... 4. New sources of information about Language History in the 15th and 16th Centuries. The formation of the national English language, or Standard English, is considered to date from the period between the 15th and the 17th centuries. After that time the language continued to change, so one can speak of the evolution of Standard English instead of tracing the similar or different trends in the history of its dialects. We must mention at least two of the external factors that led to this development: the unification of the country and the progress of culture. Other historical events, such as the increased foreign contacts, produced a more specific kind of influence on the language: they affected the wordstock. The changes in the economic and social conditions were accompanied by the intermixture of people coming from different regions, the growth of towns with a mixed population, and the strengthening of social ties between the various regions. All these processes played an important role in the unification of the English language. All over the world the victory of capitalism over feudalism was linked up with the consolidation of people into nations and the unification of the regional dialects into a nation language or rather the formation of a superdialect form of language used as a standard form of speech by the nation. These conditions were formed in Britain in the 15th and 16th centuries. England needed a uniform standard language, for linguistic...
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...dynamic center of science, its tradition going back six centuries.(Podleski, J. 1995) Ward (1989) states that in the early Middle Ages Cracow was the main seat of the Slav of the Vistulanians, and it was probably then, in the 7th century, that the two mounds, of Krak and Wanda, were erected. In the tenth century Prince Mieszko I annexed Cracow and the land of the Vistulanians to the Polish State. In 1000 a bishopric was established in Cracow and the construction of the first cathedral was begun. As year 1038 began Prince Casimir the Restorer made Cracow his capital, and first stone buildings were built on Wawel Hill. In 1138 Boleslaus III Wrymouth chose the town as the seat of the Senior Prince when Poland was split into several provinces. After ravages by the Tartars in 1241, Prince Boleslaus the Chaste granted a charter to Cracow in 1257 and drew the city plan which has survived unchanged, with a regular grid of streets and a central square market place. From the 13th to the 15th centuries the stone and brick City Walls were built, surrounding the city and joining it with Wawel Castle.(Podleski, J. 1995) In the reign of King Casimir the great the city and Wawel were thoroughly rebuilt in the Gothic style. The King settled the borough of Kazimierz to the south of Cracow and founded Cracow Academy, the predecessor of the oldest Polish university, the Jagellonian University. The city flourished in the 16th century...
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...considered to be an art form. It is used to refer to all written account, though living at or belonging to the same time definitions extend the term to include text that are spoken or sung. “Literature is a process of producing grand, beautiful, well – ordered lies that tell more truth than any assemblage of facts, by Julian Barnes”. Literature is a Latin word, originated in the southern Mesopotania of Sumar C. 3200. Literature usually means works of poetry and prose that are especially well written. There are many kinds of literature, such as poetry, plays or novels. They also put into groups through their language,...
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...academic disciplines that study human culture, using methods that are primarily analytical,[citation needed] critical, or speculative, and having a significant historical element,[1] as distinguished from the mainly empirical approaches of the natural sciences.[1] The humanities include ancient and modern languages, literature, philosophy, religion, and visual and performing arts such as music and theatre. The humanities that are also sometimes regarded as social sciences include history, anthropology, area studies, communication studies, cultural studies, law and linguistics. 2. What is the scope of humanities? 1. History, Anthropology, and Archaeology study human social, political, and cultural development. 2. Literature, Languages, and Linguistics explore how we communicate with each other, and how our ideas and thoughts on the human experience are expressed and interpreted. 3. Philosophy, Ethics, and Comparative Religion consider ideas about the meaning of life and the reasons for our thoughts and actions. 4. Jurisprudence examines the values and principles which inform our laws. These are: Arts, Music, Dance, Drama and Literature. 3. What is the different between the humanities and the sciences? Both the sciences and the humanities seek understanding; both offer explanations of various bits of the world. At a very abstract level, though, the kind of things each tries to explain is different. Science and the humanities are both ancient and great traditions and...
