...Bone marrow transplantation is a somewhat new medical process where stem cells from the bone marrow are taken out and sieved to be given back either to the same individual or another individual. Being the key blood cell factory of the body, heart and soul forms a very critical portion of human body. It is used to treat numerous diseases nowadays that were considered to be incorrigible previously. Since the first bone marrow transplant that was efficaciously done in 1968, this process has been used to cure aplastic anemia, leukemia, multiple myeloma, immune deficiency sicknesses, lymphomas such as Hodgkin's disease and some solid tumors such as ovarian and breast cancer. Even though thousands of people undergo stem cell bone marrow transplant...
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...tissues. It would actually be pretty gross. Without your bones you wouldn’t be able to walk, or write, or talk, or anything else. When you are born, you have about 300 bones made of mostly cartilage. Cartilage is a soft "mushy" substance that acts as a pad. As you reach adulthood the cartilage turns to bone, and some of your baby bones join together to form larger bones. By adulthood the average human being will have 206 bones in their body. The bones in your body do more than just stand you up and keep you looking good. God made the skeletal system, the network of bones inside of you, to do lots of other important things. Besides keeping you from flopping around like an octopus on the ground, let’s see what else your bones can do. The skeletal system has a few functions. One of the functions, and probably the most obvious is support. Your bones are well designed for bearing the weight of the body, cartilage provides firm but flexible support for structures such as the ears and nose, and ligaments hold the bones together. The second function is protection. Bone, as we all know, is hard, so it protects the organs it surrounds. The skull protects the brain, the ribcage protects several organs such as the heart and lungs. Our vertebral column protects our spinal cord. Our spinal cord is actually just as delicate as our brain, but in order for it to work correctly, and give us flexibility, it must be able to move a lot. Which is why the vertebral column is so amazing, because it protects...
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...Institute 1. How does the volume of blood in your body compare to the volume of fluid in a two-liter bottle of soda? In the average-sized male the blood volume is 5-6 liters and 4-5 in the adult female. (Pg. 616) 2. What is the significance of a lower-than-normal hematocrit? A higher-than-normal hematocrit? Lower-than-normal hematocrit indicates anemia. Higher-than-normal hematocrit indicates polycythemia. (Pg. 619) 3. How is the development of lymphocytes unique when compared to the development of the other formed elements? B Lymphocytes develop in red bone marrow, T lymphocytes develop in red bone marrow and mature in the thymus; the other formed elements develop in red bone marrow. 4. How are red blood cells able to squeeze through capillaries that are smaller in diameter than they are? The cell membrane is strong and flexible, so it can deform without rupturing the cell. (pg. 622) 5. Why do red blood cells live for only about 120 days? Because of the wear and tear their plasma membranes undergo as they squeeze through blood capillaries. (pg. 622) 6. What is erythropoiesis? What factors speed up and slow down erythropoiesis? Erythropoiesis is production of RBCs. Erythropoiesis is speeded up when oxygen delivery to the kidneys falls and slows down when there is sufficient oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. (pg. 624) 7. What would happen if a person with type B blood were given a transfusion of type O Blood? Nothing would happen, because type...
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...body. Normally, your body forms new cells as you need them, replacing old cells that die. Sometimes this process goes wrong. New cells grow even when you don't need them, and old cells don't die when they should. These extra cells can form a mass called a tumor except in the case of leukemia where cancer prohibits normal blood function by abnormal cell division in the blood stream. In some cases cancer is preventable by avoidance of the risk factors, control occupational hazards, vaccination, etc. Unfortunately some cancers, like leukemia, are not preventable. Leukemia is commonly known as a cancer of the blood and affects blood-forming cells in the body. Leukemia is a type of cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue such as the bone marrow and causes large numbers of blood cells to be produced and enter the bloodstream. These deranged, immature cells accumulate in the blood and within organs of the body and are not able to carry out the normal functions of blood cells. Each year, nearly 27,000 adults and more than 2,000 children in the United States learn that they have leukemia. From 1999–2006, the rate of people dying from leukemia has varied, depending on their race and ethnicity (Center for Disease Control and Prevention , 2010). It is estimated that each year, approximately 30,800 individuals will be diagnosed with leukemia in the United States and 21,700 individuals will die of the disease. Although the overall incidence of leukemia has been declining in the United...
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...infection on the hematocrit? The significance of lower than normal hematocrit is anemia. This can be caused by nutritional deficiency, loss of blood, bone marrow problems, or abnormal hematocrit. The effect of bacterial infection would cause a decrease in hematocrit. 2. Compare the development of lymphocytes with the development of the other formed elements. Leukocytes are produced or stored in many locations in the body, including the thymus, spleen, and bone marrow. The two kinds of lymphocytes are B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes. Lymphocytes start out in the bone marrow and either stay there to mature into B cells, or they leave for the thymus gland, where they mature into T cells. Other formed elements, such as blood is a mixture of plasma and other substances which are developed through red blood cells or erythrocytes. Thrombocytes or platelets are formed by fragmentation of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow. 3. What is Erythropoiesis? Which factors speed up and slow down erythropoiesis? Erythropoiesis is the process of red blood cell formation or production which begins in the red bone marrow as a proerythroblast. It then divides several times until it reaches the end of development, ejects the nucleus, and becomes a reticulocyte. These develop into erythrocytes within one or two days after release from the bone marrow. Erythropoiesis slows down when there is a sufficient oxygen-carrying capacity of blood. It speeds up when the oxygen delivery to the kidneys and other...
