governing have different social and political setting. For that reason, there are significant political and social beliefs in the country. There are significant political and social beliefs in Canada. I believe the social value define our society. The ideology of political parties is largely conservative, liberal and social democratic. The ideology is generated from social movements, for instance, women movement in the country. There are also stereotypes fueled by the anti-globalization movement, which encourages social justice for less developed nations that encourages democratic decisions making. In my country, there also exists humanism and egalitarianism that have far-reaching political and social welfare beliefs. In my country, there are multiple values that enhance the quality of ideologies, which ends up treating people with respect to each other. The quality specifically enhances the integrity, dignity and facilitates self-determination...
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...EN105 25 January 2015 Racism For many years African Americans have been discriminated against, not as individuals, but solely because of the color of their skins. In her essay “How it Feels to Be Colored Me”, Zora Hurston relays to the reader that being discriminated due to your color doesn’t take away from who you are as a person, nor does it change the morals and virtues and pride that you have for yourself. Hurston speaks of her life experiences, and through those experiences she has became to know who she was, which at the beginning made her feel ashamed. The author didn’t realize or have ever been truly exposed to racism until the age of thirteen, when she moved from Eatonville, FL., a predominately black community, to Jacksonville, FL. Until then white people only differed to Zora because they didn’t live in her town. There in Jacksonville Zora experienced racism and discrimination; through all of this Zora never felt bitter towards those that discriminated against her. “But I am not tragically colored. There is no great sorrow damned up in my soul, nor lurking behind my eyes. I do not mind at all. I do not belong to the sobbing school of Negrohood.” (Hurston 266). Though slavery was sixty years in the past, Zora understood that slavery was the price that was paid for civilization by her ancestors. Racism is alive and well. The past year many of us were stunned by the cases of racial intimidation and judicial bias, during the Michael Brown and Eric...
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...Following this came Pete Daniel in Dispossession in which strives to explain the significant but relatively unknown part of the civil rights movement involving the struggles against institutional discrimination that targeted black farmers in the South and their aptitude to serve as a window into the association between race and government in modern American history. In the years following the Civil War, the number of black farmers in the South grew swiftly. After the both world wars and the Great Depression, the numbers of farms in general decreased, but not proportionately along the ethnic groups of farmers. What Daniel exposes is the appearance between 1940 and 1964 of a considerably unequal ratio of white-owned to black-owned farms that...
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...Despite the argument that actuarial risk assessments through the use of psychometric scales are performed objectively, imprisonment is mainly directed at people from marginalised and disadvantaged groups (Matthew 2005, pp184-185). Since IY are a marginalised group in Australia, the penal system commonly targets them. This leads to the higher incarceration rate of IY compared to non-IY, and if prison is biased in its confinement of offenders, harmful behaviours caused by others outside the easily identified population may be overlooked. As stated by Kemshall and Pritchard (1996), the risk assessment method can be biased, extremely positivistic and dehumanising. To illustrate, disparities have been observed in the use of diversionary processes within Australian youth, as IY are 2.9 less likely to be cautioned compared to non-IY (Allard et al, 2010 p4). This can be caused by the categorisation of IY as more dangerous in comparison to young people of other racial background. The imbalanced use of diversion on youth can be interpreted as an institutionalised form of racial bias found within the criminal justice system, which leads to selective imprisonment. According to Johnston (1991), institutional discrimination or racism refers to the rules and...
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...Sheth begins, “Events such as the enslavement of African Americans, the internment of Japanese-Americans, and the current harassment and torture of Muslim or Arab men would be accidental deviations from the framework of liberalism.” (41) The subtext to liberalism is based of the ideal framework of equal protection and rights. Sheth argues this framework, creating her own framework, that she calls, “Violence of Law.” In general, her framework features racialization and racial division as a critical part of politics and sovereign power. This paper will further describe Sheth’s argument, while connecting her view of sovereign power to population control and racialization. In my opinion, I agree with Sheth’s new framework, and I will support her...
