...Ethical and Legal Dilemmas of Surrogacy Christie Blackwell HCA 322 Dr. Nine Bell June 17, 2013 Ethical and Legal Dilemmas of Surrogacy Many individuals have a life plan consisting of college, marriage, and then children. After numerous methods of conception, many couples are still unable to conceive a child. A woman who enters into a contract with a couple, agreeing to carry and birth a child, then hand that child over to the contracted couple, who is often unable to conceive own their own naturally is considered surrogacy (Pozgar, 2012). Surrogacy raises many ethical and legal issues for all parties involved. Is it moral or immoral to enter into an agreement with a woman to birth a child for money? What are the legal rights of the woman conceiving or of the couple? Should the child be aware of the process in which he or she was born? Does the child have rights to access the confidential records of the process? These are a just a few questions that will be addressed throughout this paper. Discussed below is the history of surrogacy, the ethical and legal dilemmas that surround surrogacy, alternative solutions to surrogacy, and the potential effects and future implications of how surrogacy may be addressed. There are two types of surrogacy arrangements to consider. These types of surrogacy are genetic and gestational. Genetic or traditional surrogacy is where the surrogate mother contributes her genetic makeup to the offspring, whereas gestational surrogacy consists...
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...Running head: PROBLEM SOLUTION: Remington Peckinpaw Davis Inc. Problem Solution: Remington Peckinpaw Davis Inc. MMPBL510 / Implementing Organizational Initiatives University of Phoenix March 14, 2011 Problem Solution: Remington Peckinpaw Davis Inc. Remington Peckinpaw Davis is an asset group experiencing technical problems with its online trading services. The company needs to be more proactive in the research and development of its software and techniques and stop guessing the costs the project, given the failure of the first phase of the strategic implementation. “Successful implementation requires both technical and social skills. Project managers have to plan and budget projects as well as orchestrate the contributions of other” (Gray & Larson, 2006. p. 14). Table 1 Issues and Opportunities Identification | | | | |Issues |Opportunities |Reference to Specific | | | |Course Concept | |Data reliability: Harlan’s data, estimates |An effective project monitoring system can|“A project monitoring system involves determining what | |and development plans were not accurate, |assist (RPD) in ensuring that the...
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...Ethical Dilemma Wilbert Thacker CMGT/575 December 1, 2014 Gordon Hodgson Ethical Dilemma Ethical dilemmas, also known as a moral dilemmas, are situations in which there is a choice to be made between two options, neither of which resolves the situation in an ethically acceptable fashion. In such cases, societal and personal ethical guidelines can provide no satisfactory outcome for the chooser. Ethical dilemmas assume that the chooser will abide by societal norms, such as codes of law or religious teachings, in order to make the choice ethically impossible (Your Dictionary, 2014). As a project manager it is their job to manage and get to know their team. The CIO has informed the project manager that his/her team will be released and the department will be outsourced. In this situation the first step that should be taken is gathering all of the facts. The CIO has informed the project manager that their department would be outsourced and their team would be released but there was no reason provided. As a concerned project manager it is almost their obligation to research to what led up to this decision. A decision this drastic couldn’t have possibly be made over night. The main ethical issue here is it has to be a trust issue between the company they are providing the service for and the project management team. Most of those issues revolve around project management teams not completing a service on time or a service not meeting expectations. Many people will...
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...The Complexity of Ethical Decision Making Former U.S. Supreme Court Justice Potter Stewart remarked, "Ethics is knowing the difference between what you have a right to do and what is right to do." In parsing out a virtuous ethical identity, psychologists strive to embrace several American Psychological Association [APA]-worthy overarching principles, to apply the enumerated guidelines within the Code of Ethics, and to cultivate personal and professional integrity in their quest to serve others. Furthermore, making an ethical commitment to placing the well-being of clients above one’s own personal feelings is paramount in providing effective therapeutic services that clients seek. However, the gentle human interplay of dependency, power, and will; the uniqueness and unpredictability of autonomous human beings; and the complexity of personality, behavior, and the inimitable experiences of each individual clearly drive and complicate the process of ethical decision-making. In espousing the “very highest ethical ideals of the profession (Hill, 2008),” eventually every psychologist must find a way to merge her purely objective, linear, and rational ethical catechism with her own intuitive responses to best reflect and balance her style, therapeutic orientation, and professional belief system with the needs of each distinct client. Conversely, a purely sensate approach to ethical decision-making, it seems, relies too heavily on subjectivity, whimsy, and emotions...
