...concern among medical circles. Scholars have also studied this condition, particularly with regards to its emotional and physical ramifications. In this essay, infertility is examined from the angle of available treatments and the responses of patients undergoing treatment. Infertility is a condition or disease of the female or male reproductive system that results in inability to conceive after a whole year of well- timed, unprotected intercourse. It can also refer to the inability of a female to fully carry a pregnancy to the delivery of a live baby (Seli, 2011). Today, infertile couples can legally adopt a child whose parents are unable to care for the baby. However, not all couples are comfortable with this alternative, especially those that wish to raise a child that is related to them biologically. In such cases, the couple has to undergo medical checkups to diagnose the real source of infertility. To do this, both undergo various preliminary diagnostic procedures and tests to determine whether either conforms to the normally recognizable fertility etiologies. Women are the cause of roughly 30 – 35 percent of these problems among couples. Older women are, particularly, unable to conceive or carry a pregnancy to full term. Another cause of infertility among women is Pelvic Inflammatory Disease, which affects the reproductive tract. It is often linked to a history of sexually transmitted disease. However, it can also be caused by the use of intrauterine devices for contraception...
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...Introduction The new reproductive technology (NRT) is no exception any more, since Louise Brown, the first "test tube" baby, was born on 25 July, 1978 (Simmons, 2009). Before her parents Lesley Brown and John Brown met Drs Edwards and Steptoe, they had been trying to conceive a baby for nine years, but never succeeded. Because Lesley Brown was diagnosed with fallopian tubes obstruction, at that time, it indeed meant hopelessness of being pregnant without a miracle. Then the ungovernable longings for having a baby impelled Lesley Brown to participated in Drs Edwards and Steptoe's experiments. Lesley Brown was not the only volunteer during the procedure, but she fortunately became the first successful case (Deech & Smajdor，2007). At present, 4 million "test tube" babies have been born around the world（website), thanks to Drs Edwards and Steptoe's great contribution from 1977. But what if geneticists announce that genetics and traits can be predetermined for unborn babies today? Then what will parents order for their new babies? Blond hair or ruddy eyes? Bird’s wings or fish's gills? How about the mermaid’s beauty and Einstein's intelligence? Those questions need to be reflected by young generations, because that may be no longer an imagination of the future. Jeffrey Steinberg, a pioneer of in vitro fertilization (IVF), and the founder of the LA Fertility Institute as well, has already maintained in 2009 that his clinic would carry out trait-selected serves soon (Mara,...
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...The majority of couples accomplish this by reproducing by sexual intercourse or naturally, but this is not always the case as some couples have trouble conceiving. Also, same sex couples and single women who may chose to have a child without a partner cannot reproduce this way, thus requiring alternate methods in order to conceive a child and reproduce. Artificial insemination is a process that doctors might suggest for couples who have trouble conceiving a biological child. The process requires that the husband’s, partner’s, or donor sperm be placed directly in the female’s reproductive tract. Donor sperm is used if the partner’s or husband’s sperm count is too low or in the case of same sex couples or single females trying to conceive without a partner (Baxamusa, 2011). The doctor monitors a woman’s ovulation cycle and once the best day is determined semen is placed directly on the reproductive tract and the waiting period begins to see if fertilization occurs. There are several procedures used to artificially inseminate a woman, two are most commonly used. One is the Intrauterine Insemination (IUI) method and the second the Intracervical Insemination (ICI) method. The most common and least expensive is the IUI procedure where sperm is fed directly into the uterus through the use of a catheter. The female is then asked to rest by laying down for 15 minutes or so as this may assist in the...
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... Department of Law, A.M.U. Aligarh Submitted by:- Faisal Ashfaq LL.M. (P) 13-LLM-20 GB1586 Synopsis * Introductory Remarks * Surrogacy and its Types * Necessity for Surrogacy * Hague Conference on Private International Law, March 2011 * National Guidelines for Accreditation, Supervision and Regulation of ART Clinics in India * The Assistive Reproductive Technology Regulation (Draft) Bill, 2010 * Socio Legal Issues * The Present Indian Scenario * International Perspective on Surrogacy * Conclusion * Bibliography Introductory Remarks The very word surrogate means “substitute”. That means a surrogate mother is the substitute for the genetic-biological mother. In common language, a surrogate mother is the person who is hired to bear a child, which she hands over to her employer at birth. According to the Artificial Reproductive Technique (ART) Guidelines:- Surrogacy is an “arrangement in which a woman agrees to a pregnancy, achieved through assisted reproductive technology, in which neither of the gametes belong to her or her husband, with the intention of carrying it to term and handing over the child to the person or persons for whom she is acting as surrogate; and a “surrogate mother” is a woman who agrees to have an embryo generated from the sperm of a man who is not her husband, and the ococyte for another woman implanted in her to carry the pregnancy to full term and deliver...
