The Purdue OWL: Citation Chart Category General Approach MLA The Modern Language Association (MLA) provides a method for source documentation that is used in most humanities courses. The humanities place emphasis on authorship, so most MLA citation involves recording the author’s name in the physical text. The author’s name is also the first to appear in the “Works Cited” page at the end of an essay. The most recent MLA formatting can be found in the seventh edition of the MLA manual. APA The American Psychological Association (APA) provides a method for source documentation that is used in most social sciences courses. The social sciences place emphasis on the date a work was created, so most APA citation involves recording the date of a particular work in the physical text. The date is usually placed immediately after the author’s name in the “References” page at the end of an essay. The most recent APA formatting can be found in the sixth edition of the APA manual.

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Reference Lists Citing Books

General book format

Single author Two or three authors More than Kernis, Michael., et al. . . . three authors Optionally, give all author names in the order they appear on the title page.

CMS The Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) includes two systems for citation: a notes and bibliography (NB) system and an author-­‐date (AD) system. The NB system is used in most history courses. History places much emphasis on source origins, so footnotes and endnotes are used to demonstrate on-­‐page where a particular piece of information came from. In CMS, a number is assigned to a particular fact in the text, and the correlating footnote or endnote will link the source to the text and to the bibliography. The most recent CMS formatting can be found in the sixteenth edition of the CMS manual. Occasionally truncated entries are given, simply to focus on the differences between citations for each type of material. Ellipses indicate which entries would normally continue according to the basic principles of each style. Please see the OWL Research and Citation sections for more details. Book citations in MLA generally require Book citations in APA generally require Book citations in CMS style generally require the author name, work title, author name, publication year, work the author name, work title, publication city, publication city, publisher, year title, publication city, and publisher. publisher, and publication year. published, and an indication of the publication medium, such as print. Pollan, Michael. The Omnivore’s Pollan, M. (2006). The omnivore’s Pollan, Michael. The Omnivore’s Dilemma. Dilemma. New York: Penguin Group, dilemma. New York, NY: Penguin New York: Penguin Group, 2006. 2006. Print.

Group. Pollan, Michael. . . . Pollan, M. (2006). . . . Pollan, Michael. . . . Bell, James K., and Adrian A. Cohn. . . . Bell, J. K., & Cohn A. (1968). . . . Bell, James K., and Adrian A. Cohn. . . . Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R., Berry, A., Harlow, T., & Bach, J. S. (1993). . . . Kernis, Michael, D. P. Cornell, C. R. Sun, A. Berry, T. Harlow, and J. S. Bach. . . . For 4 to 10 authors, include all names in bibliography, but only the first in notes.

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The Purdue OWL: Citation Chart Eight or more authors Kernis, Michael., et al. … Optionally, give all author names in the order they appear on the title page. American Psychiatric Association. . . . Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R., Berry, A., Harlow, T., & Bach, J. S . . . Last Author’s Name (1993). . . . American Psychiatric Association. (2005). . . . Oxford essential world atlas. (2001). . . . Slechty, P. C. (1997). . . . Slechty, P. C. (2001). . . . Slechty, P. C. (1997a). . . . Slechty, P. C. (1997b). . . .

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List first seven names (as above) followed by et al. American Psychiatric Association. . . .

Corporate/ Organization author Unknown author Two or more works by the same author Two or more works by the same author, same year. Author with an editor

Oxford Essential World Atlas. . . . No change to name format; change noted by title. No change to name format; change noted by title.

Oxford Essential World Atlas. . . . No change to name format. No change to name format.

Poston, Ted. A First Draft of History. Ed. Poston, T. (2000). A draft of history. In K. Kathleen A. Hauke. Athens, U of A. Hauke (Ed.). Athens: University of Georgia P: 2000. Georgia Press. Author with a Laplace, P. S. A Philosophical Essay on Laplace, P. S. (1902). A philosophical translator Probabilities. Trans. F. W. Truscott essay on probabilities. (F. W. Truscott and F. L. Emory. London, John Wiley & F. L. Emory, Trans.). London: John and Sons: 1902. Wiley & Sons. Editor with no Consequences of Growing Up Poor. Eds. Duncan, G. J., & Brooks-­‐Gunn, J. (Eds.). author G. J. Duncan and J. Brooks-­‐Gunn. New (1997). Consequences of growing up York, Russell Sage Foundation: 1997 poor. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. Work in an Harris, Muriel. "Talk to Me: Engaging Harris, Muriel. (2000). Talk to me: anthology Reluctant Writers." A Tutor's Guide: Engaging reluctant writers. In Ben Helping Writers One to One. Ed. Ben Rafoth (Ed.), A tutor’s guide: Helping Rafoth. Portsmouth: Heinemann, writers one to one (pp. 24–34). 2000. 24-­‐34. Print. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann. Edition other Helfer, M. S., R. S. Keme, and R. D. Helfer, M. S., Keme, R. S., & Drugman, R. than first Drugman. The Battered Child. 5th ed. D. (1997). The battered child (5th ed.).