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...CONSENT FORM Thank you for being willing to take part in this interview exploring ethical conflict or turbulence. I would like to transcribe the content of this interview to form a written document to be submitted to Sheffield Hallam University as a piece of assessed piece of coursework. It is important that you only take part in this interview if you want to. As such I would be delighted if you would complete and sign this confidentiality questionnaire prior to the interview taking place. (i) In general terms are you willing to take part in this interview: and an edited transcript of the interview submitted to Sheffield Hallam? Yes (ii) Are you happy for your own name to be used in the transcript: or do you want the final transcript to written up with a pseudonym? Own name (iii) Are you happy for the names of other people and organisations to be used in the final transcript: or do you want all other names to be content of this transcription to be submitted to Sheffield Hallam? Pseudonyms (iv) Are you happy for me to submit the final transcript without you reviewing it - or do you want to reserve the right to see the final transcript before I submit? Submit unseen (v) Sometimes the ethical dilemmas described in these transcripts provide real life case studies that can be helpful to show other students, and can provide rich data for research projects. Would you be willing for this transcript to be used in further teaching or research - or would you prefer...
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...nurse, ethical dilemmas can arise at any moment. It is imperative that through proper education and training registered nurses have the ethical capacity and intelligence to work through these issues with compassion and integrity. Take into account he following case scenario; a 6-year-old child develops a high fever, vomiting, and convulsions at school. After seeking medical care, the diagnosis of meningitis is reached and the physician requests to start treatment from the child’s parents. The parents are divorced; the mother has primary custody but is not the biological parent. The mother is a Christian Scientist who insists that no medical treatment be initiated per her religious beliefs. The biological father resides in another state, but he insists that treatment be initiated and seeks independent consultation from another physician. Through ethical decision making with assistance from Uustal’s nine-step model, it is possible to identify the ethical dilemma presented, integrate the decision-making model to identify an ethical solution, and incorporate family dialogue to both parents of the child regarding the issue at hand. When an ethical decision must be made, one must first identify the ethical dilemma. "...An ethical dilemma is a common type of situation that involves two, or more, morally correct courses of action that cannot both be followed” (Purtilo, Ruth & Doherty, 2011, p. 57). Ethical dilemmas involve both ethical conflict and conduct. "An ethical dilemma occurs...
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...Option 2: EthicsGame Dilemmas ETH/316 Option 2: EthicsGame Dilemmas Introduction The project that was presented included the application of personal values in working through two different ethical dilemmas. In order to work through each of the dilemmas two analytical skill sets were used to come to a resolution. The first skill set involved the use of the four ethical lenses. The lenses include the Results Lens, Rights/Responsibility Lens, Relationship Lens, and Reputation Lens. The second skill involves the use of the Baird Decision Model which is a five-step process that gives a systematic approach to the resolution of an ethical dilemma. The five steps of the Baird Decision Model include: * Step 1: Be Attentive * Step 2: Be Intelligent * Step 3: Be Reasonable * Step 4: Be Responsible * Step 5: Be Reflective The combination of the ethical lenses with the decision model provides the groundwork to come up with, good value based, solutions to ethical conflict (Rian Brown, 2014). Mysterious Blogger The first ethical conflict that was presented was that of the “Mysterious Blogger.” In this simulation the Director of Information Technology, who is responsible for managing all internal information system functions which include systems programming, application programming, networks, and computer operations, is presented with an employee who is leaking the proprietary company information to the public through a blog sight as an anonymous...
