As we move into the “Renaissance” period, artists of the fifteenth-century represented a variety of textures, shapes, and spaces that they experienced around them in their lives. They developed a style of painting called “linear perspective” which would allow them to reflect simulations of three-dimensional forms arranged in space. This would give the painting a depth and realism not seen until now in the different eras. There was a heavy emphasis placed on the realistic portrait-like paintings giving a life-like sense to the images. This Humanist style of painting placed great value on science reason, and the individual while keeping an unwavering religious faith style. One of the techniques developed in Northern Europe was “oil painting”, unlike the Italian artist, the northern artists painted in oil on canvas. Oil paint takes much longer to dry allowing the painter time to easily make changes. The long drying process would allow the paint to dry smooth erasing the brush strokes. More importantly, oil paint is translucent when applied in thin layers, known as glazes. This method of built up glazes would let the light penetrate to the lower layers and then reflect back which would create the appearance of an interior glow, giving viewers the illusion that they were looking at real objects rather than painted imitations.

Italian artists favored tempera, the method of suspending powered pigments in oils like linseed or sometimes walnut. One large difference from the Northern oils was that tempera had to be precisely applied as it dried almost immediately. Also, tempera has an opaque finish which did not allow light to penetrate to the lower layers not allowing the reflections, this resulted in a matte or dull finish unless a layer of varnish is applied to give the painting a sheen.

As we notice in figure 12-4 below, we see that the artists stay with some of the Christian features so well known in the Gothic and Romanesque periods except for a much more real or life-like detail. The patrons who funded this pious donation appear on the outside of the polyptych’s shutters, much brighter than the rest of the images in the otherwise sober painting, which is only visible when in the closed position. When in the open position however, the upper seven panels are vibrant and colorful depicting God, Mary, John the Baptist, angelic musical ensembles, and ending with Adam and Eve shown in startlingly lifelike nudes. The lower five panels are shown in almost amazing realistic images of meadows, woods cities and a diverse mixture of apostles, saints, confessors, virgins, martyrs, hermits, pilgrims… assemble to adore the Lamb of God as described in the book of Revelation. Fig. 12-4 (Closed) Fig. 12-4 (Open) Italian painters and artists aimed at achieving lifelike figures like their counterparts in the north but focusing on idealized figures in three-dimensional forms set within a rationally organized space using linear perspective. If we look at figure 12-7, we see the lifelike images of Mary, Joseph adoring the newborn Jesus with a host of angels and shepherds. One of the major differences from the northern art is the sympathetic expressions on the faces of the on lookers. Fig. 12-7 During this time in the Renaissance era, southern Europe rebirths the nude in the artworks as was a normal in early Greek art. Figure 13-11 below, Michelangelo’s “David”, the figure embodies the antique ideal of the athletic male, the facial expression on the other hand is a stark difference from the earlier arts showing emotional power and a concentrated glaze. Looking at figure 13-12, “The Creation of Adam”, Michelangelo captures the instance when god tasks him with the spark of life. The facial expressions and the body interaction are extremely evolved from the earlier Greek works and exhibits a more humanistic appearance. Figure 13-10, “Interior, Sistine Chapel”, Michelangelo painted images depicting the sincere empathetic expressions so well known to the Italian Classicism of Southern Europe. Fig. 13-9 Fig. 13-12

Fig. 13-10
The relationship between the artist and patron appears to have been somewhat comparable to what /the relationship between a ball player and his/her agent. The patron more often than not would be the subject of the painting. Often times they would be wealthy individuals with high level connections and they would either keep the painting for themselves or solicit the sale of the artworks for the artists. Some of the patrons would employ an artist to work solely for them. This would also enhance a reputation of artists.

Work Cited

Stokstad, Marilyn. Cothren, Michael W. “Art: A Brief History.” Fifth Edition. College Art. (2012) http://www.architecturecourses.org/ziggurat-ur. Figure 12-4. Windows Internet Explorer. Google Images. (02/02/2014). “Ghent Altarpiece.” https://www.google.com/search/ghent/altarpiece/.
Figure 12-7. Windows Internet Explorer. Google Images. (02/02/2014). “Portinari Altarpiece.” https://www.google.com/search/portinari/altarpiece/.
Figure 13-9. Windows Internet Explorer. Google Images. (02/02/2014). “David.” https://www.google.com/search/david/.
Figure 13-10. Windows Internet Explorer. Google Images. (02/02/2014). “Interior, Sistine Chapel.” https://www.google.com/search/interior/sistine/chapel/.
Figure 13-12. Windows Internet Explorer. Google Images. (02/02/2014). “Creation of Adam.” https://www.google.com/search/creation/of/adam/.