Poston, Ted. A Draft of History. Edited by Kathleen A. Hauke. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2000. Laplace, P. S. A Philosophical Essay on Probabilities. Translated by F. W. Truscott and F. L. Emory. London: John Wiley and Sons, 1902. Duncan, G. J. and J. Brooks-­‐Gunn, eds. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1997.

Harris, Muriel. "Talk to Me: Engaging Reluctant Writers." In A Tutor's Guide: Helping Writers One to One, edited by Ben Rafoth, 24–34. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 2000. Helfer, M.S., R.S. Keme, and R.D. Drugman. The Battered Child. 5th ed. Chicago:

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The Purdue OWL: Citation Chart Chicago, U of Chicago P: 1997. Multivolume work Encyclopedia/ Dictionary Foreword, introduction, preface, or afterword Articles in Periodicals Dictionary of the History of Ideas. Ed. P. Wiener. 4 vols. New York, Charles Scribner's Sons: 1968-­‐73. Posner, Rebecca. “Romance Languages.” The Encyclopedia Britannica: Macropedia. 15th ed. 1987. Print. Duncan, Hugh Dalziel. Introduction. Permanence and Change: An Anatomy of Purpose. By Kenneth Burke. Berkeley: U of California P, 1984. xiii-­‐xliv. Print. Although periodicals are cited similarly to most book sources, MLA’s seventh edition makes some distinctions specific to periodicals. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Wiener, P. (Ed.). (1973). Dictionary of the history of ideas (Vols. 1–4). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. Posner, R. (1987). Romance Languages. In The encyclopedia Britannica: macropedia (15th ed.). University of Chicago Press, 1997.

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Weiner, P., ed. Dictionary of the History of Ideas. 4 vols. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1968–73. Cited in endnotes only. 1. The Encyclopedia Britannica: Macropedia, 15th ed., s.v. “Romance Languages.” Duncan, Hugh Dalziel. Introduction to Permanence and Change: An Anatomy of Purpose, by Kenneth Burke, (xiii–xliv). Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984. CMS periodical citations include author name, article title, publication title, publication date, and issue information. CMS also requires citation of a URL if the journal was accessed online.

Magazine

Scholarly Journal (paginated by issue) Daily newspaper

Duncan, H. D. (1984). Introduction. In K. Burke, Permanence and Change: An Anatomy of Purpose (xiii–xliv). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. In APA periodical citation, authors are named by their last name followed by initials; the publication year goes between parentheses and is followed by a period. Only the first word and proper nouns are capitalized for article titles. Periodical titles are written in title case and followed by the volume number, which, with the title, is also italicized. Poniewozik, James. "TV Makes a Too-­‐ Poniewozik, J. (2000, November 20). TV Close Call." Time 20 Nov. 2000: 70-­‐71. makes a too-­‐close call. Time, 156(21), Print. 70–71. Bagchi, Alaknanda. "Conflicting Bagchi, A. (1996). Conflicting Nationalisms: The Voice of the nationalisms: The voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devi's Bashai subaltern in Mahasweta Devi’s Bashai Tudu." Tulsa Studies in Women's Tudu. Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature 15.1 (1996): 41-­‐50. Print. Literature 15(1), 41–50. Krugman, Andrew. "Fear of Eating." Krugman, A. (2007, May 21). Fear of New York Times 21 May 2007. A1. eating. New York Times, p. A1. Print.

Poniewozik, James. "TV Makes a Too-­‐Close Call." Time, November 20, 2000. Bagchi, Alaknanda. "Conflicting Nationalisms: The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devi's Bashai Tudu." Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature 15.1 (1996): 41–50. Krugman, Andrew. "Fear of Eating." New York Times, May 2007.

