...EU is as old as itself. Nonetheless it was not until the early 1980s that the European Union started to gradually develop a genuine social dimension to complement economic integration. This social dimension includes directives that are considered to be 'hard-law' as well as 'soft-law' which deal with aspects such as 'Open Methods of coordination' and the voluntary agreements of social partners. The aim of this paper is to discuss the implications of economic and social policies in the European labour market. In order to get the argument across, the emphasis will be put on four major legal cases that were interpreted by the European Court of Justice and the implications of the rulings on several member states. The cases known as the 'Laval-quartet' will delve deep into the topic of the posting of workers (PWD) and the imbalance of the social and economic freedoms within the EU. The cases offer a comprehensive explanation of the arguments that the ECJ put forward, and also the responses of public and private institutions (from both the employer's and employee's perspective) from core countries...
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......The reason and spirit of a law are to be understood only by an inquiry into the circumstances of its enactment. The underlying purposes of the Constitution, therefore, are to be revealed only by a study of the conditions and events which led to formation and adoption. At the outset it must be remembered that there were two great parties at the time of the adoption of the Constitution -- one laying emphasis on strength and efficiency in government and the other on its popular aspects. Quite naturally the men who led in stirring up the revolt against Great Britain and in keeping the fighting temper of the Revolutionaries at the proper heat were the boldest and most radical thinkers -- men like Samuel Adams, Thomas Paine, Patrick Henry, and Thomas Jefferson. They were not, generally speaking, men of large property interests or of much practical business experience. In a time of disorder, they could consistently lay more stress upon personal liberty than upon social control; and they pushed to the extreme limits those doctrines of individual rights which had been evolved in England during the struggles of the small landed proprietors and commercial classes against royal prerogative, and which corresponded to the economic conditions prevailing in America at the close of the eighteenth century. They associated strong government with monarchy, and came to believe that the best political system was one which governed least. A majority of the radicals viewed all government, especially...
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...right things most of the time? It’s all really based on you opinion * a 2000 study of undergraduates showed that 64% did not trust the government Why do we care if people are turning out to vote? * Voter turnout is a sign of political efficacy as well as engagement * People who are engaged are more informed, more likely to communicate with their representatives, more likely to advocate for their interests, and hold public officials accountable for their actions. Political culture * The people’s collective beliefs and attitudes about government and political processes * What is it that binds us together as Americans? * Our political ideologies * Our political values – liberty, capitalism, equality, consent of the governed, individualism Ideology * Political ideology is an integrated system of ideas or beliefs about political values in general and the role of the government in particular * Ideology provides a framework for thinking about politics and policy preferences Ideologies * Modern liberalism is associated with ideas of liberty and political equality: * Tend to favor chance in social, political and economic realms to better protect individuals and produce equality What is the constitution? * Fundamental principles of a government and the basic structures and procedures Two US Constitutions * Articles of confederation ( 1781-1789) * Constitution of the united states (1789-present) Events leading up...
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...Madison also suffered from psychosomatic, or stress induced, seizures or fits, that taunted him throughout his life. Madison was the oldest of twelve children, who loved and respected him; James Madison loved to read and write, and enjoyed studying classical languages. Madison was raised on the family plantation in Orange County Virginia. When Madison turned fifteen, he left Montpelier to attend the college of New Jersey, which later became Princeton; Madison had mastered two languages while attending the university: Latin and Greek. He completed his years of college in two years, but stayed at Princeton another term, so he could obtain even more information like Hebrew and Philosophy. After graduation, in 1772, Madison began to study law, which was something he really didn’t have any passion for. He also took interest in the relationship between the American colonies and Britain. When Virginia began prepping for war, the American Revolutionary War, Madison was appointed colonel of the Orange County militia. In 1774, he took a seat on the local Committee of Safety, a patriot prorevoluotion group that oversaw the local army. His family wasn’t big on public affairs, and this was the first step that his family’s wealth allowed him to pursue. This wasn’t his dream; however, so soon he gave up the military career for a political one. In 1776, he represented Orange County at the Virginia at a convention. Within two years of Madison changing his passion, the United States...
