...significance of “the arché question” 6. The being and becoming dilemma in early Greek philosophy 7. Explain Zeno’s paradoxes 8. Is total flux chaotic? Explain the nature of change in the system of Heraclitus 9. Define dialectic 10. Virtue in Greek philosophy. Explain the meaning of knowledge in Socrates’s ethics 11. Explain “Eutyfro dilemma” 12. Plato’s theory of ideas: ideas and sensual objects – differences and similarities 13. Plato’s theory of ideas: the conception of participation 14. Plato’s theory of ideas: the allegory of the cave 15. Plato’s theory of ideas: the ideal state 16. Aristotle: syllogisms 17.Hylomorphism: substance and its components 18. Aristotle: the four causes: what is the sense of final cause? 19. Aristotle: the theory of virtue (Golden Mean) 20. Aristotle: what does it mean to be a political animal? 21. The existence of God: ontological argument as formulated by St. Anselm 22. The existence of God: ontological argument as formulated by Descartes (deceitful demon and “Matrix”) 23. The existence of God: Pascal’s wager 24: Theodicy: how to explain suffering and injustice? 25. Descartes: the Cartesian method – its main assumptions and functions 26. Descartes: cogito and the mind/body problem 27. The theory of substance: monism and monistic theories 28. The theory of substance: pluralism and pluralistic theories 29. What is the...
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...*This task contains portions of material that was originally submitted during the 1303B Session in Composition and Critical Thinking with William Cramer and during the DB Phase 2 of 1401A session in Ethics for Professionals with Siamak Pourayan. PHIL301-1401A-04: Ethics for Professionals Individual Project 2 LaShonda M. Canada January 25, 2014 Abstract The Bible states in Proverbs 14:12, “There is a way that seems right to a man, but in the end it leads to death.” (NIV) The Bible is the instruction manual for human life to all Christian believers. It urges us to develop virtues such as responsibility, honesty, loyalty, love, and faithfulness. (Berkley, 1995) What happens when we deviate from these virtues? Does it mean we are the total opposite of what each virtue represents? This scripture depicts what happens when man creates their own laws and/or statues and behaves in such a way that benefits his needs. In the remainder of this paper, I will provide the various definitions of corruption and why it’s tolerated in certain environments. I will define ethical relativism and how it relates to corrupt behavior. Also, I will examine the most common, in my opinion, corrupt behavior which is theft. Corruption has various definitions, but the similarities of the definition have the same ending results, and that is, it involves some form of illegal activity. Merriam-Webster Dictionary Online defines corruption as: the impairment of integrity, virtue...
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...obtainable to this faction, as there are available to the ‘common white man.’ Perpetuated thoughts against this argument have branched from days as early as Aristotle and other celebrated philosophers. Times are progressing toward more equality in this area, however; in order to present these basic human rights to women, a specific law had to be put in affect. The passing of this edict also came along with many misinterpretations, which still inhabit stubborn minds today. Apart from this ordinance, many women partook an enormous influence on proving woman can actually compete and challenge men on the playing field, court, etc. From the beginning of time, women have existed right alongside with men. Many questions were conjured up as to why the physical existence is so distinct from each body. Many different philosophers constructed their own unique views on this matter. Aristotle believed that women are absolute subsidiary to men, thus establishing, anything women can do, men can do better, faster and stronger. Another world-renowned man, Rousseau, believed that men women existed with different capabilities, and women were here only to please men and carry out domestic and maternal duties. Also, as Aristotle claimed, Rousseau too contested that men stand above women. Similar to Rousseau, a philosopher by the name of Kant attested, women are to be wed, and therefore the servant of...