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The Purdue OWL: Citation Chart Editorial in newspaper Letter to the editor "Of Mines and Men." Editorial. Wall Of mines and men (2003, Oct 24). Street Journal. 24 Oct. 2003: A14. [Editorial] The Wall Street Journal, p. Print. A14. Hamer, John. Letter. American Hamer, J. (2006/2007, Journalism Review Dec. 2006/Jan. December/January). [Letter to the 2007: 7. Print. editor]. American Journalism Review, 7. Seitz, Matt Zoller. "Life in the Sprawling Seitz, M. Z. (2007, May 30). Life in the Suburbs, If You Can Really Call It sprawling suburbs, if you can really call Living." Rev. of Radiant City, dir. Gary it living [Review of the film Radiant Burns and Jim Brown. New York Times City, directed by Gary Burns and Jim 30 May 2007 late ed.: E1. Print. Brown, 2006]. New York Times, late ed.: E1. MLA guidelines for most online sources In APA citation, online sources often were developed under the assumption include what are known as DOIs, or that content can be found online as digital object identifiers. If a DOI is long as information, such as author and available, it is used in place of a URL. The title, were included. Therefore, MLA DOI is a serial number that identifies the does not require a URL listing. MLA source regardless of URL changes, and it citation of online sources does, can often be found on the first page of however, ask for a publisher or sponsor an online source. APA generally cites of the webpage. Authors for websites author, date, page title, site title, are often corporations, or available page numbers, and a URL or governments. DOI. Author. Title of Site. Sponsor, Date Author. (Year [use n.d. if not given]). created (use n.d. if not given). Article or page title. Larger Publication Medium. Date accessed. Title, volume or issue number. Retrieved from http://url address United States Environmental Protection United States Environmental Protection Agency. Drinking Water Standards. Agency. (2004, July). Drinking water EPA, 8 July 2004. Web. 24 Jan. 2006 standards. Retrieved from US EPA website http://water.epa.gov/drink Shiva, Vandana. “Bioethics: A Third Shiva, V. (2006, February). Bioethics: A World Issue.” Nativeweb. Nativeweb, third world issue. Nativeweb.

4 Cited in notes only, without headline. 1. Editorial, Wall Street Journal, October 24, 2003. Cited in notes only, without headline. 1. John Hamer, letter to the editor, American Journalism Review, December 2006/January 2007. Sietz, Matt Zoller. Review of Radiant City, Directed by Gary Burns and Jim Brown. New York Times, May 30, 2007, Late edition.

Book or film review

Online Sources

CMS citation requires the URL or DOI to be listed at the end of the citation but not the date the contented was accessed. If the internet source is time sensitive, include the date of access after the URL listing in parenthesis.

General format

Author (and/or owner, sponsor). Document Title. URL or DOI.

Entire Website

United States Environmental Protection Agency. Drinking Water Standards. http://water.epa.gov/drink. Shiva, Vandana. “Bioethics: A Third World Issue.” Nativeweb.

Page from Website

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The Purdue OWL: Citation Chart n.d. Web. 22 Feb. 2006. Retrieved from http://www.nativeweb.org/pages/lega l/shiva.html

5 http://www.nativeweb.org/pages/legal/shi va.html.