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...questions. For best results in preparing for the upcoming exam, focus your studies on the following historical items, events and individuals. Your textbook may help with some of the things listed, but this exam is more so drawn from class lectures and power point presentations. Embargo of 1807-Britian and France imposed trade restriction in order to weaken each other’s economies. Resulting in testing the Americas Neutrality and hurting their trading. Jefferson passed this document restricting neutral trade to the U.S. docs Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists (1780). Stronger central government, state representation from states each 2 representatives, no Bill of Rights, Articles of Confederation useless, because states had more power, wanted larger public, and they believed in large farming and industrialization,.. antif federalist, wanted state rights, wanted add the House of Represeantives, Bill of Rights, they thought the aritcles needed to be ratified not taken away completely, smaller public, believed Americas future is small farming Federalists vs. Democratic-Republicans (1790s) – Hamiltonians (known as federalist party) vs. the Jeffersonians (Democratic Party) Differences between Federalist stances (1780s) vs. Federalist Party stances (1790s)- Federalist of 1780-Stronger central government, state representation from states each 2 representatives, no Bill of Rights, Articles of Confederation useless, because states had more power, wanted larger public, and they believed...
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...APUSH Study Guide 8 A weak Confederacy and the Constitution, 1776-1790 Themes/Constructs: The federal Constitution represented a moderately conservative reaction against the democratilizing effects of the Revolution and the Articles of Confederation. The American Revolution was not a radical transformation like the French or Russian revolutions, but it produced political innovations and some social change in the direction of greater equality and democracy. The American Revolution did not overturn the social order, but it did produce substantial changes in social customs, political institutions, and ideas about society and government. Among the changes were the separation of church and state in some places, the abolition of slavery in the North, written political constitutions, and a shift in political power from the eastern seaboard toward the frontier. The first weak government, the Articles of Confederation, was unable to exercise real authority, although it did successfully deal with the western lands issue. The Confederation’s weakness in handling foreign policy, commerce and the Shays Rebellion spurred the movement to alter the Articles. Instead of revising the Articles, the well-off delegates to the Constitutional Convention created a charter for a whole new government. In a series of compromises, the convention produced a plan that provided for a vigorous central government, a strong executive, the protection for property, while still upholding republican...
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...Running head: Literary review 1 Ray Garcia Dr. Valenzuela CJ 302 11/25/2013 Abstract This year in class we have learned and applied many theories to certain crimes and court cases that have been conducted through the past. In this paper, we will look at two specific theories on how they are being used to explain or discover links between certain situations and factors. These theories allow us to see crimes in different perspective. Specifically, the theory’s in this paper we will explore rational choice theory on labeling and the linkage between arrest and gang membership, social control and differential association in relation to gangs. Each article gives us a study or situation that shows the theory’s effectiveness in explaining certain situations or actions. Gang Membership and Race as Risk Factors for Juvenile Arrest Michael Tapia article piece, “Gang membership and race as risk factor for juvenile arrest” addresses the linkage between arrests and gang membership while also exploring their race and ethnicity in correlation with their gangs. Throughout his research, Tapia shows that “gang members and racial minorities experienced undue arrest”(Tapia, 2011) which can be understood that gang members and minorities, in some cases, are easy targets for arrests because they easily fit the description or label of a law breaker or delinquent. These descriptions that law enforcement and the media portray on these gang members and minorities can eventually...
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...THE RIGHTS AGAINST COMTEMPORARY SLAVERY (DOMESTIC WORKERS AND BONDED LABOUR) IN NIGERIA AND THE UNITED STATES. WRITTEN BY: 2121745 DATE: 26TH APRIL 2014 WORD COUNT: 2,770 WORDS As estimated by the International Labour organization (ILO), there are over 20.9 million people in this 21st century that are still enslaved. Another source states that there are 29.8 million people who are still held in modern day slavery. When the word “slavery” is mentioned, the idea that comes to mind is when people are taken from India, Africa and other third world countries, to the West Indies or America, for the purpose of them to work in sugar cane plantation. Although that kind of slavery was abolished in the 19th century, men, women and children are still slaves, thus, the birth of modern slavery. “Slavery is the status or condition of a person over whom any or all of the powers attaching to the right of ownership are exercised”. Slavery is so much graver than forced labour, Slavery involves forced labour, but not every forced labour involves slavery. Despite being prohibited by so many International instruments, which includes the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the 1956 UN Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery and the 1926 UN Slavery Convention, Contemporary slavery still takes place in various forms, affecting all gender, races and color. Modern slavery has been in many forms...