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...1. Cultural Relativism: Culture relativism is the view that all cultures are equal. Regardless of the cultural differences, no culture is better than another. Each culture sets their own moral and ethical standards to live by. An example of Cultural Relativism would be how in some cultures they believe women’s bodies, hair, and face must be covered at all times outside of the home when other cultures do not. Not every culture has the same beliefs. 2. Aristotle’s theory of Hylomorphism: The theory of Hylomorphism is Aristotle concept of people being both form and matter. Aristotle thought of form as the physical appearance (body) and the matter to be what the object consists of (soul). An example would be pavement. The unhardened clay would be the matter. The matter changes form when the clay hardens. 3....
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...Ethical Approaches Four Ethical Approaches Four Ethical Approaches- By Buie Seawell, Daniels College of Business, University of Denver There are many ways to define "ethics," almost as many as there are ethicists. For our purposes, let's use this definition: Ethics is the discipline and practice of applying value to human behavior (as well as to the constructs of human culture particularly to morality, customs and laws) resulting in meaningfulness. From the earliest moments of recorded human consciousness, the ethical discipline has exhibited four fundamental "approaches" These four approaches are often called "ethical decision-making frameworks:" Utilitarian Ethics (outcome based), Deontological Ethics (duty based), Virtue Ethics (virtue based) and Communitarian Ethics (community based). Each has a distinctive point of departure as well as distinctive ways of doing the fundamental ethical task of raising and answering questions of value. It is also important to understand that all four approaches have both overlaps and common elements. Some of the "common elements" of all four approaches are the following: · Impartiality: weighting interests equally · Rationality: backed by reasons a rational person would accept · Consistency: standards applied similarly to similar cases · Reversibility: standards that apply no matter who "makes" the rules These are, in a sense, the rules of the "ethics game", no matter which school or approach to ethics one feels the...
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...Aesthetic Value vs. Catharsis Robert Rauschenberg was a young, abstract expressionist, artist in his twenties, who wanted to experiment with creating emptiness with drawling. He approached Willem De Kooning, a famous Dutch American artist, for one of his drawling’s. Rauschenberg then took the drawling and eraded most of it only leaving a ghost of the drawling that was previously there. He titled it “Erased de Kooning”. A Kantian viewer’s would judge the “Erased de Kooning” as a loss of aesthetic value compared to the drawling because the “Erased de Kooning” is content based. The “Erased de Kooning” was a drawling that provoked a lot of controversy about if the work of art should be considered a drawling or not and who the artist of the work is. Aesthetics and aesthetic judgment is a...
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...Stuart Mill, follows a utilitarian approach to life. He says on utilitarianism, that our actions should promote happiness and or prevent unhappiness. He lays out a principle called the greatest happiness principle, in which, actions are right in proportion to their tendency to promote happiness, and wrong as they tend to unhappiness. Mill would think that it is required to torture the prisoners in order to serve the greatest happiness of those who would be saved, by preventing their unhappiness. Bentham, another utilitarian thinker, I assume would go about the situation the same way Mill would, only Bentham would inquire about the number of people affected no matter the distance. Bentham would also look at how much unhappiness is prevented vs caused. As Bentham believed that pain and pleasure are entirely quantitative. In today’s society, in enlightened countries at...
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...Grace Chin Paper #2 Intro to Philosophy, Phil-2-2503 Dr. Fjeld October 7, 2010 The Unbridgeable Gap Over centuries, the epistemological gap has been an issue of debate and controversy among deep philosophical thinkers. This very gap refers to the gap between “subject” and “object”, and it is this very gap that provoked the question of true objectivity. Can we reach true objectivity and in essence, know an object in itself? Although many philosophers found their own ways of bridging the epistemological gap and proposed many intellectual explanations, I found that for myself personally, none of the theories settled quite perfectly for me. There was always a lingering question among the theories as their own separate entities, and so as a believer of a mélange of different ideas and philosophies, I must say that I do not believe that the epistemological gap can be bridged. Plato first began to tackle the epistemological gap by presenting the idea of “Forms”. He insisted that through love here in existence, we are pointed to the perfect forms above, with each step up being a step closer to the higher Forms. He believed that all things in existence participated in the perfections above us. For example, anything beautiful here on earth partakes in the bigger, higher Form of “Beauty” in the heavens. Plato gives the cave parable in his dialectical The Republic to further explain the pathway from denseness to clear. All people on earth view only the shadows reflected off the...