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...Renaissance periods were pivotal periods in our history that today are still greatly recognizable and appreciated for their beauty and awe inspiring captivation of humanity. The Middle Ages, a time of great turmoil, forced people to seek order in their lives and stay alive through dependence on community while the Renaissance period pushed the boundaries of personal enlightenment and ‘rebirth’ of classical humanism. Throughout the 700 year period, the development and advancements of innovations, art, and humanities clearly deviates between the Middle Ages and Renaissance period, displaying a striking portrayal of individualism versus community. The Middle Ages began in the early 10th century with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and continued throughout the late 15th century. During this time the Middle Ages experienced great political and social change from religious and political crusaders conquering lands, to the establishment of the first universities (Bishop, 1968). The Middle Ages was an age of revolts, religious imbalances, and devastating plagues that led to an economic depression (Bishop, 1968). With all of these external factors affecting their lives, the people of the Middle Ages sought to find order through a feudal government system and community outreach. The ‘dark’ time of the Middle Ages resulted in the expansion of knowledge and ideas known as the Renaissance period from the late 13th to the late 17th century. This cultural movement produced many famous...
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...From Manuscript to Bound Book: How the Printing Press Revolutionized 15th Century Literature “The invention of printing broadcast the printed language and gave to print a degree of authority that it has never lost.”- A. Lloyd James Before the days of automated printers and wireless communication, manuscripts represented the primary but inefficient and costly way to record, obtain and share knowledge. It was not until the 15th century when Johannes Gutenberg’s printing press revolutionized the way information was stored and disseminated. The printing press quickly changed the way in which written works were manufactured and which works could be produced by allowing private citizens to publish books and other written texts at a marketable rate. Illustrated through the invention of Gutenberg’s machine, society as a whole was impacted by the way in which information was produced, and through the press’ impact on academia and on the political and religious groups of the 15th and 16th centuries. Exemplified by the restricted writing methods at the time and the constraints transcription raised on the production of manuscripts, the printing press had a significant impact on universities and the methods of medieval education. Through readily available literature, the resulting increase of literacy had a large effect on the scientific community and a shift in power for the ruling parties of the time. Ultimately, the easy dissemination of political ideas in medieval Europe led to upheavals...
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...The Renaissance The Renaissance was an influential cultural movement which brought about a period of scientific revolution and artistic transformation, at the dawn of modern European history. It marks the period between the end of the Middle Ages and the start of the Modern Age. The Renaissance is usually considered to have begun in the 14th century in Italy and the 16th century in northern Europe. Renaissance is a French word that literally means rebirth. Rebirth is used in two ways. First, it means rediscovery of ancient classical texts and ideas and their use in the arts and sciences. Second, it means that the results of these intellectual activities created a revitalization of European culture. Most historians believe that the Renaissance of the 15th century in Italy, which spread through the rest of Europe, represented a reconnection of the west with classical antiquity, the absorption of knowledge—particularly mathematics—from Arabic world, the return of experimentalism, an explosion of the spread of knowledge brought on by printing and the creation of new techniques in art, poetry and architecture. This period shows Europe emerging from a long period as a backwater part of the world, and the rise of commerce and exploration. The Italian Renaissance is often labelled as the beginning of the "modern" age. The Renaissance has no set starting point or place. It happened gradually at different places at different times and there are no defined dates or places for when the...
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...explains her birth. Moreover, the “Primavera” the largest mythological work and it has a humanistic nature and translating the life-renewing cultural to society. The inspiration of the “La Primavera,” is from the influence of Gothic realism by Botticelli's study of the antique. During the World War Two, “Primavera” was moved to Montegufoni Castle. It was returned to the Uffizi Gallery where it remains to the present day. The painting being restored in 1982 and had darkened with time's cruel passage. Who is the target audience? Primavera, known as “Allegory of Spring,” is the greatest works at the Uffizi Museum in Florence, Italy. The origin of the painting is unclear, but we can detect the Primavera’s target audience by knowing the history of painting. The powerful families such as Medici family gave the funding of Patrons to artist such as Botticelli to complete the masterpiece. In 1477, the painting was probably commissioned by Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de’Medici, (second cousin of Lorenzo the Magnificent). The painting had been commemorate of the marriage of Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de' Medici in May, 1482. The painting was found in an anteroom to Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de' Medici’s bed-chamber....