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...“that's really thoughtful of you Ponyo, but don't worry, I can make it to the renal artery in time. Now you must go do your job, you're still all red. Deliver that oxygen soon, it will be needed. “Why?” Ponyo exclaimed. . “Why? Don't ask silly questions, it's your purpose, it's your job. Now keep moving i'll do same” said the ill cell slowly. As ponyo saw the ill red blood cell takes it’s way, she found herself feeling said. She knew she had to do her job, that is was her purpose, but she didn't understand if that was all her existence meant.Snuffling her watery eyes, she felt insifingtificat, alone, wishing to understand more. Without tracing her track ponyo was located in the popliteal artery, where there seem to be comtion at hand. In a rush many platelets rushed passed ponyo and to a open wound. They all stuck together forming a clot. Out from behind came a white blood cell yelling. “We must protect the body ! don't let any germs or disease survive, It's our duty as part of the immune system.” Ponyo looked at...
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...Jensen, Vanessa McDowell, Brianna Peterson, David Lee, Sam Olson, Jeff Murtha, Tim McCorry The disease that our group decided to do our project on is leukemia. Leukemia is a group of cancerous cells that usually starts in bone marrow and results in a large number of abnormal white cells, also known as leukocytes. The leukocytes do not fully develop and this is known as blasts or leukemia cells. Some of the symptoms of leukemia are bleeding and bruising, feeling tired, fever, and having an increased risk of infections. Diagnosing leukemia includes having a bone marrow biopsy or having multiple blood tests. There has not been an exact cause of why a person might have leukemia. There are multiple types of leukemia that have different causes inherited and also non-inherited. Some of the risk factors of leukemia are smoking, radiation, certain chemicals, prior chemotherapy, and having Down syndrome. Also when people have a family history of leukemia they may be at a higher risk. There are four main types of leukemia. The first type is acute lymphoblastic leukemia, second is acute myeloid leukemia, next is chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and last includes chronic myeloid leukemia. All of these will be discussed a little later. When looking for treatment for leukemia some of the options include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and bone marrow transplant. The success rate of the five year survival rate for adults is around 55%. For kids under 15 the survival rate is around...
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...multiple myeloma she complained about having back pain. We just assumed it was from her osteoporosis, which causes bones to become fragile (Osteoporosis Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014)....
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...Non Hodgkin's Lymphoma is cancer that begins in the lymph system in the white blood cells. These white blood cells are called lymphocytes and are in the immune system to fight off disease and infections. These white blood cells are found in the spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes, as well as other areas of the body. When these cells are abnormal they either duplicate faster than normal cells or live too long, no longer fighting off disease. The cells duplicating faster causes a tumor to develop. The malignant lymphocytes take over the healthy cells in the bone marrow causing the lymph nodes to enlarge. Lymph nodes are small structures within the body that contain immune cells that help fight infection by attacking and destroying germs that are carried through the lymph fluid. The human body has 500-600 lymph nodes with the largest grouping in the neck, armpit and groin area. Enlarged lymph nodes in the neck, armpit, chest, abdomen or pelvis are the most common symptoms. Other symptoms could include fever, night sweats, difficulty breathing, rapid weight loss, being tired or an itchy rash. However, there are many common illnesses and infections...
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...research an opening with no end. What is a stem cell? A stem cell is a cell that is undifferentiated, which means it can develop into any type of cell. There are three places stem cells can be obtained. They can be obtained from adult cells, bone marrow cells, and embryonic cells. According to the article on the website for The National Institute of Health on Stem Cell Research, stem cell research has been going on since the 1950’s (http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/basics4.asp). There are billions of dollars being poured into stem cell research, because of all the benefits that can be done with stem cells (http://www.allaboutpopularissues.org/pros-and-cons-of-stem-cell-research.htm). The first type of stem cell is the adult stem cell, which comes from individual’s bone marrow or the peripheral system (http://www.allaboutpopularissues.org/pros-and-cons-of-stem-cell-research.htm). Stem cells are undifferentiated and this allows them to grow into differentiated cell to be used wherever they are needed. Stem cell treatment has been used in treating cancer, and other major diseases. Stem cells can replace damaged cells and this helps with the healing process and in some cases the patient has even been cured of the disease, which is why the research with stem cells is so aggressive. Researchers have found that adult stem cells can be taken from many parts of the human body. Also with adult cells they are an exact match to the patient’s DNA, therefore the body’s immune system...