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...propounded. Many people hold the view that we are responsible for looking after the world’s population by treating everyone the same and by providing equal treatment to everyone, regardless of the fact that individual situations may not allow for such actions. Unfortunately although this viewpoint is seen to hold ethical significance, it is simply not a reality that translates to a possibility. This paper argues in support of the ethical viewpoint, that treating people equally is not the most important moral principle in resolving issues of poverty, by employing fundamental arguments and supporting frameworks to contribute to this conclusion. Ethical grounds for my arguments shall be explored, such as theories propounded by Aristotle, Bentham, Stuart Mill and Kant, in order to support the framework and provide supporting claims. Education and the opportunities that learning environments provide, are fundamental to the measurable successes and accomplishments within our modern day society. However, the great disparity in education standards across the globe are grounds to base an argument on the fact that subsequently treating people equally regardless of access or the ability to achieve certain levels of education, is not equitable and reasonable. Unfortunately it has been estimated that approximately 72 million children who were of a primary school age, were not enrolled or attending school in 2005, with about 57% of them being females (Shah, 2013). It is widely known that more...
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...A Review of Ethics Concepts & Theories Educational Objectives: 1. Explain the type of problem that is addressed by philosophers. 2. Explain how ethical norms help address ethical issues that arise in accountancy. 3. Contrast the views of Mills, Machiavelli and Kant. 4. Describe what is meant by a social contract. 5. Analyze a given situation and tell why it would be appropriate or inappropriate to lie. 6. Explain the views of Kierkegaard and contrast him from other existentialists. 7. Discuss the concept that ethics cannot be based on religion. 8. Explain the use of ethical reasoning and how it can be used in your professional life. Introduction The major ethical principles accepted in the western world follow guidelines and rules that must be universally applied in all situations. These ethical principles are established primarily on the basis of teachings set forth by philosophers throughout the ages, starting with the great Greek thinkers Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. As you might expect, there have been many alterations 修改 to these moral principles throughout the years. What was considered ethically correct by some was rejected by others and replaced with their own concept of what constituted moral or ethical behavior. A Comment about Philosophy: Philosophy, unlike science, addresses issues that cannot be solved. In fact, some philosophers state that if a problem can be solved, philosophers will not even...
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...THREE ETHICAL APPROACHES BASED ON VIRTUE, DUTY AND CONSEQUENCE Three ethical approaches have evolved as the focus of those who study moral philosophy: virtue ethics, duty ethics and consequential ethics. Virtue ethics, associating ethics with personal habits, is associated with Aristotle. Duty ethics is associated with religious beliefs, although Kant tried to create a system of duties independent of belief in God. Consequential ethics is associated with the quest for rationalism during the Enlightenment, and especially with the Utilitarians. Virtue Ethics Plato and especially later Aristotle described moral behavior as “what the moral or virtuous person does.” The virtuous person develops a sense of right and wrong. This idea endures. We look to people we think of as ethical to give us advice on an ethical issue because such people have a sense of right and wrong. Aristotle tried to take the idea further, with less success. He thought that virtuous behavior meant people realizing their potential. He suggested that virtue was tied to moderation, a middle way between excess and deficiency. This idea is in practice not proven so helpful because where the midpoint is depends on where we put the extremes.[2] For example if an extreme drinker is someone who drinks six liters a day of vodka, then is three liters a day a moderate drinker? Markets operate without depending on the virtue of the business people who trade in them. But in practice ethical behavior is admired...