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...Soccer and Money A paper submitted to Webber International University in partial fulfillment for the Bachelor of Science degree in Business Administration By: Vicente Munoz Date: April 15, 2014 Course: English Composition II Semester: Spring 2014 Instructor: Dr. Nancy Davis 1. Introduction: My paper topic is money involved in soccer. I want to make everyone realize how big soccer is. How much money it moves and the most interesting is why the club pays that much money for a player. It involves hundreds of years of history and honor on a soccer pitch. I want to explain the basics of soccer, the different competitions and where it is play. Every summer are transferring players to other teams for a crazy amount of money. Why is this team paying that much money? I would like to explain why the club is paying, what he will make with that player and how much revenue the club will make. All this apart for the trophies, victories, new idols and icon on the city. 2. FIFA ( Federation International Football Association) FIFA was founded on May twenty first on 1904, in Paris with the purpose of have an organization of the world biggest sport, football (soccer). One of the biggest purposes is to expand the sport and to increase the popularity on an international environment. The FIFA headquarters are established in Zurich, Switzerland. The...
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...Canada From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search For other uses, see Canada (disambiguation). Page semi-protected Canada Vertical triband (red, white, red) with a red maple leaf in the centre A shield divided into four rectangles over a triangle. The first rectangle contains three lions passant guardant in gold on red; the second, a red lion rampant on gold; the third, a gold harp on blue; the fourth, three gold fleurs-de-lis on blue. The triangle contains three red maple leaves on a white background. A gold helmet sits on top of the shield, upon which is a crowned lion holding a red maple leaf. On the right is a lion rampant flying the Union Flag. On the left is a unicorn flying a fleurs-de-lis flag. A red ribbon around the shield says "desiderantes meliorem patriam". Below is a blue scroll inscribed "A mari usque ad mare" on a wreath of flowers. Flag Coat of arms Motto: A Mari Usque Ad Mare (Latin) "From Sea to Sea" Anthem: "O Canada" Royal anthem: "God Save the Queen"[1][2] Projection of North America with Canada in green Capital Ottawa 45°24′N 75°40′W Largest city Toronto Official language(s) English and French Recognised regional languages Chipewyan, Cree, Gwich’in, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, Slavey (North and South) and Tłįchǫ[3] Demonym Canadian Government Federal parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy[4] - Monarch Elizabeth II - Governor General David Johnston - Prime Minister Stephen...
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...------------------------------------------------- History of the Philippines From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia | This article's introduction may be too long for the overall article length.Please help by moving some material from it into the body of the article. For more information please read the layout guide and Wikipedia's lead section guidelines.(November 2012) | Part of a series on the | Culture of the Philippines | | History | People | Languages | Traditions | Mythology and folklore[show] | Cuisine | Festivals | Religion | Art | Literature | Music and performing arts[show] | Media[show] | Sport[show] | Monuments[show] | Symbols[show] | * the Philippines portal | * v * t * e | Part of a series on the | History of the Philippines | | Prehistory (pre-900) | * Callao and Tabon Men * Arrival of the Negritos * Austronesian expansion * Angono Petroglyphs * Society of the Igorot | Classical Period (900–1521) | * Sinified State of Ma-i * Thallasocracy of the Lequios * Tondo Dynasty * Confederation of Madja-as * Kingdom of Maynila * Kingdom of Namayan * Rajahnate of Butuan * Rajahnate of Cebu * Sultanate of Maguindanao * Sultanate of Sulu * Sultanate of Lanao | Spanish Period (1521–1898) | * Viceroyalty of New Spain * Spanish East Indies * Christianization * Dutch Invasions * British Invasion * Revolts and uprisings * Katipunan * Philippine Revolution...