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...Introduction With practices aimed at reducing discrimination such as affirmative action, the argument has been made that racial discrimination is no longer a pressing issue in American society.[1] It has further been argued that the Constitution protects all citizens, and race has no weight in the American criminal justice system.[2] While the United States Constitution guarantees equal treatment of all citizens, regardless of race, racism still exists in the American law enforcement and criminal justice systems. In this era with the end of official institutional racism, there has been a corresponding shift from de jure racism to a de facto racism where members of minority groups, especially African Americans, are subject to unequal protection of the laws and excessive in the American criminal justice system, particularly in drug law enforcement.[3] Drug law enforcement is far more discretionary than for other offenses. It is for the police to decide when and where they will seek to make drug arrests, and what priority they will place on enforcing drug laws.[4] Since the war on drugs began in the 1980s, two general trends have been identified. First, there has been a substantial increasing in the number of drug arrests overall; and second, black males have constituted an increasing proportion of these arrests.[5] Based on this evidence, it would be natural to assume that the number of arrests is proportional to the crime rate – that blacks began using drugs in...
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...culture led to the unveiling of a few paradigms that were centered on the theme of bits and pieces of the Black culture being lost or forgotten. The Deficiency Paradigm argues that Blacks have no real culture, that slavery destroyed it, and that what passed as Black culture was simply a pathological reaction to Whites, a duplication of them or an expression of lower-class culture rather than a specific Black culture. The Crusian Paradigm argues that although culture must be seen as central, the three factors of culture, politics and economics must be welded together into a dynamic synthesis and social strategy. Both of these paradigms argue that Whites have tried to destroy black culture by forcing their ideas and ways upon blacks. The argument in both of the paradigms is also that an American culture existed instead of a Black culture. There are differences between the two paradigms. The basic idea behind the Deficiency Paradigm is that blacks have no culture of their own and that what they do have is borrowed from the white culture. The Deficiency Paradigm argues that there is a misjudgment...
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..."Oppression, Sexual Violence and Their Effects on Native American Women" (2013). Student Publications. Paper 87. http://cupola.gettysburg.edu/student_scholarship/87 This is the author's version of the work. This publication appears in Gettysburg College's institutional repository by permission of the copyright owner for personal use, not for redistribution. Cupola permanent link: http://cupola.gettysburg.edu/student_scholarship/ 87 This open access student research paper is brought to you by The Cupola: Scholarship at Gettysburg College. It has been accepted for inclusion by an authorized administrator of The Cupola. For more information, please contact cupola@gettysburg.edu. Oppression, Sexual Violence and Their Effects on Native American Women Keywords Native American Women, Sexual Violence, Oppression, Colonization, White Feminism Abstract This paper is a response to the chapter “Sexual Violence as a Tool of Genocide” in Andrea Smith’s book Conquest: Sexual Violence and American Indian Genocide. Smith argues that U.S. colonial culture strategically uses sexual violence against Native women as a weapon to ensure the oppression and marginalization of Native people. This paper details and examines Smith’s argument and also considers the influence of Native Women on White feminism. Despite the great influence Native culture has on White feminism, White Feminists’ perceptions of Native women is often skewed and biased, as a result of the systematic oppression that is...
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...reason the father took justice into his own hands was because it was well known that whites were favored in the eyes of the court and there was a chance the two men would get away with the rape of his little girl. This movie does a fantastic job of portraying institutional discrimination, racial inequality, and the reality of life in the south; even though slavery was abolished the deep seeded racism was still a part of everyday life and even more so when it comes to minorities and the criminal justice system. The town of Canton, Mississippi suffers from a wide variety of social inequality. First, the criminal justice system in the South is plagued with institutional discrimination. Even though the judicial system is suppose to be set up to try defendants of any race equally no matter what charges they are facing, this is not the reality. Fact is non-white individuals are judged and sentenced harsher while white defendants serve little to no time for their crimes. Second, it is well known in the movie that minorities are treated unfairly based on their race and social class, and for this reason they have an almost impossible chance of receiving a fair trial in the south, especially when the crime is against a white person or their property. Until we see each other as equals, justice will never be fair. Social stratification in one form or another is present in all societies (Ferris & Stein 2012, p.187). The town of Canton shows various forms of stratification...