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...There are a lot of things we have learned in this course from ethical theories to moral reasoning and I think what we have learned in these last five weeks will help and should help us in a decision making process in the future. Virtue Ethics says that a person should make a decision on behalf of them rather than their culture or laws, as long as they are a good person, it is a good decision. It is person based rather than cultural. Virtue, practical wisdom and eudemonia, are the three main concepts that virtue ethics’ enforces. Aristotle and Plato are virtue ethics principle ethicists. Utilitarianism’s principal concepts are: egalitarianism, hedonism, consequentialism. This ethical system is based on a perception that a choice is moral when it has a result that is more positive for people. Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806-73) who was actually one of Bentham’s students, are, ethicist’s involved in developing utilitarianism. Social contact is that the persons’ moral or obligations are dependent on a contract or agreement. To be polite, not cheat or lie to one another in marriage, which marriage is like a contract. The ethicists that were involved in this were Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Individual relativism says that is not a universal standard. “All values are subjective because they are based upon the personal preferences that express one’s own self-interest” (Argosy, 2015). What you says goes basically, what you think is the...
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...concentrates on carrying out what is “right” consistent with their own ethics as it’s as ideals. (Trevino & Nelson, 2007)” “So this approach judges the morality of someone action based on the action's adherence to a rule or rules, according to which the rightness of an action is determined by its consequences.” | This focuses more on the integrity of the moral actor than on the moral act itself.”“A concentration on virtue ethics, or honesty, deal mainly with an individual’s character, inspirations, as their objectives, in place of results or regulations, as their crucial factor of moral philosophy.” (Trevino & Nelson, 2007) | Ethical thinker associated with theory | Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart | Immanuel Kant | Plato and Aristotle | Decision-making process | “What action nets the best consequences over bad consequences? Comes within reach of a decision by looking at various activities as well as results that are related with a problem. (Trevino & Nelson, 2007)”.Got to weight between good and bad consequences. | “What action nets the best consequences over bad consequences? Comes within reach of a decision by looking at various activities as well as results...
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...is timeless, REASON, we get his nature via revelation Tillich - symbols unlock things from God Bultmann -demythologising stories Wittgenstein -picture theory of language, language games James -physcology, empiricism,pluralism, pragmatism -passive, ineffable, noetic, transient -Philosopher/ Phychologist -rel exp has mental dimension, not just this -truth is in the results! Otto -Wholly Other Schliemacher -emotional experiences Buber -I thou relationship Feuerbach - God is man in large letters Freud - God stems from childhood Jung -rel exp is a result of collective unconscious Alston -rel exp may be the same as normal exp? Broad -blind society Hume -“transgression of a natural law” = miracles -miracle occurred Vs witnesses mistaken? (whats more likely?) -practical case against miracles (insane,supernatural, ignorant,pluralism) Holland -“too coincidental...
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...COM 450 Entire Course (UOP) For more course tutorials visit www.tutorialrank.com COM 450 Week 1 Individual Assignment Ethical Manifesto COM 450 Week 2 Individual Assignment Social Justice vs. Objective Reporting Paper COM 450 Week 3 Individual Assignment TARES Test Paper COM 450 Week 4 Individual Assignment Public Relations Analysis Presentation and Press Release COM 450 Week 5 Learning Team Assignment Final Learning Team Project COM 450 Week 5 Individual Assignment Censorship Paper ----------------------------------------------------------------- COM 450 Week 1 Individual Assignment Ethical Manifesto (UOP) For more course tutorials visit www.tutorialrank.com • Reflect on the consistency of your own ethical decision making. • Write a 350- to 700-word ethical manifesto that describes your personal approach to moral decision making and how you communicate ethically. • Summarize the major models of ethical decision making. • Include which models of ethical decision making are part of your manifesto. Provide rationale as to why you choose to include or why you do not choose to include models. • Select one of the following models of ethical decision making: o Golden mean (Aristotle) o Categorical Imperative (Kant) o Utilitarianism (Mill) o Veil of Ignorance (Rawls) o Persons as Ends (Judeo-Christian) • Use the philosophical principles from the ethical decision-making model selected to illustrate and apply it to your a real world communication example...
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