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...In Vitro Fertilization September 15, 2014 Class: MA111 In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) is a process of fertilizing an egg with sperm outside the body. It’s a major infertility treatment when other methods of assisted reproductive technology have failed. The process of IVF involves monitoring and stimulating a women’s ovulation process, removing an ovum or ova (egg or eggs) from the women’s ovaries, added the sperm to fertilize the egg or eggs. Once the egg has been fertilized it becomes a zygote and will be cultured for 2-6 days, when will be transferred into a women’s uterus with intention of establishing a successful pregnancy. IVF can be used to overcome female and male infertility. According to NICE guidelines IVF is indicated in unexplained infertility for women who have not conceived after 2 years of regular unprotected sexual intercourse. For IVF to be successful it requires a healthy egg, sperm that can fertilize and a uterus that can maintain a pregnancy. With the large cost of IVF it is generally attempted after less expensive treatments have failed. Some couples use donor eggs or sperm to achieve a pregnancy, but some use IVF with a surrogate where another women carried the pregnancy. With IVF there are some risks like ovarian hyperstimulation which is routinely used with IVF. Ovarian hyperstimulation is where the ovaries are stimulated to develop multiple follicles, two common drugs used are Pergonal and Repronex which are injectable gonadotropins...
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...ETHICAL ISSUES RELATED TO REPRODUCTION Oghenebrume Pela Grand Canyon University: HLT 305 11/22/2014 Assisted reproductive technology otherwise known as fertility treatment uses various methods to achieve pregnancy. According to the CDC, the use of these methods has doubled in the last ten years. There has also been an increase in the number of successes based on the most recently collected data as at 2012. The current percentage of people born through ART (assisted reproductive technology) living in the United States is at 1% which, quite frankly, is a lot of people (Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART), 2014). In the case of surrogate parenting, an agreement is reached typically between an infertile couple and a woman who is to carry a baby for this couple. There are two main types which are gestational surrogacy and traditional surrogacy. In gestational surrogacy, conception takes place by means of IVF (in vitro fertilization) which would mean that the surrogate mother will have no genetic relationship with the resultant child. In traditional surrogacy, conception will take place either naturally or artificially which would mean that there will be a genetic relationship between the surrogate mother and the pregnancy. Sperm and egg donation as the name implies is a practice in which sperm and eggs or embryos have been donated by a third party to enable the infertile individual or couple to conceive. The donors are usually screened before they can donate and are...
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...Conflicts of Frozen Embryos Many types of cancer are decreasing the possibility of young woman to become mothers. In the last years the woman have had the benefit of frozen their eggs before entering a chemotherapy treatment with the optimism to become mother after the cancer treatment have pass. Unfortunately, this frozen embryos have also brought many conflicts on their relationships. The conflicts of the frozen eggs in divorce courts have been divided on three term: Marital Property, custody dispute, and rights to die. New complications have been happening at the time of divorce to a couple who frozen the woman eggs before cancer treatment because both parties consider it a marital property. Both parties filled out new paper works regarding...
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...Surrogates are women who bare children for those who cannot. Heterosexual couples are usually charged twenty to twenty-five thousand dollars and homosexual couples are charged forty to one hundred and twenty thousand dollars. Rather than adopting a child, people can now have an egg and a sperm fertilized to have implanted into the surrogate of their choice. More people are turning to surrogates to appease to their desire for children due to how much easier and safer the process has become. Surrogate births are becoming increasingly popular. According to Lorraine Ali’s article, “The Curious Lives of Surrogates,” the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology reported that the United States experienced a 30% increase in the number of surrogate...
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...With the advances in assisted reproduction technology (ART), such as surrogacy and in vitro fertilization, more people both inside and outside the traditional relationships of a biological mother and father have a chance to have a child. These families consist of single parents and also same sex couples. With same sex relationships, a third party has to be involved, which could be either a surrogate mother or a male donor. Unfortunately, there are still many people in society that are homophobic. Lesbian co-mothers are growing in population. ART has contributed to a significant increase in the number of lesbian and gay individuals choosing to raise children. Most lesbian couples obtain a child from either a past heterosexual relationship or by alternative insemination where the child then has two mothers and a male donor. People within society are concerned about this because it is not a traditional type of family. They feel that a child should have both a male and female figure represented in a family to make an ideal environment. Gay couples also have a hard time involving ART and children. One reason for this is because gay male couples have to go through both artificial insemination and surrogacy laws. The way that this usually works is that a gay male couple will find a woman who is willing to be a surrogate mother. The woman is artificially inseminated with semen from one of the two males and delivers the baby to the couple after the birth. One of the major problems...
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...Society views having children as a rite of passage and is a universally shared expectation of individuals. Therefore, naturally it is quiet distressing when one is unable to reproduce by natural means. In today’s contemporary society, man is so used to controlling its world and has devised many ways to overcome the constraints set forth by nature. For example proper family planning often involves the use of contraceptives in order to avoid an unplanned pregnancy, and when people are ready to have a child, they sometimes discover that achieving conception is not as easy as they imagined. According to World Health Organization (WHO) and the National Center of Health Statistics, about 8-10% of all couples in the developed world face reproductive issues1. In the face of such biological and societal pressure, the failure to conceive is devastating news for individuals since they often tend to view themselves as a failure to be ‘fruitful and multiply’.1 In addition, the feeling of physical inadequacy (i.e. feeling like less of a woman or less of a man) that...