Page from “Media Giants.” Frontline: The Media giants. (2001). Frontline: The Website with Merchants of Cool. PBS Online, 2001. Merchants of Cool. Retrieved from PBS unknown Web. 7 Feb. 2006. Online author http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/fron tline/shows/cool/giants/ Image from a Goya, Francisco. The Family of Charles Goya, F. (1800). The family of Charles IV. Website IV. 1800. Museo Nacional del Prado, Museo National del Prado. Retrieved Madrid. Museo National del Prado. from Web. 22 May 2006. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd /goya/hd_goya.htm Online book Milton, John. Paradise Lost: Book I. Milton, J. (1667). Paradise lost: Book I. Poetryfoundation.org. Poetry Poetry Foundation. Retrieved from Foundation, 2008. Web. 14 Dec. http://www.poetryfoundation.org/arc 2008. hive/poem.html?id=174002 Portion of an Adams, Henry. “Diplomacy.” The Adams, H. (1918). “Diplomacy.” The online book Education of Henry Adams. By Adams. education of Henry Adams. Boston: Houghton, 1918. N. pag. Bartleby.com: Great Books Online. Bartleby.com: Great Books Online. Retrieved from Web. 8 Jan 2007. http://www.bartleby.com/159/8.html Article in an Bent, Henry E. "Professionalization of Bent, H. (1959). Professionalization of online journal the Ph.D. Degree.” The Journal of the Ph.D. degree. The Journal of Higher Higher Education 30.3 (1959): 140-­‐45. Education, 30.3, 140–145. Web. 5 Dec. 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1978286. Article in an online magazine/ newspaper Entire blog Bernstein, Mark. "10 Tips on Writing the Living Web." A List Apart: For People Who Make Websites, 16 Aug. 2002. Web. 4 May 2009. Mayer, Caroline. The Checkout. Bernstein, M. (2002). 10 tips on writing the living web. A List Apart: For People Who Make Websites. Retrieved from http://www.alistapart.com/articles/wr iteliving Mayer, C. (2007, January 10). The

“Media Giants.” Frontline: The Merchants of Cool. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/ shows/cool/giants. Goya, Francisco. The Family of Charles IV. Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid, 1800. Painting. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/goy a/hd_goya.htm Milton, John. Paradise Lost. City and Date of Original Publication. http://www.poetryfoundation.org/archive/ poem.html?id=174002 Adams, Henry. “Diplomacy.” The Education of Henry Adams. Reprint of the 1918 edition, Bartleby.com: Great Books Online. http://www.bartleby.com/159/8.html Bent, Henry E. "Professionalization of the Ph.D. Degree.” The Journal of Higher Education 30, no. 3 (1959): 140–45. Accessed December 5, 2008. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1978286. Bernstein, M. “10 Tips on Writing the Living Web.” A List Apart. August 16, 2002. http://www.alistapart.com/articles/writeliv ing Mayer, Caroline. The Checkout (blog).

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The Purdue OWL: Citation Chart Washington Post, 10 Jan. 2007. Web. 19 Jan. 2007. Single Blog Entry Mayer, Caroline. “Stamps to Become a Marketing Vehicle.” The Checkout. Washington Post, 10 Jan. 2007. Web. 19 Jan. 2007. checkout. [Web log]. Retrieved from http://blog.washingtonpost.com/thec heckout/ Mayer, C. (2007, January 10). Stamps to become marketing vehicle. [Web log post] The checkout. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-­‐ dyn/content/article/2006/05/23/AR20 06052301593.html Writer’s name. (Date of comment). Subject of post. [Web log comment]. Retrieved from: URL or DOI

6 http://blog.washingtonpost.com/thechecko ut/ Mayer, Caroline. “Stamps to Become a Marketing Vehicle.” The Checkout (blog).

Comment or Editor, user, author, or compiler (if response on a available). “Posting Title.” Name of blog post Site. Version number (if available). Name of site, sponsor or publisher. Medium of publication. Access Date. CD-­‐ROM “Pimpernel.” The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 4th ed. Boston: Houghton, 2000. CD-­‐ ROM. E-­‐mail Kunka, Andrew. "Re: Modernist Literature." Message to the author. 15 Nov. 2000. E-­‐mail. Multimedia Sources MLA format for multimedia sources requires a medium description at the end of the citation. Film, DVD, radio, Web, a performance, and other descriptions should be used to indicate the type of multimedia referenced. Video or film An Inconvenient Truth. Dir. David Guggenheim. Narr. Al Gore. Paramount, 2006. DVD. Podcast/ YouTube Murphy, Beth. “Tips for a Good Profile Piece.” Project: Report. YouTube, 27 Sept. 2008. Web. 29 Sept. 2008.

Author username (Real Name), date, comment on Blog Author Name. “Entry Title,” Blog Title, Date of post.

Pimpernel. (2000). [CD-­‐ROM].The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 4th ed. Not included in references.

“Pimpernel.” The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 4th ed. Boston: Houghton, 2000. CD-­‐ROM.