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...Social stratification- is systematic inequalities among groups of people 1. Wealth and income (social class) 2. Racial inequality 3. Gender inequality. Equality/inequality -Ontological equality -Equality of opportunity -Equality of condition -Equality of outcome Why inequality exists? Inequality in wealth and access to resources is generated by three processes: 1.) Unequal division of labor and/or low mobility across occupations. 2.) Surplus or abundance of resources 3.) The desire to accumulate wealth and assets Types of social mobility: mobility refers to movement between different position within a system of social stratification 1. Horizontal 2. Vertical 3. Structural 4. Exchange Why the class structure is changing -Massive growth in inequality between the rich and the poor. Called the “Great U-Turn” -Shrinking of the working class, with some growth in middle class and working poor. -Growth of poverty and the “underclass” -Rate of poverty is increasing twice as fast as population growth Why income inequality is increasing -Largely due to the increasing concentration of wealth at the very top of the income distribution. consequences of income inequality -High levels of income inequality reduces social cohesion, overall health, overall wealth, and education -Increases crime, debt, and political polarization Social construction of race -Instead, social scientists argue that “race” is socially constructed. Racial...
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...Racial & Ethnic Short-Answer Questions (15) Should reparations be paid to the descendants of victims of slavery? • Some reject the decision made in the Bakke case that providing a remedy for the effects of racial discrimination is unconstitutional. They argue that the idea of reparations is rooted in international law. • Affirmative Action is inadequate, the ‘Maafa’ (meaning disaster, i.e., slavery) is a crime against humanity, and therefore compensation is required. • In the past 50 years apologies and financial compensation has been given to a wide range of groups, including survivors of the Jewish holocaust (as well as descendants of the victims), Japanese-Americans who were imprisoned during the Second World War and native Americans who had their land illegally seized in the USA. • African Americans have been demanding compensation for slavery since the end of the American Civil War. Immediately after the abolition of slavery, the demand was for 40 acres and a mule to ensure they would not be dependent on their former slave-owners. Then, between 1890 and 1917, there was a movement to lobby the government for pensions to compensate for their unpaid labour under slavery. Since 1989, Congressman John Conyers Jnr (Michigan) has introduced a bill every year to study the case for reparations. Each of these initiatives has been largely ignored by the political establishment. • Reparations would ensure full recognition of the scale of the Maafa and, at the same time...
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...The Benefits of Diversity in Higher Education Vanessa David de Campos June 30, 2014 Outline I. Introduction a. Thesis: Diversity in higher education, which is the inclusion and integration of minorities and marginalized groups, is important because it brings a variety of knowledge through the exposure of students to different perspectives, makes students prepared for working environments, and improves the country’s development. II. The Problems with the Lack of Diversity on Higher Education in the United States a. Comparison between the National Population Number of Minorities and the Number of People that Access Higher Education- Is it representative? b. Problems When the Minorities and Marginalized Groups are Misrepresented in Higher Education III. Higher education and Society a. Responsibility of Universities to Influence and Make Changes in the Society b. Affirmative Actions in the U.S Universities i. Historic ii. Controversial Points- a Defense of Affirmative Action as a tool to guarantee Diversity iii. Issues IV. Diversity a. What is Diversity? i. Defining Diversity in this Research Paper ii. Nomenclature b. Benefits to Society i. Collective and Individual Benefits ii. Numerical Representation and Informal Interactional Diversity iii. Interaction and Educational Benefits V. Preparing to Work a. Corporations, Global Trade Market and their necessities i. Amicus brief General Motors VI....
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...work hard. The system of privilege shaped the direction of his life. The hardships caused by lack of privilege and the real life brought by privilege is his construction: a product of the system of privilege. He is conscious about the power and legacy of privilege in the society (Tisdell, 1993). He says that Politicians often talk about issues like housing, poverty, healthcare and education, but they rarely link them to the role that racism plays in the United States. He adds that the media often reports personal crimes while under-reporting organized and traditional discrimination. In the country, Black and Latino males are most prospective to have their cars stopped and searched for drugs. Tim’s argument regarding the color-blind perspective relates completely to the issue of the privilege system. In the system, color-blindness is treated like an inability. Talking about the realities race, oppression and white privilege make people uncomfortable. There are races that feel superior and their position oppresses the minorities. Institutional privilege and inequality exist in every society, including Saudi Arabia. The Saudi system is dominated by the rich. The rich are comparable to the White privileged in America. The economic inequality makes one fall either to the dominant or the oppressed group. Racial Privilege (white) means that racial affiliation stands across all spectrums of life. It seems like a privilege to obtain legal, economic and health assistance...
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