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...though women have been creating art since the beginning of the Homo sapiens species it was not until the late 1960’s and 1970’s when female artists began to receive the recognition they deserved for their talent and art. Early women in the world of art have been faced with challenges due to gender biases, often being encountered with difficulties when it came to training, traveling, selling their art, as well as even receiving credit for their own work. However, even with so many obstacles facing early women artists, some managed to be an exception and become successful fine artists of their time. What did this handful of women do differently to become successful and break barriers for their time? Dating back to the prehistoric area up...
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...The Gothic Age Possible Introduction Standing before a piece of Gothic art, whether it is a painting, sculpture or a cathedral, you are drawn to a visual exploration like none you have ever seen. Where does the art start and end? The style of Gothic art draws the eye's attention at every turn. A choir of medieval spiritual beliefs is told in art, singing harmoniously in a language from long ago, which eludes us at the frontier of our memory reminding us of stories told throughout the years. History of Gothic Art Gothic is the name given to the style of architecture, painting, and sculpture which flourished in Western Europe, mainly France and England, between the 12th and 15th centuries. The label of 'Gothic' was coined in Italy, during the Renaissance, as a derogatory reference to the art and architecture of these earlier centuries. The defamation was a comparison to the earlier Goth barbarians. Goths were an ancient Teutonic people, who were an important power in the Roman world from the 3rd to the 6th century AD. The entire Goth population divided into the Ostrogoths and the Visigoths, aligned themselves with the Roman Empire, and set out to conquer and rule. It is during this timeframe that the artistic influence of the Goths took hold and began to spread, mixing Gothic and Roman artistic styles. With the passing centuries, Gothic became more clearly associated with the closing era of the medieval age. In time, the separating point between...
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...Part 1 -- The History of China Before we discuss individual technological developments, you should read the following three essays that will give you a historic context for these developments. Concise Political History of China, an online article by Paul Halsall compiled from Compton's Living Encyclopedia on America Online, http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/core9/phalsall/texts/chinhist.html Chinese Periodization in Light of Economic Developments by Paul Halsall, http://www.mastep.sjsu.edu/history_of_tech/chinese_chronology.htm China, Technology and Change, an article by Lynda Shaffer, from the World History Bulletin, Fall/Winter, 1986/87, http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/core9/phalsall/texts/shaffer.html China's Gifts to the West by Professor Derk Bodde, for the Committee on Asiatic Studies in American Education Reprinted with permission in China: A Teaching Workbook, Asia for Educators, Columbia University, http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/song/readings/inventions_gifts.htm Part 2 - Science and Technology in China Science in China has a long history and developed quite independently of Western science. Needham (1993) has researched widely on the development of science and technologies in China, the effect of culture, and the transference of these principles, unacknowledged, to the West. The Chinese contribution to Western science is particularly interesting because it serves...
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...MaroianBrianna Fehrman Bradshaw Final Winter 2012 The history of Mariology traces theological developments and views regarding Mary, the Blessed Virgin, from the early first century through the twentieth. The first image of Mary that we see is in the early second century and it is the earliest veneration of Mary with her son, Jesus. It was found in the Catacomb of Priscilla, Rome and is a fresco that included Mary and Saint Peter together. Mary’s status as the Mother of God is clear in the Gospels and the different venerations of Mary have been an important subject in Catholic art. Early Christians saw Mary as the bridge between the new and the old, as well as the second Eve because of her and Eve’s willing acceptance of God’s choice. Marian religion deals with the Virgin and her life, as well as veneration in daily life, prayer, music, architecture, and art of the Christian faith. Religious toleration was not well seated among its peers during the Roman Empire, but in 313 Emperor Constantine signed a letter, the Edict of Milan, that proclaimed that Christians were permitted to worship openly and the venerations of Mary became public. People began to build Cathedrals and churches for public worship in the name of Mary. The first Marian churches dated back to the fifth century in Rome, Saint Maria Marggiore. Though the earliest extant of biographical writing on Mary is Life of the Virgin attributed to the 7th century saint, Maximus the Confessor, which portrays her as a key...