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...Use the following as a guide for reviewing concepts which will be on the District Progress Monitoring Exam. The words in italics are suggested related concepts for your study. Fall 2013 DPM: End of Sem – AP Govt Blueprint of TEKS (1) History. The student understands how constitutional government, as developed in America and expressed in the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the U.S. Constitution, has been influenced by ideas, people, and historical documents. The student is expected to: (E) examine debates and compromises that impacted the creation of the founding documents; 3/5 Compromise, Great Compromise, voting qualifications, selection of president, bicameral legislature 2) History. The student understands the roles played by individuals, political parties, interest groups, and the media in the U.S. political system, past and present. The student is expected to: (A) give examples of the processes used by individuals, political parties, interest group or the media to affect public policy; voting, electioneering, lobbying, watchdog (B) analyze the impact of political changes brought about by individuals, political parties, interest groups, or the media, past and present. (3) Geography. The student understands how geography can influence U.S. political divisions and policies. The student is expected to: (C) explain how political divisions are crafted and how they are affected by Supreme Court decisions such as Baker v. Carr. (7) Government...
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...groups of indigenous people in Ecuador, many with their own distinct way of living, distinct language and distinct cultural aspects. But the group that is the largest in Ecuador, and in several different parts of South America, is the Kichwa people. The Kichwa people live in both the highlands and the lowlands of Ecuador. They have had to adapt their way of life around these two different terrains. The Lowland bases its economic system around agriculture and the highland bases it around pastoral farming. The land is usually owned by the local community, which is called “Ayllu” and is either cultivated jointly or redistributed annually within the community. A distinction is made between two primary types of joint work in the community. In the case of Minka, people work together for projects of common interest, such as the construction of communal facilities. In contrast to that, Ayni is reciprocal assistance, where members of an Ayllu help a family to accomplish a large private project, for example house construction, and in return can expect to be similarly helped later with a project of their own. An important aspect of the Kichwa is their distinct worldview, which differs from the dominant Spanish and Western worldview, although the Kichwa have combined aspects of both cultures into their...
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...College of Computer Training (CCT) ------------------------------------------------- Assignment Cover Page ------------------------------------------------- INTRODUCTION TO THE IRISH LEGAL SYSTEM INTRODUCTION TO THE IRISH LEGAL SYSTEM Module Title: 6N8395 6N8395 Module Code: Law Assignment One – Origins of the Irish Legal System Law Assignment One – Origins of the Irish Legal System Assignment Title: Owen Keany Owen Keany Lecturer Name: MEMORY TEMBO, HETHERWICK KAMWENDO, NANCY SUNGANI NAMETSO LEGAE . MEMORY TEMBO, HETHERWICK KAMWENDO, NANCY SUNGANI NAMETSO LEGAE . Student Name: (2015334), (2015388), (2015262), (2011853). (2015334), (2015388), (2015262), (2011853). Student No.: 11 October 2015 @ 23.55 11 October 2015 @ 23.55 Assignment Due Date: Academic Year: Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- DECLARATION ------------------------------------------------- I, the above named student, confirm that by submitting, or causing the attached assignment to be submitted, to CCT, I have not plagiarised any other person’s work in this assignment and except where appropriately acknowledged, this assignment is my own work, has been expressed in my own words, and has not previously been submitted for assessment. I, the above named student...
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...the tourism industry and academic researchers is the global independent travel survey conducted by the International Student Travel Confederation (ISTC) and the Association for Tourism and Leisure Education (ATLAS). The survey, conducted in 2002, covers the profile and travel behavior of 1630 students booking travel from student travel organizations in eight countries. This article reports the initial results of this research. The survey showed that students are frequent travel consumers with extensive previous experience of relatively long trips outside of their own world region. Most students see their travelstyle as that of “traveler,” but a significant proportion of the market characterized their travel as “backpacking.” Motivations reflecting a desire for experience are prevalent with student travelers, particularly in terms of exploring other cultures. Motivations tend to be differentiated by destination region and travelstyle and are distinct between students and other young travelers. In spite of these differences in motivation, however, the activities actually engaged in showed little differentiation between students and others. The most frequently mentioned activities were visiting historical sites, walking, sitting in cafés and restaurants, and shopping, which were practiced by over 70% of respondents. In this and other respects, the article argues that comparisons of motivation and actual activities indicate a gap between the ideology and practice of travel. Key words:...
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