Cited in notes only. 1. Andrew Kunka, e-­‐mail message to author, November 15, 2000. Electronic sources in APA format may When citing media sources in CMS format, include a digital object identifier (DOI) include as much information as is available number. When a DOI is evident, it may regarding author, producer, sponsor, be used in place of a URL address. An publication, medium, dates, site title, and any online source should include either a available URL. An access date is not always DOI or a URL. needed in CMS formatting. Guggenheim, D. (Director), & Bender, L. An Inconvenient Truth. Directed by David (Producer). (2006). An inconvenient Guggenheim. United States: Paramount truth [DVD]. United States: Paramount Home Entertainment, 2006. DVD, 94 min. Home Entertainment. Murphy, B. (2008, September 27). Tips Murphy, Beth. “Tips for a Good Profile Piece.” for a good profile piece.” [YouTube]. Project: Report. YouTube. Sept. 27, 2008. Project: Report. Retrieved from 2:32.

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The Purdue OWL: Citation Chart https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K PZFYBvRWwA Lecture/ Teplin, Linda A., et al. “Early Violent Teplin, L. A., McClelland, G. M., Abram, Public address Death in Delinquent Youth: A K. M., & Washburn, J. J. (2005). Early Prospective Longitudinal Study.” violent death in delinquent youth: a Annual Meeting of the American prospective longitudinal study. Psychology-­‐Law-­‐Society. La Jolla, [Presentation]. Paper presented at the California. March, 2005. Presentation. Annual Meeting of the American Psychology-­‐Law-­‐Society. La Jolla, CA. Other Sources

The Purdue Brizee, Allen, and Elyssa Tardiff. “Four Brizee, A., & Tardiff, E. (2010, April 7). OWL Main Components for Effective Four main components for effective Outlines”. Purdue Online Writing Lab. outlines. Purdue Online Writing Lab. Purdue University, 7 April, 2010. Web. Retrieved from 20 Dec. 2010. http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/res ource/544/01/ Government Continental Congress. Journals of the Continental Congress. (1774-­‐1789). publication Continental Congress, 1774-­‐1789. Journals of the continental congress. Washington DC. 1904-­‐1937. Washington, DC. 1904-­‐1937. Dissertation Choi, Mihwa. “Contesting Imaginaries in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty.” Diss. University of Chicago, 2008. Web. “Contesting Imaginaries in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty.” Like most source documentation systems, MLA uses in-­‐text citations to give readers information and directs readers to the more specific Works Cited page should a reader want to pursue a source further. Generally, MLA Choi, M. (2008). Contesting imaginaries in death rituals during the northern song dynasty (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest database. (AAT 3300426). APA adds to MLA style by including page number(s), and date. The date is generally provided parenthetically next to author(s’) names, while page numbers always appear parenthetically at the ends of sentences. The date is

7 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KPZFY BvRWwA Teplin, Linda A., Gary M. McClelland, Karen M. Abram, and Jason J. Washburn. “Early Violent Death in Delinquent Youth: A Prospective Longitudinal Study.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychology-­‐Law-­‐Society, La Jolla, CA, March 2005. Brizee, Allen, and Elyssa Tardiff. “Four Main Components for Effective Outlines”. Purdue Online Writing Lab. Purdue University. http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resourc e/544/01/ Continental Congress, Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774-­‐1789, Edited by Worthington C. Ford et al. 34 vols. Washington, DC, 1904-­‐37. Choi, Mihwa. “Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty.” PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2008. ProQuest (A AT 3300426).

In-­‐Text Citations Citing Books

Footnotes or endnotes are used when citing within the text of a CMS formatted document. These notes do not take the place of the final bibliography page; instead, endnotes and footnotes strengthen a document’s credibility by providing specific source information for

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The Purdue OWL: Citation Chart in-­‐text citation requires an author name and a page number where the information being cited can be found. Author named Philosopher Stephen C. Pepper refers to in a signal this phenomenon as a “cumulative phrase collaboration of evidence” (49). important in social science because it helps demonstrate the relevance (newness) of the work being cited. Philosopher Stephen C. Pepper (1961) refers to this phenomenon as a “cumulative collaboration of evidence” (p. 49).

8 readers. Footnotes in CMS style generally include the author name, the publication title, publication date, publisher information with the very first citation, and a page number. Philosopher Stephen C. Pepper refers to this phenomenon as a “cumulative collaboration of evidence.”12

Author not named in a signal phrase

This phenomenon is best referred to as a “cumulative collaboration of evidence” (Pepper 49).