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...The The Beauty of Perspective Illusion and perspective in art represents the victory of art over reality. Many artists continue to follow the basis of these illusionistic principals that have been used for many years before, but have added their own individuality to their art which has challenged new heights in illusion and perspective. These artists want to trick the eye of the viewers to ultimately create a work of art greater than reality itself. Trompe l’oeil has been a style that has lived on for many years. For this reason, illusion and perspective in art surprises the viewer because artists use perspective to shock the viewers and change what and how they view a piece of art. It wasn’t until the Renaissance that perspective was discovered. This discovery created depth in art. Through the use of color and contrast, artists were able to create art with depth never seen before in art. During the 19th Century, Impressionists began to look deeper into color relationships. What they discovered, would be the basis for perspective and illusion in art. They discovered that the use of cool tones made objects appear farther away than objects in warm tones. Artist’s main purpose for this type of art is to depict reality, but to evoke surprise and pleasure. Artists have been implementing illusionistic components into their work since the early 15th century after the discovery of the trick of the eye. Through linear perspective and vanishing points as well as color and...
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...Thereafter, I was required to identify at least two examples of art, music, architecture, philosophy, and literature depicted during the periods. By doing so, I expected to identify how these examples reflected world events and cultural blueprints of their periods. The Renaissance refers to the cultural transformations witnessed in Europe between the fourteen-century and the sixteen-century (Cheremeteff, 2000). The transformations originated in Italy before spreading to the other parts of Europe. Owing to the transformations, Europe came out of the economic crisis experienced during the middle ages. As such, the period was marked by robust financial growth. Similarly, the period saw changes in art, music, architecture, philosophy, and literature. On the other hand, the Baroque refers to the cultural style witnessed in Europe between the 17th century and the mid 18th century (Cheremeteff, 2000). The style was depicted by the use of overstated motion and interpreted features to create stage shows, tension, enthusiasm, and sumptuousness from monuments, work of arts, literature, and songs. Detailed below is what I expect to unravel from the two time capsules. Art From the Renaissance period, I expect to find the Last supper by Leonardo da Vinci. The piece of art is one the most renowned work of art in the human history (Cheremeteff, 2000). The work depicted the scene of the last supper as illustrated in the Bible. Through the painting, da Vinci was able to show how Jesus’ disciples...
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...Hongxin Liu Professor Name：MR. CRAIG J. PERRIER HIST 3131: World History Since 1945 March 31, 2016 Part A: Sharing Knowledge with Metropolitan Museum of Arts My name is Hongxin Liu, and I am enrolled at Northeastern University’s College of Professional Studies in Bachelors in Business Studies. I have been enrolled in some courses this semester among which World History Since 1945 is a course which relates to the historical development and transformations all over the world. The course provides an opportunity to trace the significant events in all parts of the world and identifies their individual and synergic influence on the globalization, Economy and International Relations. In the context of the course requirements, the class is expected to engage with an organization to take an informed action in the form of suggestion or editorial. I have chosen Metropolitan Museum of Arts as my organization. The Metropolitan Museum of Arts is a tremendous resource of collection and exhibits collected from all over the world and makes connections to the world history and culture. The Met Museum explores the world art and history from various perspectives as captured by transnational artists, painters and photographers. The 1945’s atomic bomb dropping on Hiroshima and Nagasaki were a changing point of history. The bombs caused a widespread destruction in both cities almost flattening them to the ground. This was the point when World War II came to the conclusion with Japan’s surrender...
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