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...ETHICAL ISSUES RELATED TO REPRODUCTION Oghenebrume Pela Grand Canyon University: HLT 305 11/22/2014 Assisted reproductive technology otherwise known as fertility treatment uses various methods to achieve pregnancy. According to the CDC, the use of these methods has doubled in the last ten years. There has also been an increase in the number of successes based on the most recently collected data as at 2012. The current percentage of people born through ART (assisted reproductive technology) living in the United States is at 1% which, quite frankly, is a lot of people (Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART), 2014). In the case of surrogate parenting, an agreement is reached typically between an infertile couple and a woman who is to carry a baby for this couple. There are two main types which are gestational surrogacy and traditional surrogacy. In gestational surrogacy, conception takes place by means of IVF (in vitro fertilization) which would mean that the surrogate mother will have no genetic relationship with the resultant child. In traditional surrogacy, conception will take place either naturally or artificially which would mean that there will be a genetic relationship between the surrogate mother and the pregnancy. Sperm and egg donation as the name implies is a practice in which sperm and eggs or embryos have been donated by a third party to enable the infertile individual or couple to conceive. The donors are usually screened before they can donate and are...
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...briefly explain the different types of surrogate motherhood and display three common arguments which are; ethical, health and legal issues. Surrogate motherhood is not only degrading to women it is morally wrong, and takes away all meaning to pregnancy. A New Look at Surrogate Motherhood Would you rather be a genetic or a birth mother? There was a study done, fifty women were asked this question as a result the majority of the women preferred to be a birth mother rather than a genetic mother. (Would you rather be a 'birth' or a 'genetic' mother? if so, how much?, 1994). The bonds a woman establishes with her child while pregnant is one that can never be replaced. If the majority of women would rather bear a child themselves for this particular reason; why is commercial surrogate motherhood on the rise? Some women are beginning to consider commercial surrogate motherhood as a better alternative than adoption. To enforce a contract on something that is so personal to women like labor and childbirth is not only ethically wrong but morally wrong as well. What is surrogacy? Surrogacy is when one woman bears a child for another that for some reason cannot do on their own. There are several types of surrogacy; Altruistic, commercial, genetic and gestatory. Altruistic surrogacy is when the person bearing the child is doing it for a family member or friend. Commercial surrogacy is when the potential parents seek an individual to bear their child and usually involves payment to the...
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...Surrogacy Laws in other parts of the world Surrogacy not only involves the personal desire of intended parents or surrogate mother but it also has to deal with different beliefs, culture, ethical dilemmas and local jurisdictions of different countries all around the world & hence the laws regarding surrogacy varies accordingly in different countries. Below are the summarised form of such variations in few relevant countries: 1. Australia: In Australia, commercial surrogacy is strictly prohibited & hence is against the law however a surrogate is free to choose it altruistically. In most of the states of Australia carrying out commercial surrogacy is a criminal offense, although the Northern Territory has no legislation governing surrogacy at...
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...PROJECT WORK ON “Surrogacy Motherhood” Under the Keen Supervision of:- Prof. Dr. M. Shabbir (Ambedkar Chair Professor of Law) Incharge & Chairman Department of Law, A.M.U. Aligarh Submitted by:- Faisal Ashfaq LL.M. (P) 13-LLM-20 GB1586 Synopsis * Introductory Remarks * Surrogacy and its Types * Necessity for Surrogacy * Hague Conference on Private International Law, March 2011 * National Guidelines for Accreditation, Supervision and Regulation of ART Clinics in India * The Assistive Reproductive Technology Regulation (Draft) Bill, 2010 * Socio Legal Issues * The Present Indian Scenario * International Perspective on Surrogacy * Conclusion * Bibliography Introductory Remarks The very word surrogate means “substitute”. That means a surrogate mother is the substitute for the genetic-biological mother. In common language, a surrogate mother is the person who is hired to bear a child, which she hands over to her employer at birth. According to the Artificial Reproductive Technique (ART) Guidelines:- Surrogacy is an “arrangement in which a woman agrees to a pregnancy, achieved through assisted reproductive technology, in which neither of the gametes belong to her...