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...Molecular mechanisms of the initiation of Philadelphia chromosome-induced CML. … K: Tsaha, after hearing the causes, symptoms, treatments as well as their limitations, anymore to share? T: it seems that you're quite curious about cml. Why not tell more about how cml is diagnosed? K: Sure. From the clinical and laboratory perspective, here are some poor prohnosis characteristics. •Older age •Anemia •Poor performance status •Symptomatic presentation •Enlarged liver (Hepatomegaly) •Enlarged spleen (Splenomegaly) •Deficiency of blood platelets → bleeding into tissues → bruising → slow blood clotting after injury T: Let me add some complement. From the therapy associated perspective, here are some poor prohnosis characteristics. •Longer time to hematologic remission with myelo-suppression therapy •Short duration of remission •High total dose of hydroxyurea or busulfan •Poor suppression of Ph-positive cells by chemotherapy or interferon alfa therapy K: lets move on to the diagnosis part. We can obtain blood samples and bone marrow samples and undergo observation in laboratory. There are two ways to obtain samples. 1. blood samples from vein in the arm. 2. bone marrow samples from bone marrow aspiraton & biospy Observe leukemia cells under a microscope After that, we will undergo laboratory test which are Blood cell counts & blood cell exam. levels of different types of white blood cells how the cells look under...
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...new stem cell can also remain as a stem cell. When treating cancer with radiation therapy, more than just cancerous cells are destroyed. Dead cells from the brain, kidneys, lungs, liver and heart could be re-grown with the use of stem cells. It does not matter the type of injury sustained, or the disease that was contracted, stem cells have the ability to replace dead or faulty cells with new fully functioning healthy cells. Stem cells can even be used to effectively clone an organ for transplant. Stem cell research has the potential to do a lot of good in the medical environment. Since this is the case, why is there so much controversy surrounding the research? The controversy involved in stem cell research has to do with the way in which stem cells are harvested. There are three main methods of extracting stem cells – adult cells, umbilical cord cells and embryonic cells. Adult stem cells are removed from bone marrow. Bone marrow is a rich source of stem cells....
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...which would decrease the ratio of red blood cells to whole blood volume. 2. Compare the development of lymphocytes with the development of the other formed elements. (PAGES 629 631 632 769) Lymphocytes and the other formed elements are developed from pluripotent stem cells. The pluripotent stem cells generate myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells. Myeloid stem cells start and complete their development in red bone marrow and give rise to red blood cells, platelets, eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, and monocytes. Lymphoid stem cells begin development in the red bone marrow, but some are completed in the lymphatic tissues, where they give rise to lymphocytes. The B cell lymphocytes begin and finished in the red bone marrow and the T cell lymphocytes begin in the red bone marrow, but they mature in the thymus (Jenkins & Tortora, 2013). 3. What is erythropoiesis? Which factors speed up and slow down erythropoiesis? (PAGES 624-625) Erythropoiesis is the specific production of red blood cells or erythrocytes. It starts in the red bone marrow with a...
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...increase in demand for sperms, hair, plasma, eggs, among others. Even so, there are arguments for and against the commercialization of human organs such as marrow, kidney, and sundry, with both sides of the arguments facing criticism. It is imperative to investigate ethical aspects regarding commercialization of human organs. To reach a conclusion on whether it is ethical or unethical, this paper summarizes both sides of the argument and later presents a moral argument and rationale for commercialization of transplants. Without commercialization, there would be few potential donors willing to give out their organs to a dying patient who needs the specific organ urgently, which is contrary to human dignity. This is the moral argument in this report. Arguments for commercialization In 2009, a group of cancer patients, bone-marrow donation advocates, and parents filled a lawsuit against the US government. The federal law had banned buying and selling of human organs. One of the parents had three daughters suffering from a blood disorder called Fanconi anemia, whose treatment was bone-marrow transplant. In their argument, the plaintiffs maintained that many patients would die waiting from ailments that would otherwise be avoided through immediate transplants. They further argued that paying people for the donation of their marrow would ensure a greater and more reliable supply of it. The ruling came at the end of 2011. The decision by the US Court of...
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...Sickle Cell Disease is an illness that affects people all across the globe. This paper will give a description of the sickness through the discussion of the causes, symptoms, and possible cures. Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a "group of inherited red blood cell disorders."(1) These disorders can have various afflictions, such as pain, damage and a low blood count--Sickle Cell Anemia. Sickle cell disease is the most common inherited blood disorder in the United States. Approximately 80,000 Americans have the disease. In the United States, sickle cell disease is most prevalent among African Americans. About one in 12 African Americans and about one in 100 Hispanic Americans carry the sickle cell trait, which means they are carriers of the disease. Sickle cell disease is caused by a mutation in the hemoglobin-Beta gene found on chromosome 11. Hemoglobin transports oxygen from the lungs to other parts of the body. Red blood cells with normal hemoglobin (hemoglobin-A) are smooth and round and glide through blood vessels. In people with sickle cell disease, abnormal hemoglobin molecules - hemoglobin S - stick to one another and form long, rod-like structures. These structures cause red blood cells to become stiff, assuming a sickle shape. Their shape causes these red blood cells to pile up, causing blockages and damaging vital organs and tissue. Sickle cells are destroyed rapidly in the bodies of people with the disease, causing anemia. This anemia is what gives the disease...
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