This phenomenon is best referred to as a “cumulative collaboration of evidence” (Pepper, 1961, p. 49).

Match number 12 to endnote 12 at the bottom of the page or in notes section 12. Stephen C. Pepper, World Hypotheses (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1961), 49. This phenomenon is best referred to as a “cumulative collaboration of evidence.”12

Unknown author

This phenomenon is best referred to as a “cumulative collaboration of evidence” (World Hypotheses 49).

This phenomenon is best referred to as a “cumulative collaboration of evidence” (World Hypotheses, 1961, p. 49). This phenomenon is best referred to as a “cumulative collaboration of evidence” (Pepper, Evidence and Corroboration section, para. 22).

12. Stephen C. Pepper, World Hypotheses (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1961), 49. This phenomenon is best referred to as a “cumulative collaboration of evidence.”12

Unknown This phenomenon is best referred to as page number a “cumulative collaboration of evidence” (Pepper).

12. World Hypotheses, (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1961), 49. This phenomenon is best referred to as a “cumulative collaboration of evidence.”12

More than one work by the same author

Philosopher Stephen C. Pepper refers to this phenomenon as a “cumulative collaboration of evidence” (World Hypotheses 49), which he hints toward in earlier work as well (“Emergence”

12. Stephen C. Pepper, World Hypotheses, (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1961). Philosopher Stephen C. Pepper refers to Philosopher Stephen C. Pepper refers to this this phenomenon as a “cumulative phenomenon as a “cumulative collaboration collaboration of evidence” (World of evidence,”12 which he hints toward in Hypotheses, 1961, p. 49), which he hints earlier work as well.13 toward in earlier work as well 12. Stephen C. Pepper, World Hypotheses,

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The Purdue OWL: Citation Chart 241). (“Emergence”, 1926, p. 241).

9 (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1961), 49. 13. Stephen C. Pepper, “Emergence,” The Journal of Philosophy 23, no. 9 (1926). Rose and Weiser (2010) note the Shirley K. Rose and Irwin Weiser note in Going importance of redefining expectations Public the importance of redefining for faculty work (p. 3). expectations for faculty work.6 6. Shirley K. Rose and Irwin Weiser, Going Public (Logan, UT: Utah State University Press, 2010), 3. In 1990, Anderson, Best, Black, Hurst, Some studies that focus specifically on Miller, and Miller produced a study that undergraduate perspectives of academic focused specifically on undergraduate writing found a variety of approaches.2 perspectives of academic writing, and 2. Worth Anderson et al., “Cross-­‐Curricular they found a variety of approaches in Underlife: A Collaborative Report on Ways place (p. 11). with Academic Words,” College Composition and Communication 41, no. 1. This study demonstrated the significant This study demonstrated the significant role of role of prayer as a coping mechanism prayer as a coping mechanism for health.9

for health (American Psychological 9. American Psychological Association, Association, 2011, p. 67). “National Trends in Prayer Use as a Coping Mechanism for Health Concerns: Changes from 2002 to 2007,” Psychology of Religion and Spirituality. Use the first initial to differentiate (A. Does not apply; endnotes will differentiate. Smith, 2009, p. 19). Romance languages have a curious history (Posner, 1987).

Use endnote only, does not appear in bibliography.

Two or three authors

Shirley K. Rose and Irwin Weiser note in Going Public the importance of redefining expectations for faculty work (3). Some studies that focus specifically on undergraduate perspectives of academic writing found a variety of approaches (Anderson et al. 11).

Four or more authors

Corporate author

The American Psychological Association’s study demonstrated the significant role of prayer as a coping mechanism for health (67).

Authors with the same last name Encyclopedia

Use the first initial to differentiate (A. Smith 19). Romance languages have a curious history (“Romance Languages”).

1. The Encyclopedia Britannica: Macropedia, 15th ed., s.v. “Romance Languages.”

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The Purdue OWL: Citation Chart Multivolume work Two or more works in the same parentheses An entire work Use the volume number followed by the page number in the citation, e.g., (2: 119). Many 19th century American authors noted the importance of religion in conceiving nature (Emerson 1123; Thoreau 1994). Thoreau’s “Walking” demonstrates a fascination with sauntering. Use the page number and date; indicate the volume in the reference section only. Many 19th century American authors noted the importance of religion in conceiving nature (Emerson, 1836; Thoreau, 1862). Thoreau’s “Walking” (1862) demonstrates a fascination with sauntering. Cite the specific work only, not the anthology or its editor.