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...The desire to reproduce is at the core of one’s biological being. The aspiration to pass on genetic makeup through offspring is perhaps the most innate evolutionary urge that is shared among all animals. The ability to pass on one’s DNA through offspring is one of the most basic, evolutionary and universal trait that is shared among all species and one that has stood the test of time. It is a natural form of ensuring that a part of one’s legacy will remain long after one’s passing. Regardless, of whether or not one is afflicted with the biological urge to conceive, one cannot underestimate the societal pressure that is placed on having children. Everyone, at one point or another, has to face the inevitable question by family or friends: “When are you planning to have kids?” or “Why don’t you have children?” Society views having children as a rite of passage and is a universally shared expectation of individuals. Therefore, naturally it is quiet distressing when one is unable to reproduce by natural means. In today’s contemporary society, man is so used to controlling its world and has devised many ways to overcome the constraints set forth by nature. For example proper family planning often involves the use of contraceptives in order to avoid an unplanned pregnancy, and when people are ready to have a child, they sometimes discover that achieving conception is not as easy as they imagined. According to World Health Organization (WHO) and the National Center of Health Statistics...
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...Death, dying and other ethical dilemmas Anand Chatoorgoon University of Phoenix Death, dying and other ethical dilemmas are issues that all Intensive Care Units (ICUs) throughout the world have to face and address. In the Current Opinion in Critical Care, Vol 16, No 6, December 2010, p. 640, Dixon-Woods and Bosk, writing on the topic of “Death, dying and other ethical dilemmas” under the journal’s section of ‘Ethical, legal and organizational issues in the ICU’, have stated that “Recent ethnographic work suggests that ethical dilemmas associated with end-of-life care in ICU clearly persist, even if clinicians are now more open about patients’ chances of surviving. An Australian study identified how decisions and actions made outside the ICU—such as proceeding with surgical procedures with very poor prognosis or admitting moribund patients who had sustained severe respiratory or cardiac arrest—led to a higher than expected rate of non-booked admissions. Staff believed these to be the result of futile interventions by staff outside the ICU that then resulted in ICU staff having to manage the patient and family through the dying process. ICU staff believed that this practice was detrimental to families by offering false hope of recovery, and that they were left to ‘clear up the unfinished work of medical staff’. Other studies have also documented the problems faced by staff confronted by patients whose potential for recovery is, at best, marginal, or when patients’...
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...meaning including solidarity towards the biosphere, thus generating a "global ethics," a discipline representing a link between biology, ecology, medicine and human values in order to attain the survival of both human beings and other animal species.[2][3] Purpose and scope[edit] The field of bioethics has addressed a broad swathe of human inquiry, ranging from debates over the boundaries of life (e.g. abortion, euthanasia), surrogacy, the allocation of scarce health care resources (e.g. organ donation, health care rationing) to the right to refuse medical care for religious or cultural reasons. Bioethicists often disagree among themselves over the precise limits of their discipline, debating whether the field should concern itself with the ethical evaluation of all questions involving biology and medicine, or only a subset of these questions.[4] Some bioethicists would narrow ethical evaluation only to the morality of medical treatments or technological innovations, and the timing of medical treatment of humans. Others would broaden the scope of ethical evaluation to include the morality of all actions that might help or harm organisms capable of feeling fear. The scope of bioethics can expand with biotechnology, including cloning, gene therapy, life extension, human genetic engineering, astroethics and life in space,[5] and manipulation of basic biology through altered DNA, XNA and proteins.[6] These developments will affect future...
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...In this essay I am going to look at the ethical issues of reproductive medicine (RM), focusing on in vitro fertilization (IVF), embryo selection and surrogacy. I will present, discuss and evaluate arguments put forward and echoed by both sides of the dilemma. RM is directed at helping people overcome their medical problems with procreating, i.e. creating new human life. However, as long as some RM techniques produce technically superfluous pre-embryos, RM has to deal with life and death decisions about inchoate human beings that are in a developmental phase about whose moral status hardly anyone has well-grounded intuitions or generalizable beliefs (Human Reproduction Update 1996, Vol. 2, No. 5 pp. 447–456). The ethics of reproductive medicine...
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