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...Modern Assisted Reproductive Techniques Recently, the amount of people who are unable to conceive naturally have begun to increase. Therefore these couples have begun to look for other methods so that they can become parents. A lot of these procedures that can increase the chances of a couple becoming pregnant are subsets of a very common procedure known as in vitro fertilization (IVF). Most alternative treatments that are used as means to conceive are related to IVF or use in vitro fertilization as a part of their own treatments. Over the last century, the ways that people are able to conceive have changed drastically from just naturally conceiving. While there are multiple new methods of conceiving with medical assistance, there are many people who believe that using these unnatural means to get pregnant are morally wrong or that they are unsafe and damaging to everyone involved. In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) One of the more common medical procedures that couples undergo in order to have a better chance at conceiving, is In Vitro Fertilization (IVF). The Human Fertilization and Embryology Authority states, “IVF… [is] the fertilization of an egg (or eggs) outside [of] the body. Typically those who lean towards IVF treatment have been diagnosed with unexplainable fertility, have a blockage in their fallopian tubes, other methods of conception have not been successful, or if the patient is using preserved sperm or eggs. There are six steps in IVF treatment: the doctor will...
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...there is IVF treatment, adoption and using a surrogate mother are all other ways for couples to have children. While some mothers feel that not carrying the pregnancy can lead to feelings of detachment towards the child, it is important to understand that there does not need to be a biological bond between the parents and child for a loving relationship to occur (Jafarzadeh, 2015). There are many options for couples who are dealing with infertility. The options change depending on who in the relationship is infertile or if they both are. The stress that is accompanied with infertility may have a stronger negative effect on women rather than men (Jafarzadeh, 2015). Being infertile can be more devastating to a woman because women carry this reproductive instinct to have a child, and in many societies, caregiving is prominently a role associated with women (Masoumi, 2016). Although there are other methods of having a child, many women also feel that experiencing the pregnancy is part of the process into motherhood, and this cannot be replicated (Masoumi, 2016). Social support gives the couple someone to rely on other than their spouse. Women and men can find comfort in their social circle and family when dealing with infertility (Glover, 2009). I suggest reaching out to your family and friends, even though disclosing the information of infertility can be difficult. The support you receive from your friends and family can alleviate the stress that has been put onto your relationship (Glover...
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...Page Title Father’s Day and Infertility Meta Description Father’s Day can be emotional for hopeful parents. The team at our DFW fertility center offers tips for surviving Father’s Day and infertility. Meta Title Father’s Day and Infertility – DFW Fertility Center Comments Live Date (AMY) URL (AMY) Father’s Day and Infertility Tips for surviving for Father’s Day and infertility The team at our DFW fertility center knows that Father’s Day can be emotional for hopeful parents. Men are too often forgotten when a couple is struggling with infertility, but they have face the same desire for children and heartbreak when they receive a diagnosis of infertility. The weight of infertility can be especially heavy for men during Father’s Day – a time when they feel they should be celebrating fatherhood. However, you can take steps to survive Father’s Day and infertility with your partner. Recommendations for dealing with Father’s Day Everyone is different. One person might find that a slight change of plans helps them cope with Father’s Day and infertility, but another person may decide to completely ignore the holidays. Either of these coping strategies – and anything in between – can be healthy and helpful. The physicians at our DFW fertility center have some additional recommendations: • Planning your day in advance is an excellent way to cope with the negative emotions you might feel on Father’s Day. You may want to celebrate with your father or grandfather to take the focus...
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...business. The advancement of Assisted Reproductive Technologies and increasing globalization, has made international surrogacy a popular option of acquiring a child for infertile couples from all over the world. Foreign surrogacy is not only a new and filled with potential practice but also a subject of legal and ethical debates. The purpose of this paper is to examine ethical issues surrounding intercountry...
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...What is the stand of the Church regarding this issue? The controversial "Baby M"[1] case and the recent Vatican document on "respect for human life and its origins" has triggered many concerns among religious leaders regarding the ethical issues raised by the new reproductive methods and technologies. Because our understanding of the relationship between sex and procreation has been challenged by recent unforeseen methods of reproduction. Thus causing people who are eager to have children and have no hope other than these new methods and technologies forced theologians to re-examine traditional doctrines. God's standard for sexual morality has always been clear: As it has stated in Exodus 20:14 "Thou shalt not commit adultery”. Since the ancient times to modern times, God has commanded all of His people to stay pure and faithful before and after marriage. intimate relations are allowed only between a man and a woman who are legally and lawfully married. For that reason, intimate relations outside of marriage are out of the question. In order to stay pure, a person must refrain from committing adultery and fornication. This alone can prove that the act of surrogacy is a form of adultery even with the partner's consent since one of the couple is to be unified with a person outside of their marriage. The Catholic Church demonstrates that Human Life, from the beginning of conception to the oldest adult - is an unique "Gift from God" - made in His own image and likeness...
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