10 10. Phillip P. Weiner, Dictionary of the History of Ideas, 6 vols, (Charles Scribner and Sons, 2004). Many 19th century American authors noted the importance of religion in conceiving nature.22

Work in an anthology

Use the selection’s name and page number, not the editor.

The life of poverty in the south is captured by Hurston’s candid autobiography, “From Dust Tracks on a Road” (336). Cite as in-­‐text document using the first text element in the works cited entry.

The life of poverty in the south is captured by Hurston’s candid autobiography, “From Dust Tracks on a Road” (1942). Cite as in-­‐text document using release date.

22. Henry David Thoreau, “Walking,” 1862; Ralph Waldo Emerson, “Nature,” 1836. Thoreau’s “Walking” demonstrates a fascination with sauntering.22 22. Henry David Thoreau, “Walking,” 1862. The life of poverty in the south is captured by Hurston’s candid autobiography, “From Dust Tracks on a Road”.19

Multimedia Sources Video or film

The role of Irish folklore is depicted in contemporary films such as John Sayles’s The Secret of Roan Inish. Podcast/ YouTube Use video author/podcast name and given title.

The role of Irish folklore is depicted in contemporary films such as John Sayles’s The Secret of Roan Inish (1993). Use video/podcast author name, if known, title, and posting date.

19. Zora Neale Hurston, “From Dust Tracks on a Road.” In The Norton Book of American Autobiography, edited by Jay Parini (New York: Norton, 1999), 336. The role of Irish folklore is depicted in contemporary films such as John Sayles’s, The Secret of Roan Inish.45

45. The Secret of Roan Inish, DVD, directed by John Sayles (1993; Culver City, CA: Columbia Tristar Home Video, 2000). Include in notes as a document from a website.

The quirks of spending become obvious when listening to productions such as David Kesetenbaum’s podcast, “A Big

The quirks of spending become obvious when listening to productions such as David Kesetenbaum’s podcast, “A Big

31. David Kestenbaum, “A Big Bridge in the Wrong Place,” Planet Money Podcast, National Public Radio,

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The Purdue OWL: Citation Chart Bridge in the Wrong Place,” on Planet Money. Lecture/ The problem of violent death among Public address delinquent youths was carefully documented by Teplin et al. in an address delivered in 2005 at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychology-­‐ Law-­‐Society. Bridge in the Wrong Place,” on Planet Money (2011). The problem of violent death among delinquent youths was carefully documented by Teplin et al. in an address delivered at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychology-­‐ Law-­‐Society (2005). http://www.npr.org/blogs/money

11

If using an unpublished lecture or address, cite in main text only. If a published lecture or address, reference in text and notes following this example:

Other Sources The Purdue OWL

Karl Stolley and Allen Brizee write in the Online Writing Lab at Purdue University, “Research-­‐based writing in American institutions, both educational and corporate, is filled with rules that writers, particularly beginners, aren't aware of or don't know how to follow” (“Avoiding Plagiarism”).

Karl Stolley and Allen Brizee (2011) write in the Online Writing Lab at Purdue University, “Research-­‐based writing in American institutions, both educational and corporate, is filled with rules that writers, particularly beginners, aren't aware of or don't know how to follow.”

41. Linda A. Teplin et al, “Early Violent Death in Delinquent Youth: A Prospective Longitudinal Study,” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychology-­‐ Law-­‐Society, La Jolla, CA, March 2005. Karl Stolley and Allen Brizee note, “Research-­‐based writing in American institutions, both educational and corporate, is filled with rules that writers, particularly beginners, aren't aware of or don't know how to follow.”23

Government publication

According to the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, the Emerald Ash Borer invasion in Pennsylvania has led to dozens of county quarantines in recent years.

The Emerald Ash Borer invasion in Pennsylvania has led to dozens of county quarantines in recent years (Pennsylvania DCNR, 2011).

23. Karl Stolley and Allen Brizee, “Avoiding Plagiarism,” Purdue Online Writing Lab, Purdue University, http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/ 589/01/ According to the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources . . . etc.27

27. Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Bureau of Forestry Publications: Coleoptera: Buprestidae: Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, 2011.

updated June 2014